翻译规则简介

Introductionof

TranslationPrinciples翻译及商务翻译简介一、教学目的：了解基本的翻译理论、原则和方法二、教学过程：1.翻译的定义和内涵2.中外著名翻译家的理论3.翻译标准与实例4.翻译过程—理解和表达5.翻译对译者的要求[<]1.翻译的定义和内涵：（DefinitionandConnotation）Translationisanart/science/craft?粽子？端午节（农历5月5日）是中国古老的传统节日，

TheDragonBoatFestival,the5thdayofthe5thlunarmonth

……

2）东施效颦?3）亚洲四小龙的经济去年出现了疲软WhatisTranslation?Conversionofmeaningfromonelanguagetoanotherlanguage.Theartofreproducingtheauthor’sexactideabymeansofanotherlanguagefromtheoriginal.Theactofreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstintermsofmeaning,andsecondlyintermsofstyle.(Nida)长春大学光华学院陈春田翻译的标准提出不同翻译标准的代表人物：亚历山大·弗雷泽·泰特勒尤金·奈达严复鲁迅傅雷钱钟书许渊冲张培基

2.1国外翻译家的理论：（influentialtranslationprinciples）Translation:alanguageactivity;arenderingfromonelanguageintoanother.Translationisascience.Translationisanart.Translationisaskill.Translationiscommunicating.Translationisapurposefulactivity.(ChristianeNord)“Translationconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesource-languagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.”(EugeneA.Nida&CharlesR.Taber:TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation,1969)“所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次是文体上。”——奈达泰特勒(Tytler)（英国）：翻译三原则：（1）要将原作的意思全部转移到译文上来；（2）译文应当具备原作的风格和文体；（3）译文和原作要同样的流畅。(1)Atranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.(2)Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterasthatoftheoriginal.(3)Atranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition.2.2中国几位翻译家的理论（influentialtranslationprinciples）严复：信达雅—faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance.The“threecharacterguide”isregardedasaplumb-lineoflongstandingtomeasuretheprofessionalleveloftranslating.傅雷：神似—spiritualconformity,Emphasizingthereproductionofthespiritoftheflavoroftheoriginal.强调原作神韵再现。钱钟书：化境—sublimedadaptation.Focusonthetranslator’ssmoothandidiomaticChineseversionforthesakeoftheChinesereader.刘重德：信、达、切—faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.2.

翻译理论简介[<]YanFu’sCriteriaYanFu’s“faithfulness”meansthefullandcompleteconveyingortransmissionoftheoriginalcontentorthought.His“expressiveness”demandsthattheversionmustbeclearandflowingwithoutanygrammaticalmistakesorconfusedlogicandsense.Sothefirsttwowordsastranslationcriteriaareacceptable.Buthis“elegance”isunadoptablebecauseitreferstotheuseofclassicalChinesebeforethatHanDynasty.YanFuheldthatonlythelanguagebeforetheHanDynastycouldbeconsideredelegantandoldvocabulary,oldstructureofChinesemustbeusedinordertorepresenttheoriginalfullyandadequately.许渊冲：诗歌翻译的三原则“三美”（意美、音美、形美），“三化”（等化、浅化、深化）傅雷：以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。钱钟书：文学翻译的最高理想可以说是“化”，把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入与“化境”。长春大学光华学院陈春田翻译的标准

张培基在《英汉翻译教程》中提出忠实、通顺的翻译标准：忠实：忠实于原作的内容，保持原作的风格通顺：译文语言必须通顺易懂，符合规范。中国翻译史上的论争鲁迅：宁信而不顺---rathertobefaithfulthansmooth。目的：引入英文句式的表达法梁实秋、赵景深：宁顺而不信---rathertobesmooththanfaithful目的：可读性强，便于交流。[<]忠实准确、通顺流畅和风格得体可以说是所有标准的共核，三者的次序不可颠倒。忠实准确指译文必须忠实于原文的内容，把原文内容完整准确地转达出来。译者不能随意歪曲、增删、遗漏、篡改原文的内容。通顺流畅指译文要充分发挥译入语的语言优势，译文语言必须标准规范、通俗易懂、符合译入语的表达习惯，不存在死译、硬译、生搬硬套、文理不通的现象。风格得体指译文应尽量忠实转达原文的文体特征和写作风格。3.Basiccriteriafortranslationandbusiness

translationCriteriafortranslation:Criteriafortranslationarethegaugefortranslationpracticeaswellasthestandardforjudgingwhetheratranslationisgoodorbad.Differentpeoplesuggestdifferentcriteriafortranslation,buttheycouldbesummedupas“Faithfulness”(忠实;信)and“Expressiveness/Smoothness”(通顺;达).Generalcriteria(p7)Faithful/Accuracy忠实/准确Smoothness/beingreadable通顺[<]3.翻译理论与实例Faithfulness(1)Janedoesnotworkhardbecauseshewantstoearnmoney.译1：因为简想赚钱，所以才不努力工作。译2：简并不是因为想赚钱才努力工作的。[<]Not…because

