化学专业词汇

普通化学术语中英文对照表原子atomadj.atomic原子核nucleus质子proton中子neutron电子electron（abbr。e）离子ion['aisn]阳离子cation阴离子anion分子molecular[ms'lekjels]单质element化合物compound纯净物puresubstance/chemicalsubstance混合物mixture相对原子质量relativeatomicmass（abbr。Ar）相对分子质量relativemolecularmass（abbr.Mr）化学式量relativeformulamass物质的量amountofsubstance阿伏加德罗常数Avogadroconstant（abbroNA）摩尔mole摩尔质量molarmass实验式/最简式/经验式empiricalformula气体摩尔体积molarvolume阿伏加德罗定律Avogadro’sLaw溶液solution溶解dissolve浓度concentration质量/体积分数mass/volumeconcentration浓缩concentrate稀释dilute蒸馏distillation萃取extraction化学反应方程式chemicalequation反应物reactant生成物product固体solid液体liquid气体gaseous溶液aqueous配平balance化学计量学stoichiometry酸acid碱base/alkali（referstosolublebases）盐salt酸式盐acidsalt离子方程式ionicequation结晶水waterofcrystallisation水合的hydrated无水的anhydrous滴定titration指示齐Uindicator氧化数oxidationnumber氧化还原反应redoxreaction氧化反应oxidationreaction还原反应reductionreaction歧化反应disproportionationreaction归中反应comproportionation（symproportionation）reaction氧化剂oxidisingagent还原剂reducingagent电子层（壳）（electron）shell电离能ionisationenergy（abbr。I.E.）第一，第二，第三等电离能first,second,third ,etc。ionisationenergy（abbr。1st,2nd,3rd,etc。I。E。）电子亲和能electronaffinityenergy（abbr.A.E.）屏蔽效应electronicshielding（screening）原子轨道atomicorbital电子云electroncloud电子亚层sub—shell能层layer能级energylevel电子排布electronconfiguration电子云重叠shelloverlap洪特规则Hund'srule泡利原理Pauliexclusionprinciple基态groundstate激发态excitedstate跃迁transition手性chirality[kai'—]化学键chemicalbond键长bondlength键级bondorder键角bondangle键能bondenthalpies离子键ionicbond供体donor受体acceptor静电吸引electrostaticattraction巨型离子结构giantionicstructure共价键covalent[k9u'veilsnt]bond巨型共价结构giantcovalentstructure共用电子对sharedpair/bondingpair孤对电子lonepair/non-bondingpairo键。—bondn键n-bond6键3—bond极性共价键polarbond非极性共价键non-polarbond配位键dipolarbond/dativecovalentbond/coordinatebond电负性electronegativity极性polarity偶极子dipole分子间作用力intermolecularforces氢键hydrogenbond范德华力vanderWaal’sforce色散力dispersionforce诱导力inductionforce取向力orientationforce/dipole-dipoleforce金属键metallicbond离域delocalisation[di:,lsukslai,zeijn]延展性malleability[,m出lia'biGti]可锻性ductility[dAk,tilsti]导电性electricalconductivity合金alloy元素周期表thePeriodicTable周期period族group原子序数protonnumber同位素isotope['aiset9up]核素nuclide[,nju:klaid]同量异位素isobar[,aiss(u)ba:]金属metal非金属nonmetal碱金属alkalimetal碱土金属alkalineearthmetal卤素halogen稀有气体noblegas元素周期律periodictrends活泼active稳定noble分解反应decompositionreaction化合反应combination(synthesis)reaction取代反应displacementreaction复分解反应saltmetathesis[ms't出Basis]reaction/doublereplacement(displacement)reaction沉淀precipitation[pri,sipi’teij(s)n]官能团functionalgroup碳氢化合物/烃hydrocarbon饱和烃saturatedhydrocarbon不饱和烃unsaturatedhydrocarbon脂肪烃aliphatic[，出li'f出tik]hydrocarbon脂环烃alicyclic