奶牛的繁殖管理(谷物协会)

ReproductiveManagementofDairyCattle

奶牛的繁殖管理PaulM.Fricke,PhD保罗•弗里克博士AssociateProfessorDepartmentofDairyScienceUniversityofWisconsin–Madison威斯康星大学奶业科学系-麦迪逊ReproductiveManagementof

DairyReplacements后备牛的繁殖管理Lactation产奶Heifer育成牛Calf犊牛012182430364248Age(months)月龄HeiferDevelopment育成牛的管理Ageat1stCalving=24mo24月龄第一次产犊Birth出生Puberty(9mo)初情期（9月龄）Nonlactating非泌乳期Conception(14mo)受胎14月龄）Ageat1stcalving:24mo24月龄第一次产犊Primiparous初产1stLactation第一次产奶1stCalving第一次产犊2ndCalving第二次产犊Multiparous经产2ndLactation第二次产奶Optimalageatcalving=23-24mo理想的产犊年龄=23-24月龄Lactation泌乳育成牛HeiferCalf犊牛012182430364248Age(months)月龄HeiferDevelopment育成牛的管理Ageatfirstcalving=32mo32月龄第一次产犊Birth出生Puberty(9mo)初情期（9月龄）Nonlactating非泌乳期Conception(23mo)受胎（14月龄）Ageat1stcalving:32mo32月龄第一次产犊Primiparous初产1stLactation第一次产奶1stCalving第一次产犊2ndCalving第二次产犊Eachdaycalvingisdelayedbeyond24monthsofagecosts$1.50to$3.00perheifer24月龄后，每拖延一天，育成牛的日饲养为1.5-3美元$360to$720ExtraRearingCostsPerHeifer增加360-720美元的育成牛饲养成本NumberofFemaleYoungStockNeededatVariousHerdCullRatesandAgeat1stCalving

不同淘汰率和第一次产犊月龄不同对青年母牛头数的需求CullRate淘汰率(%)Ageatfirstcalving(mo)第一次产奶月龄24262830322453576266702657626772762862677277823066727783883270768288943475818794100367986929910638849198105111408895103110117Lactation泌乳Heifer育成牛Calf犊牛012182430364248Age(months)月龄HeiferDevelopment育成牛的管理Ageat1stCalving=20mo20月龄第一次产犊Birth出生Conception(11mo)受胎（11月龄）Nonlactating非泌乳期Ageat1stcalving:20mo20月龄第一次产犊Primiparous初产1stLactation第一次产奶1stCalving第一次产犊2ndCalving第二次产犊Multiparous经产2ndLactation第二次产奶Reducingageatfirstcalvingreducesthenonlactatingperiodbutresultsinimpairedmammarydevelopmentandreductioninsubsequentmilkproduction缩短第一次产犊的年龄会影响乳腺的发育，继而减少产奶量CalvingAgeInfluencesSubsequentMilkProduction产犊月龄对产奶量的影响Calvingheifersat23to24moofageisoptimalforfirstlactationmilkyields

23-24月龄产犊，第一胎的产奶量最高Althoughheiferscancalveat19-21moofage,theymayexperiencedystociaandmetabolicdisorders尽管育成牛可以在19-21月龄产犊，但可能会出现难产和代谢紊乱预期第一胎产奶量产犊月龄DecidingWhentoBreedHolsteinHeifers

确定育成牛的初配时间BreedingRecommendations初配建议年龄

=13月龄体重

=875磅

(396kg)体高

=50英寸

(127cm)CalvingRecommendations初产建议年龄

=22-24月龄膘情评分=3.0to3.5体重=1250

磅(567kg)post-calving体高

=55英寸(140cm)ReproductiveEfficiency繁殖效率PoorReproduction繁殖差参配率=50%;受胎率=50%:At1stbreeding=14.0Atconception=16.1At1stcalving=25.4GoodReproduction繁殖良好参配率=90%;受胎率=70%AverageAge平均月龄:At1stbreeding=14.0Atconception=14.7At1stcalving=23.9第一次配种受胎第一次产犊第一次配种受胎第一次产犊未受胎受胎时的月龄Lactation泌乳Reproduction繁殖Heifer育成牛Calf012182430364248Age(months)月龄LactationandReproduction