Idon’tliketeachingjustbecausemyparentsarebothteachers.

我喜欢教书，并不仅仅因为父母都是老师。Theenginedidn’tstopbecausethefuelwasfinished.引擎并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转。Don’tscampyourworkbecauseyouarepressedfortime.不要因为时间紧而敷衍塞责。Inthatcity,wehadneversuffereddiscriminationbecausewewereJews.我们在那个城市从未因为是犹太人而遭受歧视。Ididn’tbuythatcarbecauseitwasveryinexpensive.我买那辆车，并非因为它很便宜。Ididn’tbuythatcarbecauseitwasveryexpensive.因为那辆车很贵，所以我没有买。Pureironisnotusedinindustrybecauseitistoosoft.纯铁因太软而不用于工业。3.翻译理论与实例Faithfulness(2)HewasonhiswaytoChinaagain.译1：他又风尘仆仆地踏上去中国的旅程。译2：他又踏上去中国的旅程。(3)Hesoldhard-to-getitems.译1：他行贿受贿，兜售紧俏商品。译2：他出售紧俏商品。（2：31）[<]Steelandironproductsareoftencoatedlesttheyshouldrust.钢铁制品常常涂上油漆以免生锈。

(InEnglish,“coat”asaverbmeans“paintorcoversth.withpaint”,soitisonlynaturaltoputitinto“涂上油漆”,ratherthanmerelyusingasingleverb“涂”.)Faithfulness&Accuracy忠实/准确伦敦到岸价每打100英镑.£100perdozenCIFLondon.请报下列商品伦敦船上交货之最低价.ItwouldbeappreciatedifyouwouldletusknowbyreturnyourlowestpossiblepriceforthefollowinggoodsFOBLondon.FOB(freeonboard)为价格术语,意思为”离岸价格或船上交货价).…50%byL/CatsightandthebalanceD/Patsight.50%用即期信用证支付,其余的用即期付款交单.WhatisFaithfulness?1)Faithfulnessfirstofallmeansfidelitytothecontent/substanceofthesourcetext.Thetargettextshouldconveythecontentofthesourcetextcompletelyandaccurately.Distortionorrandomadditionanddeletionofanykindisnotpermitted.2)Italsomeansfaithfulnesstothesourcestyle.Thatis,thetranslatorshouldnotharmorchangethestyleofthesourcetext;neithershoulds/hesubstitutehisownstyleforthestyleofthesourcetext.Faithfulness&Accuracy忠实/准确鉴于我们之间长久愉快的业务关系，本公司将酌情考虑给予5%的折扣.Wewillmeetyouhalfwaybyofferingadiscountof5%

inviewofourlongpleasantrelations..Insuchacase,SellerisboundtoreimburseBuyerforanylossordamagesustainedtherefrom.

在此情况下,卖方负责偿还买方由此所遭受的损失.Faithfulness&Accuracy忠实/准确买方同意购买、卖方同意出售本货物，其条款如下.TheBuyeragreestobuyandtheSelleragreestosellthefollowinggoodsonthetermsandconditionsasfollows.本合同用中文和英文两种文字写成,一式两份。

Thiscontractshallbemadeinduplicate,bothinEnglishandChinese.Faithfulness忠实MosquitoBye,Bye,Bye.