[,saiklik；]hrdrocarbon同系物homologous[hD'mDlagas]series异构现象isomerism[,aisamarizam]同分异构体isomeride[ai'somaraid]同素异形体allotropy/allotropism分子式molecularformula通式generalformula结构式displayedformula结构简式structuralformula键线式skeletalformula均裂homolyticfission异裂heterolyticfission亲核试剂nucleophile[,njukliafail]亲电子试剂electrophile力口成反应additionreaction力口水加成hydrationreaction力口成聚合反应additionpolymerisation聚合物polymer单体monomer链节repeatunit缩合聚合反应condensationreaction缩聚物condensationpolymer取代反应substitutionreaction脱水dehydration水解hydrolysis卤代反应halogenationreaction酯化反应esterificationreaction亲核取代nucleophilicsubstitution消去反应eliminationreaction裂化反应cracking(reaction)石油分馏fractionaldistillation燃烧combustion发酵fermentation氟氯烃chlorofluorocarbons产率percentageyield原子利用率atomeconomy红外光谱学infraredspectroscopy质谱分析massspectroscopy光谱spectrum挥发性volatility冷凝回流reflux反应机理reactionmechanism能量守恒定律lawofconservationofenergy热力学thermodynamic[09：m9udai'—]焓enthalpy(abbr.H)[en'B出lpi]焓变enthalpychange(abbr.AH)标准焓standardenthalpychange(abbr.AHQ)标准反应焓standardenthalpychange(abbr.AHrQ)燃烧热heatofcombustion标准燃烧焓standardenthalpychangeofcombustion(abbr。AHc0)标准生成焓standardenthalpychangeofformation(abbr.AHf©)放热反应exothermic[ekssu'—]reaction吸热反应endothermicreaction热化学方程式thermochemical[09：msu'-]equation活化能activationenergy(abbe.Ea)比热容specificheatcapacity键焓bondenthalpy平均键焓averagebondenthalpy盖斯定律Hess’law有效碰撞理论collisiontheory反应速率rateofreaction/reactionrate反应动力学reactionkinetics催化剂catalyst催化作用catalysis酶enzyme['enzaim]波尔兹曼分布律theBoltzmanndistribution化学平衡(chemical)equilibrium[i:kwi'-]可逆反应reversiblereaction动态平衡dynamicequilibrium平衡常数chemicalequilibriumconstant浓度幕concentrationpower平衡移动shiftofequilibriumstate吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeenergy(abbr.AG)阿累尼乌斯方程theArrhenius[s'ri:ni9s]Equation自发反应spontaneous[spon'teiniss]reaction熵entropy(abbr。AS)温室效应greenhouseeffect吸附作用adsorption绿色化学greenchemistry溶解度solubility离子反应ionicreaction电离ionisation电解质electrolyte电离平衡ionisationequilibrium电离常数ionisationconstant离子积ion—productconstant氢离子浓度指数hydrogenionconcentration(abbr.pHfromFrenchpotentield'hydrogene)溶解平衡dissolutionequilibrium[disc’luj(s)n]ekwi溶度积solubilityproduct原电池galvanic(voltaic)cell[g出l'v出nik]盐桥saltbridge电极electrode正极/阳极anode负极/阴极cathode标准电极电势standardelectrodepotential(abbr.E0)干电池drycell一次电池primarycell(battery)二次电池/蓄电池secondarycell/storagebattery充电charge放电discharge燃料电池fuelcell电解electrolysis电解池/电解槽electrolyticcell电镀galvanisation[,g出lvanai’zeijan]电偶腐蚀/电化腐蚀galvaniccorrosion分子空间构型moleculargeometries杂化hybrid轨道orbital晶格lattice晶体crystal晶胞crystalstructure堆积作用sedimentation[ysedimsn,teijsn]常见元素氢hydrogen(abbr。H)['haidrsdjsn]氦helium(abbr.He)['hi：lism]锂lithium(abbr.Li)[,liQism]硼boron(abbr。