泌乳与繁殖Birth出生1stCalving第一次产犊2ndCalving第二次产犊Nonlactating非泌乳期Primiparous初产1stLactation第一个泌乳期Multiparous经产2ndLactation第二个泌乳期两年(第一次产犊=23-24个月）妊娠(282天)妊娠(282天)空怀空怀人工授精:受胎率<50%人工授精:受胎率<50%受胎率低

14月的产犊间隔初情期

(~9月龄)妊娠(282天)非妊娠期人工授精:受胎率>50%受胎率高人工授精

(13to14月龄)

14月的产犊间隔犊牛MeasuringandMonitoringReproduction

繁殖的指标的测定和监控TraditionalMeasuresofReproduction

繁殖指标的常规测定CalvingInterval产犊间隔FirstServiceConceptionRate第一次配种受胎率DaysOpen空怀天数DaystoFirstService产后第一次配种天数PercentageoftheHerdPregnant牛群怀孕牛百分率ServicesperConception输精次数QuestionstoAsk…MetricstoAnswer

问题与答案问:Atwhatrateareeligiblecowsgettingpregnantperunittime?

适配母牛单位时间内怀孕的比率？答:

PregnancyRate

怀孕率Question:Howefficientlydocowsconceiveoncetheyarebred?配种后母牛受胎的效率？

Metric:

ConceptionRate受胎率Question:Arewegettingeligiblecowsinseminatedinatimelymanner?对适配母牛及时配种了吗？Metric:

ServiceRate参配率Question:Isthenumberofcowsgettingpregnantperunittimesufficienttosustaintheherd?单位时间内配种怀孕的母牛能够维持群体数量吗？Metric:

PregnancyHardCount怀孕头数21-dayPregnancyRisk

21天怀孕是关键Proportionofeligiblecowsthatbecomepregnantevery21days

适配母牛21天怀孕的比率Thisisthekeymeasureofreproduction这是繁殖的关键措施PregnancyRisk怀孕的关键点21-DayPregnancyRisk

21天怀孕关键点ConceptionRiskServiceRiskPregnancyRiskFactorsAffectingtheRateatWhichCowsBecomePregnant:影响母牛怀孕率的因素受胎配种怀孕ConceptionRiskCR=%ofcowsthatbecomepregnantafterabreedingHowefficientlydocowsconceiveoncetheyareserviced?一经配种，母牛受胎的几率？受胎受胎率=受配母牛怀孕的%ConceptionRate,1998MinnesotaDHIData

RapnickiP,StewartS,EickerS.2001.Proc4-StateApplNutrMgtConf,LaCrosse,WI

明尼苏达的奶牛受胎率（1998，DHI数据）受胎率牛群数ServiceRiskSR=%ofeligiblecowsthatarebredevery21days

参配率=每隔21天适宜母牛接受配种的%SRisequivalenttoheatdetectionrateifcowsarebredtoastandingestrus

依据站立发情配种，配种率相当于发情鉴定率Arecowsgettinginseminatedinatimelymanner?母牛是否适时受配？配种HeatDetectionRate,1998MinnesotaDHIData

RapnickiP,StewartS,EickerS.2001.Proc4-StateApplNutrMgtConf,LaCrosse,WI

明尼苏达的发情鉴定率

（1998，DHI数据）牛群数发情鉴定率PregnancyRiskExample1怀孕关键，例一

100%ConceptionRisk;10%ServiceRisk

100%的受胎，10%的受配10nonpregnantcowspastthevoluntarywaitingperiod(i.e.,eligibletobecomepregnant)10头非妊娠母牛通过了自动等待周期（比如为适配母牛）AIonecowafter21d(i.e.,10%servicerate)21天后一头母牛输精（比如为10%的受配率）WhatisthePregnancyRate?怀孕率是多少？PregnancyRiskExample2怀孕关键例二

10%ConceptionRisk;100%ServiceRisk10%的受胎，100%的受配10nonpregnantcowspastthevoluntarywaitingperiod(i.e.,eligibletobecomepregnant)10头非妊娠母牛通过了自动等待周期（比如为适配母牛）Onecowpregnantafter21d(i.e.,10%conceptionrate)21天后一头母牛受胎（比如为10%的受胎率WhatisthePregnancyRate?怀孕率是多少？PregnancyRiskExample3

怀孕关键例三

50%ConceptionRisk;80%ServiceRisk

50%的受胎，80%的受配10nonpregnantcowspastthevoluntarywaitingperiod(i.e.,eligibletobecomepregnant)4cowspregnantafter21d21天后4头母牛怀孕WhatisthePregnancyRisk?哪个是怀孕的关键点？PregnancyRisk,1998MinnesotaDHIData