蚊虫杀、杀、杀！

聪明不必绝顶。（生发灵广告）Wisenessdoesnotcomefrombaldness.不打不相识。（打字机公司广告）Typingisknowing.4ordcosts5ive%le$$.(Ford)福特为您省5%。（福特汽车）WhatisSmoothness?Expressiveness/smoothnessmeansthatthetranslationshouldconformtothenormsofthetargetlanguagesothatthetargettextissmoothandexpressive.Inoneword,thetranslatorshouldguardagainstinappropriatenessinwording,ungrammaticalityordisorderingrammaticalstructure.Faithfulnessandsmoothnessisakindofunity,anorganiconeness.Anidealizedtranslationshouldconveythemeaningandstyleofthesourcetextinanintegratedwayandbesmoothinexpression,whichiswhatatranslatorshouldtryhardtoachieve.Smoothness(1)Shenotonlylaughsalotbuthasaheartofgold.译1：她不仅常常大笑，而且还有一颗黄金之心。译2：她不仅笑口常开，而且还有一颗金子般的心。(2)Oneboyisaboy,twoboyshalfaboy,threeboysnoboy.

一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。（3）我属蛇。

IwasbornintheChineselunaryearofthesnake.(3:2)

[<]3.翻译理论与实例Smoothness早上7点到9点宾馆有早餐供应,但需凭票就餐.Breakfastisservedatthehotelfrom7to9o’clocktothosewhoproducetickets.PleasebeinformedthatallthestudentsaretohaveameetingatRoom222intheofficebuildingat2:00P.M.,March10.

谨定于3月10日下午2点整在学校办公大楼222厅召开全院学生会.

[<]3.翻译理论与实例SmoothnessWeshouldbeverymuchobligedifyoucouldletushavefulldetailsofyourlatestproducts.

倘贵方能详告最新产品的情况,我们不胜感激.Youwillfindenclosedwiththisletterasampleofnewsocks.随函附上本公司新出品的短袜样品,请查收.Manyofthesefineproductsareinstockreadyforyourorder.

上述多种优质产品，备有现货，欢迎订购。（4：14）

[<]Goodtothelastdrop.滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。（麦斯威尔咖啡）

Fresh-upwithSeven-up.(Seven-up)

提神醒脑，喝七喜。Faithfulness&Accuracy&SmoothnessTranslationStandardsinDifferentStyles:LiteratureTranslation：FaithfullyrepresentingtheemotionandwritingstyleoftheoriginalNewsTranslation:Accuratelytranslatingthelatestfacts,usingnewspapersexpressionsandstylesEconomy&Tourism&Technologytranslation:accuratelyusingthespecialtermsandexpressionsLegalDocumentsTranslation:representingtheformalandregulatedlanguageandstyleBasicproceduresoftranslationAsapracticeandoperation,translationisgovernedbyitsownlawsandprinciples.Atranslatorshouldfollowthefollowingthreesteps,sothats/hecouldconveythemeaningofthesourcetextaccuratelyandthereadersofthetargettextcouldappreciatethestyleandfeaturesofthesourcetext.Thesethreestepsare:understanding/comprehension;representation/conveyance/expression;checkingTwoEssentials1.正确理解2.准确表达a.

Lexicalmeaningb.

Sentencestructurea.Noadditionofinformationb.Nolossofinformationc.Nodistortionofinformation

Comprehensionbeforerepresentation

(先理解,后动笔)Whatiscomprehension?Thisisthefirststep.Itistograsptheoriginalthoughtsandopinions,aimsandpurposesofthesourcewriter,whichisoneoftheindispensableprocessesoftranslation.Translationinvolvestwomajorprocesses:comprehensionandrepresentation,thatis,tounderstandthethought,gistandpurposeofthesourcetextbeforerepresentingitinthetargetlanguage.

Understanding（twolanguages)

Abookmaybecomparedtoyourneighbor;ifitbegood,itcannotlasttoolong;ifbad,youcannotgetridofittooearly.一本书好比你的邻居；如果是好书，读书时间再长也不嫌长；如果不是好书，越早丢开越好。cannot…too（怎么……也不足以）Youcannotpraisetheplaytoohighly.你怎么称赞这出戏也不过分。Ishallneverbeabletostresstoomuchforyourkindness.不管我怎么感谢你，都不足以报恩。Youcannotbetoocarefulinproofreading.

校对时，越仔细越好。

第五节翻译的过程understanding,representationUnderstanding（thelanguageitself,syntacticstructure,hiddenmeanings,contextualmeanings,idiomaticusage…)1.Itwillstrengthenyoutoknowthatyourdistinguishedcareerissowidelyrespectedandappreciated.