B)[，b3：r3n]碳carbon(abbr.C)['ka:bsn]氮nitrogen(abbr。N)['naitrsd^sn]氧oxygen(abbr。O)[勺ksid^sn]氟fluorine(abbr。F)[,flusri:n]氖neon(abbr.Ne)['ni：on]钠sodium(abbr.Na) ['ssudism]镁magnesium(abbr。Mg)铝aluminum(abbr.Al)[足s'minism]硅silicon(abbr。Si)[,siliksn]磷phosphorus(abbr.P)[,fosfsrss]硫sulfur(abbr。S)['sAlfs]氯chlorine(abbr.Cl)['kb:ri：n]氩argon(abbr。Ar)[，a：gbn]车甲potassium(abbr。K)[ps't出sism]钙calcium(abbr.Ca)['k出lsism]钛titanium(abbr.Ti)[tai,teinism]铭chromium(abbr.Cr)[,krsumjsm]镒manganese(abbr.Mn)['m«Qgsni:z]铁iron(abbr。Fe)['aisn]钻cobalt(abbr.Co) [ksu,bb:lt]镇nickel(abbr。Ni)['niksl]铜copper(abbr。Cu)['kbps]锌zinc(abbr.Zn) [zigk]碑arsenic(abbr。As)[,a：ssnik]澳bromine(abbr。Br)[,brsumi：n]银silver(abbr.Ag)[,silvs]锡tin(abbr。Sn)[tin]碘iodine(abbr。I)氙xenon(abbr.Xe)[,zenon]钡barium(abbr。Ba)['besrism]钨tungsten(abbr.W)[tAgstsn]箱platinum(abbr。Pt)[,pl出tinsm]金gold(abbr。Au)[gsuld]汞mercury(abbr。Hg)[，ms：kjuri]铅lead(abbr。Pb)[led]常见单质氢气、氮气、氧气、氟气、氯气、液澳、固态碘的名称同元素名称金刚石diamond['daismsnd]石墨graphite[,gr出fait]臭氧ozone['suzsun]红磷redphosphorus白磷whitephosphorus常见根离子(commonradicals)氢化的hydride['haidraid]硼酸boric(acid)adj.borate['bb：reit]碳化的carbide[‘ka:baid]碳酸carbonic[ka:'bDnik](acid)adj.carbonate碳酸氢根bicarbonate/hydrogencarbonate氮化的nitride['naitraid]叠氮化的azide['出zaid]不硝酸nitric(acid)adj。nitrate亚硝酸nitrous[,naitrss](acid)adjonitrite氧化的oxide['bksaid]二氧化的dioxide[dai—']三氧化的trioxide[trai'Dksaid]过氧根peroxy(radical)adj.peroxide[ps,bksaid]超氧化的superoxide[sjups,bksaid]氢氧根hydroxyl[hai'drbksil] (radical)adj.hydroxide水合氢离子hydronium氟化的fluoride偏铝酸meta—aluminic[mets,出ljuminik](acid)adj。meta—aluminate[s'lju:mineit]四羟基合铝酸hydroxyl—aluminic[hai'dr3ksil-'](acid)硅酸silicic['silisik](acid)adj.silicate磷酸phosphoric(acid)adj.phosphate磷酸二氢根dihydrogenphosphate磷酸氢根hydrogenphosphate硫化的sulfide硫氢根bisulphide/sulphanide/hydrogensulphide硫酸sulphuric(acid)adj。sulphate硫酸氢根bisulphate/hydrogensulphate亚硫酸sulphurous(acid)adj.sulphite亚硫酸氢根bisulphite/hydrogensulphite硫代硫酸根thiosulphate[Qaisu-'l焦硫酸根persulphate[ps：—']氯化的chloride['kbraid]氢氯酸/盐酸hydrochloric(acid)高氯酸perchloric(acid)adj.perchlorate氯酸chloric(acid)adj.chlorate亚氯酸chlorous(acid)adj。chlorite次氯酸hypochlorous(acid)adj.hypochlorite澳化的bromide氢澳酸、高澳酸、澳酸、亚澳酸、次澳酸名称参见氯碘化的iodide['aisdaid]氢碘酸、高碘酸、碘酸、亚碘酸、次碘酸名称参见氯卤化的halide铵根ammonium[s'msunism]高镒酸根permanganate镒酸根manganate鼠根cyanide[’sainaid]硫鼠根thiocyanate[Qaisu'saisneit]铭酸根chromate重铭酸根dichromate常见无机化^物(commoninorganiccompounds)氢化钠sodiumhydride氨ammonia/azane[s—'l硅烷silane['si-l磷化氢phosphine硫化氢hydrogensulphide氮化镁magnesiumnitride四氧化三铁iron(II,III)oxide二氟化氧oxygendifluoride氯化氢hydrogenchloride氯化亚铁iron(II)chloride/ferrouschloride氯化铁iron(III)chloride/ferricchloride氯化亚锡tin(II