怀孕的关键点

RapnickiP,StewartS,EickerS.2001.Proc4-StateApplNutrMgtConf,LaCrosse,WI牛群数怀孕率PregnancyRaten=2,279Mean=14%Median=14%October,2000Compiledby:D.Kelton,K.Lissemore,UniversityofGuelphS.Stewart,UniversityofMinnesota怀孕关键点

（安大略DHI数据）频率怀孕平均值中间值头数怀孕率PredictedChangesinMilk/CowandExpectedReturn

预期牛奶/奶牛的变化及期望的回报1unitincreaseinPRoverall~$18avgreturnpercow/year.1unitincreasefrom14%to18%,~$20/cow/yearAssumes:8%PRw/~18,000RHAtostart,Milkispermilkingcow/dayDr.MichaelOvertonUC-DavisVMTRC受胎率受胎率每增加一个单位，每头牛每年可获得18美元的回报。受胎率从14%增加到18%，每一个单位可使头牛每年可获得20美元的回报。假定8%的受胎率MilkPriceDrivesProfitabilityontheDairy

(Also,ImpactsReturnsFromReproductivePrograms)奶价影响奶牛的效益（对繁殖的回报也产生影响）$23$15Dr.MichaelOvertonUC-DavisVMTRC受胎率预计不同奶价产生的回报Overview综述

FactorsAffectingFertilityinLactatingDairyCows

影响泌乳牛繁殖力的因素FemaleFertility母牛的繁殖能力MaleFertility公牛的繁殖能力TimingofAI适时输精AIEfficiency有效的人工授精XXXAllfourfactorsmustbeoptimizedtoachieveacceptablefertility上述四项达到最优，方能取得理想的受胎率FourFactorsInfluenceConceptionRate:影响泌乳牛受胎的四个因素AIEfficiency–semenhandlingandinseminatortechnique掌握人工授精–精液的处理和输精技术FemaleFertilityMaleFertilityTimingofAI适时输精AIEfficiency掌握人工授精XXX公牛的授精力母牛受孕力EffectofstrawnumberandinseminatoronfertilityoflactatingcowsDaltonetal.,2004JDS87:972

输精次数和输精员对泌乳牛受胎的影响150108147110146103150108429596受胎率%输精次数专业输精本场配种员SemenPlacement精液输入位置UterineBody子宫体Cervix子宫颈UterineHorn子宫角2002HeiferFieldTrialResults育成牛试验（2002）EffectofInseminator人工授精效果

Riveraetal.,JDairySci87:2051;2004Inseminator输精123Treatment测试%(no./no.)%(no./no.)%(no./no.)Overall总体24.8a

(28/113)30.0a

(18/60)58.0b

(101/174)a,bWithinarow,percentageswithdifferentsuperscriptsdifferFourFactorsInfluenceConceptionRate:影响受胎率的四个因素FemaleFertility母牛受孕力MaleFertility公牛的授精力TimingofAI适时输精AIEfficiency掌握人工授精XXXTimingofAI–referstothetimingofinseminationinrelationtobehavioralestrusand/orovulation适时输精–根据发情表现和/或排卵时机适时输精BehavioralEstrus发情表现Between5-30%ofallAIservicestoobservedestrusareconductedatthewrongstageoftheestrouscycle.(Appleyard&Cook,1976;Sengeretal.,1988;Smith,1982)根据发情鉴定实施输精，错误的时机有5-30%TheAM/PMRuleforTimingAI

适时输精的上午/下午法则Acowobservedinestrusinthemorning(AM)shouldreceiveAI12hlater(PM)早上发现发情，12小时后（下午）输精Acowobservedinestrusintheafternoonorevening(PM)shouldreceiveAI12hlaterthenextmorning(AM)下午发现发情，12小时后（第二天早上）输精OncedailyAIvs.theAM/PMrule

日输精一次与上午/下午法的比较Treatment试验#ofcows奶牛头数75dNonreturnRate(%)75天不返情率上午/下午法365960.1日输精一次358160.6Nebeletal.,1994日输精一次与上午/下午法的比较(0800–0900h)Treatment试验#ofcows奶牛头数75dNonreturnRate(%)75天不返情率上午/下午法13262.9日输精一次12962.0Gonzalezetal.,1985TimeofAIrelativetoadetectedestrus依据发情表现适时输精Nebeletal.,1994间隔（小时)输精头数75天不返情率(%)0-6112659.9a6-12235260.7a12-18245555.5b18-2496253.4bc24-309949.6cFemaleFertilityMaleFertilityTimingofAIAIEfficiencyXXXMaleFertilityincludesallfactorsassociatedwiththebull公牛的授精力包括公牛与公牛有关的所有因素Naturalservice:bullfertility,libido,heatstress,etc.