译文1：这会使你更加认识到，你的杰出事业是如此广泛地受到人们的尊敬和赞赏。译文2：当你认识到你的杰出事业是如此广泛地受到人们的尊敬和赞赏时，你就会更坚强。

分析：在上面这个句子中，不定式短语toknowthat…appreciated是句子的主语，由先行词it作代表。

【例2】JohnisnowwithhisparentsinNewYorkCity；itisalreadythreeyearssincehewasabandmaster.

译文1：约翰现同父母住在纽约市；他不担任乐队指挥已三年了。译文2：约翰现同父母住在纽约市；他不担任乐队指挥已三年了。

分析：该句中的since一词是关键。since从句中的was是指一种状态结束。如不理解这一惯用法，很可能误译为…Wehavebeenmissingthemsincetheylefthere.

自从他们离开这里，我们就一直很想念他们。Ithasbeenyearssinceshehaswrittenasuccessfulnovel.她很多年没有写出成功的小说了.

(若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性的过去时，则从句表示的时间是“从动作开始的那一时刻起”。)JohnisnowwithhisparentsinNewYork,itisalreadythreeyearssincehewasateacher.

约翰现在和父母一起住在纽约，他不当教师已经三年了。

--HowlongisitsinceyoulivedinShanghai?--ItishasbeenfouryearssinceIlivedthere．你离开（没住在）上海多久了？我已经有四年不住在那里了。

（若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的动词的过去时时，则从句表示的时间是“从那持续动作或状态结束时算起”。）

【例1】Itisgoodforhimtodothat.

分析：这个句子可以有两种意思：

(1)这样做对他有好处。

(2)他这样做是件好事。

要做出选择，必须从上下文来推理，看哪一种译法更合乎逻辑。

【例2】IlovedyoumorethanAuntCathy.

分析：该句如果没有上下文，则可能有两种解释：

(1)IlovedyoumorethanIlovedAuntCathy.

(2)IlovedyoumorethanAuntCathylovedyou.

同样，要做出选择，必须依据上下文才能确定。

4.理解与表达understanding,representationUnderstanding（cultures)亚洲“四小龙”例如中国人喜欢龙，西方人却认为龙是邪恶的代名词。因此，亚洲“四小龙”译为“fourAsiantigers”需要注意的是，商标词的翻译需要译者注意译名在目的语中是否有不好的联想。如：中国电池商标白象，如果翻译成”WhiteElephant”就不合适，因为英语中”WhiteElephant”的意思是没有用的东西。targetlanguage意译法？？？？？？1）”孔雀“牌彩色电视机2）”白象“牌电池3）”凤凰“牌自行车译文：1）”Peacock”ColorTV2)“WhiteElephant”Battery3)“Phoenix”Bicycle评：1.在中国文化中，”孔雀“是“美”的化身，所以中国有许多商标都以“孔雀“为名。如”孔雀“牌手表。在英语文化中，”孔雀“没有吉祥之意，反而带有贬义，指“洋洋自得，炫耀”之意。（5：196），有建议用”Kingbird”…2.”白象“汉语中无不好的意思，英语中“WhiteElephant”是“大而无用之物，累赘”之意。3.”凤凰“汉语中被誉为“百鸟之王”，象征着“吉祥，富贵”，常被比作出类拔萃的人，如：”山窝窝里飞出了金凤凰“。在英美文化中，“Phoenix”指的是”凶猛的怪物“。（5：195）

第五节翻译的过程understanding,representationUnderstanding（theculturalbackground)

ItwasFriday*andsoonthey‘dgooutandgetdrunk.

星期五发薪日到了，他们马上就要上街去喝得酩酊大醉。

*星期五[Friday]为英国的发薪日。如不解释，译入语读者就不会明白英国人为什么要在这一天上街去大吃大喝。）understanding,representationUnderstanding（theculturalbackground)

她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹：Shegotupearly,wenttothetownandsawherpublicfather.(Publicfathershouldbefatherinlaw.)Understanding（theculturalbackground)三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮Manyheadsarebetterthanone.今年高考他有名落孙山了.Thisyearhefailedagainintheentranceexaminationsforcollegestudents.

第五节翻译的过程understanding,representationUnderstanding（theculturalbackground)1)Mr.WangismymanFriday.