)chloride/stannouschloride四羟基合铝酸钠sodiumaluminate磷酸二氢钠monosodiumphosphate磷酸氢二钠disodiumphosphate氯化铵ammoniumchloride硫氢化钠/硫氢酸钠sodiumhydrosulphide系统^名法(chemicalnomenclature)一mono——二di——三tri-四tetra-五penta——六hexa——七hepta——八octa-九nona——十deca-烷烃alkane(preffixalkyl-,suffix-ane)甲meth——乙eth——丙prop-丁but-戊pent-己hex——庚hept—辛oct-壬non-癸dec-十一undec——十二dodec-十三tridec-十四tetradec——十五pentadec——十六hexadec-十七heptadec-十八octadec——十九nonadec——二十eicos——三十triacont-四十tetracont—五十prntacont-正构型normal—(n-)异构型iso-(i-)新构型neo——(n—)聚poly一烷基alkyl甲基methyl(abbr。Me)乙基ethyl(abbr。Et)丙基propyl(abbr。Pr)环烷烃cycloalkane(preffix——cyclo,suffix——ane)烯烃alkene(preffixalkenyl-,suffix-ene)二烯烃allene(suffix—adiene)环烯烃cycloalkene(preffixcyclo-,suffix——ene)快烃alkyne(preffixalkynyl——,suffix——yne)顺式异构preffixcis-(Z-)反式异构preffixtrans-(E-)苯基phenyl(abbr。Ph)(preffixphenyl-，suffix-benzene)苄基benzyl(abbr。Bn)(preffixbenzyl—，suffix-toluene)醇alcohol(preffixhydroxy—,suffix——ol)带卤素的化合物halogens(preffixfluoro-，chloro—,bromo-,etc.)酮ketone(preffixoxo-,suffix-one)醛aldehyde(preffixoxo—,suffix——alornotincludedincarbonchainpreffixformyl一,suffix-carbaldehyde)竣酸carboxylic[ka：bnk'silik] (acid)adj.carboxylate(suffix—oicacid)羧基carboxyl(preffixcarboxyl-,suffix—oicacidormultiplegroupssuffix—di,tri,tetracarbonylacid)乙酸根carboxylradical(abbr。Ac)醚ether(suffix-aneand-oxy)月旨ester(preffixR-oxycarbonyl—,suffix-oicacid/-oate)胺和酰胺amine(preffixamino-,suffix-amineoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix——N——)andamide(preffixcarbamoyl-andamido—,suffix-amideand-carboxamideoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)氨基amino酰胺基amido磺酸sulphonic(acid)adj.sulphonate(preffixsulpho一,suffix-sulphonicacid)月青nitrile(preffixcyano-,suffix-nitrile)酚phenol/carbolicacid常见有机化合物(commonorganiccompounds)酚酞phenolphthalein(abbr.Hln/phph)[finolf'Qeili：n]石蕊litmus澳酚蓝bromophenoblue百里酚蓝thymolblue甲基橙methylorange龙胆紫gentianviolet氯仿chloroform异戊二烯isoprene月桂烯myrcene[mair'si：n]聚乙烯polythene聚氯乙烯poly(chloroethene)(abbr.PVC)聚丙烯polypropylene聚四氟乙烯/特氟龙poly(tetrafluoroethene)/teflon(abbr。PTF)晴纶orlon二甲醚methoxymethane苯酚phenol乙酸乙酯methylpropanoate甲酸/蚁酸methanoicacid/formicacid乙酸/醋酸ethanoicacid/aceticacid乙二酸/草酸oxalicacidadj.oxalate丙酸/初油酸propanoicacid/propionicacid丁酸/酪酸butanoicacid/butyricacid软脂酸/棕榈酸hexadecanoicacid/palmiticacid硬脂酸octadecanoicacid/stearicacid硬脂酸钠sodiumstearate柠檬酸citricacid柠檬酸钠sodiumcitrate乳酸lacticacid乳酸钠sodiumlactate葡萄糖酸gluconicacidadj。gluconate氨基酸aminoacid葡萄糖glucose果糖fructose半乳糖galactose核糖ribose脱氧核糖desoxyribose核糖核酸rebonucleicacid(abbr.RNA)脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleicacid(abbr.DNA)麦芽糖maltose蔗糖sucrose磺酸sulphonic(acid)adj。sulphonate(preffixsulpho