本交：公牛的授精力、性欲、热应激等AIisthebestwaytocontrolmalefertility

人工授精是控制公牛授精能力的最好方法FourFactorsInfluenceConceptionRate:影响受胎率的四个因素FemaleFertility母牛受孕力MaleFertility公牛的授精力TimingofAI适时输精AIEfficiency掌握人工授精ProblemswithNaturalServiceBulls本交的问题

1)Multiplecowsinheat许多奶牛同时发情

2)Dominanceissues优势问题

3)PregnancyRate受胎率Bullpenvs.AIpenPregRate

本交与人工授精受胎率的比较

(bullPR–AIPR)受胎率%牛群数FemaleFertilityincludesallfactorsassociatedwiththefemale母牛受孕力包括与母牛相关的所有因素Includeseverythingnotcoveredbymalefertility,timingofAI,andAIefficiency包括公牛授精能力不涉及的所有因素，适时输精、和人工授精效率Femalefertilityisthehardestfactorofthefourtocontrol母牛受孕能力是四个因素中最难控制的一个因素FemaleFertilityMaleFertilityTimingofAIAIEfficiencyXXXFourFactorsInfluenceConceptionRate:影响受胎率的四个因素FemaleFertility母牛受孕力MaleFertility公牛的授精力TimingofAI适时输精AIEfficiency掌握人工授精EnergyEnergyBalanceBodyConditionScore70输精怀孕

(282天)VWP

(70d)干奶

(60天)010+-54321203040506070WeekofLactation产奶周数EnergyRequired0EnergyIngestedIncreasingRiskofOVER-FEEDING增加过量采食的危险性EnergyStoredasBodyFatEnergyMobilizedfromBodyFatNegativeEnergyBalanceNadir(signalforfirstovulation)EnergyBalance能量平衡IncreasingRiskofBecomingTOOFAT过肥的危险增加RiskofBecomingTOOTHIN过瘦的危险增加膘情能量平衡能量能量需求能量摄取体脂能量贮存体脂能量代谢能量负平衡（第一次排卵信号Thin瘦Emaciated

很瘦Average正常Fat肥Obese过肥12345膘情鉴定是表观评估火牛组织蓄积的方法Def’n:活体脂肪与非脂肪(水、蛋白质、灰分)的比率观察体况变化是判定能量平衡的唯一方法膘情鉴定（膘情评分）RelationshipBetweenDaystoEnergyBalanceNadirandDaystoFirstOvulation第一次排卵和最低能量平衡天数的关系

ButlerandCanfield,1989从最低能力平衡回复过来因牛而异，也是重新恢复卵巢活动的标志

能量平衡后10天第一次排卵第一次排卵天数最低能量平衡EffectofBodyConditionScoreatTimedAIonFertilityinLactatingHolsteinCows

Sterryetal.,2006

膘情鉴定对荷斯坦泌乳牛适时输精的影响膘情Item2.5>2.5P

valuePG33(%)39(64/164)55(334/605)0.001PG61(%)36(59/162)50(303/601)0.003Loss(%)d33to615(3/62)8(27/330)0.117MaintenanceofBodyTemperatureinDairyCattle奶牛体温的维持Homeothermy恒温:HP+EH=HLHyperthermia高热:HP+EH>HLEnvironmentalHeat(EH)环境加热热量损失到外界HeatLosstoEnvironment(HL)4种方式:传导对流辐射蒸发体内产热InternalHeatProduction(HP)代谢:生长泌乳EffectsofHeatStress热应激的作用Meanrectal平均直肠温度育成牛接受热平衡或热点环境温度RectalTemprature直肠温度严重热应激是可接近华氏107度DatafromPutneyetal.,1989BodyTemperature体温热平衡热应激时间（小时）直肠温度Athens,WI雅典、威斯康星

(纬度45°07’;经度90°20’)ConceptionRatetoTAIbymonth

月受胎率

(Frickeetal.,2003)受胎率气温气温受胎率EffectsofHeatStress热应激的作用EffectsonLateFollicularandEarlyEmbryonicDevelopment对于晚期滤泡和早期胚胎的影响Hansenetal.,1992.In:LargeHerdDairyManagement应激天数应激排卵桑椹胚Chihuahua,Mexico墨西哥喷淋结合吹风可促进蒸发和对流，为牛体降温

置于高处每30-40英尺以30度角置放36-48个风扇SprinklersandFans喷淋与吹风+ANutritionalLinktoPoorReproductivePerformanceinLactatingDairyCows

繁殖性能不良泌乳牛的营养状况Dr.MiloWiltbankDepartmentofDairyScienceUniversityofWisconsin-Madison威斯康星大学奶牛科学系Item项目Cows奶牛Heifers育成牛Estrusduration(h)6.9Conceptionrate(%)<50>50PregnancyLossHighLowMultipleovulation(%)145Twinningrate(%)8~1持续热应激（小时）受胎率（%）妊娠损失多重排卵（%）双胎（%）TrendsintheU.S.DairyIndustryoverthelast25yearscanbebestdescribedbytheterm:

过去25年来美国奶业的发展趋势可归纳为-改变

CHANGE问题:Whatprimarycharacteristicallowsalactatingcowtoexhibithighmilkproduction?

泌乳牛高产的主要原因是什么？答:采食量泌乳牛干物质的采食量与产奶量强相关

r=0.88;Harrisonetal.,JDairySci73:2749;1990NovelHypothesis

Dr.MiloWiltbank,UW-MadisonHighFeedIntakeHighMilkProductionVisceralBloodFlowLiverBloodFlowMetabolismofOvarianSteroidsDecreasedCirculatingEstrogen&Progesterone降低雌激素和孕酮的循环采食量大内脏血流量产奶量高肝脏血流量卵巢固醇类代谢ImprovingAIServiceRatesinLactatingDairyCows

改善泌乳奶牛人工授精的受胎率PaulM.Fricke,PhDAssociateProfessorDepartmentofDairyScienceUniversityofWisconsin–Madison威斯康星大学奶牛科学系HeatDetectionRate,1998MinnesotaDHIData

RapnickiP,StewartS,EickerS.2001.Proc4-StateApplNutrMgtConf,LaCrosse,WI

发情鉴定率（明尼苏达，1998）发情头数发情鉴定率Whatisthecauseofpoorestrusdetection?发情鉴定差的原因Estrusbehavior发情表现Environmentalfactors环境因素Physiologicfactors生理因素Anovularcows不排卵HeatStress热应激MilkProduction产奶BehavioralEstrusinHolsteinDairyCattleBasedonHeatWatch

观察到的荷斯坦奶牛的发情表现LactatingCows泌乳牛NonlactatingHeifers非泌乳育成牛n307114StandingEvents爬跨12.8DurationofEstrus(h)持续发情（小时）6.9JDairySci80(Suppl.1):179;1997CircadianDistributionofFirstandLastStandingEventsofEstrus最初和最后站立发情24小时分布Dransfieldetal.,1998;J.

DairySci.81:1874

开始站立发情结束最后站立发情EstrusExpression-DirtvsConcrete.

发情表现–土质玉水泥场地比较Brittetal.,1986;J.DairySci.69:2195

13OvxlactatingHolsteincowschallengedwithestradiolbenzoateandobserved30minondirtvs.30minonconcrete注射促二醇的13头奶牛在土质运动场和水泥运动场30分钟比较Item项目土运动场水泥运动场No.observations观察头数6969Durationofestrus持续小时13.8±0.69.4±0.8Totalmounts爬跨总数7.0±0.63.2±0.3Averagemounts平均爬跨数3.7±0.32.5±0.2Totalstands站立总数6.3±0.52.9±0.3Averagestands

平均站立3.8±0.32.7±0.2Allmeansdiffer(P<0.01)betweenlocationsEffectsofHeatStress热应激的影响

SeasonalEffectsonEstrusExpression发情表现的季节性影响StandingEvents站立状况BreedWinter冬季Summer夏季Holstein荷斯坦8.64.5Jersey娟姗12.15.3Nebeletal.,JDairySci80(Suppl1);1997Durationofestrusinrelationtomilkproduction发情持续期与产奶量的关系Lopezetal.,2004;Anim.Reprod.Sci.81:209-223

Analysisincludedallsingleovulations(n=350)exceptfirstpostpartumovulationsAveragemilkproduction