小王是我的得力干将和助手

(“ManFriday”的意思就是“得力、忠诚的助手”。这个说法源自小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》。Friday原本是个被其他部落俘虏的野人，被鲁滨逊救了出来。由于是星期五救的，于是起名叫Friday。从此，Friday就成了鲁滨逊忠实的仆人。而“manFriday”后来就演变成了得力助手的代名词。如果助手是女性，就叫“girlFriday”。

此外，得力助手还可以叫做“right-handman”。)

看下面例句：

HeisthemanFridayofpolice.（他是警方的得力助手。）

第五节翻译的过程understanding,representationUnderstanding（theculturalbackground)2)JohnisnowwithhisparentsinNewYorkCity;itisalreadythreeyearssincehewasabandmaster.

约翰同父母住在纽约市;他不担任乐队指挥已三年了.3)Johncanbereliedon.Heeatsnofishandplaysthegame.

约翰为人可靠,他既忠诚又正直.4.理解与表达understanding,representationUnderstanding（theprofessionalknowledge)

Industrialaverageswereup.

工业股票的平均价格在上涨.Averageisoftwokinds;GeneralAverageandParticularAverage.

海损有两种,一种是共同海损,另一种是单独海损.average为股票用语时,指(若干种股票的)”平均价格”;average为保险术语时,指”海损或费用”.我们将为此批货物购买保险.Weshallcoverinsuranceonthegoods.我们将对此货投保综合险和战争险.WeshallcoverthegoodsagainstAllRisksandWarRisk./WeshallcoverAllRisksandWarRiskforthegoods.Pleasesendustheinsurancepolicytogetherwithyourreceiptforthepremiumspaidassoonaspossible.请尽快寄保单及已支付的保险费收据.

4.翻译的过程Understanding(Exercises)4)ImighthavegotmoreforthosesharesifIhadkeptitalittlelonger,butI’vemadeaprofitonthem(2:9).5)Thepriceofvegetableshasrocketedrecently(2:10).6)Owingtothefallingoffoforders,thefirmishavingtosackanumberofitsemployees(2:12).7)MyfatherandIhaveneverseeneyetoeyewherebusinessisconcerned.(2:12).8)Yousaidthatitisoutofquestion,butitseemstomethatitisoutofthequestion(2:20).4.翻译的过程Understanding(Answers)4)那些股票若再晚一点卖掉，我或许赚得更多；不过，我是赚了。

5)近来蔬菜价格出现暴涨。

6)由于订货减少，公司正要裁减一批雇员。

7)在生意问题上，我和父亲从未有过共识。

8）他说不成问题，但在我看来，却是根本不可能。Representation/reproductionFree/Liberaltranslation1)Don’tcrossthebridgetillyougettoit.不必担心太早／不必自寻烦恼．

(如果按原文字面直译为“到了桥边才过桥”，未免不伦不类。)2)Ruthwasupsettingtheotherchildren，soIshowedherthedoor.

译文：鲁丝一直在扰乱别的孩子，我就把他撵了出去。

3)Doyouseeanygreeninmyeye?你以为我是好欺骗的吗？三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮ThreecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedequalZhugeliangthemastermind.Manyheadsarebetterthanone.Thewisdomofthemasseexceedthatofthewisestindividual.Practice你的表不对。说曹操，曹操就到。Heisoneoftheliteraryfatcat.Heiswearingtwohats.Nowonderheissobusy.Awomanwithoutamanislikeafishwithoutabicycle.Don’taskhimforheistypicallyhen-pecked.Dr.WalkerhasatouchoftheHongkongdogandwillbeherealittlebitlate.Heisnowashappyasacow.Doyouhaveasweettooth?IwishIwereinJohn’sshoes.HejustwonafreetriptoEurope.Consumergoodsarealsoabundantofgoodqualityandvariety.4.3CheckingAsthefinalstepintranslation,checkingreferstotranslator’smeticulousexaminationofthetranslationagainstthesourcetextafterthecompletionofthetranslation.Thoughafinalstep,itiscrucialandindispensable.Checkingisparticularlyimportantforbusinesstranslation,forbusinessdocumentsorbusinessactivitiesnecessarilyinvolvepeople’snames,placenames,trademarks(namesofproducts),numbersandfigures,andbusinesstechnicalterms(e.g.“commercial”asannounmeans“TVadvertisement”).4.4Thedifficultiesinvolvedintranslation

4.1.1DifficultiesincomprehensionThesourcetextisofteninaforeignlanguage,whichoftentakesmoretroubleforthetranslatortocomprehendthanhisnativelanguage.Moreoftenthannot,themoral(寓意)ofthesourcetextisvague,whichmighthaveresultedfromtheauthor’simproperexpressionorbeenintendedbythesourcetextwriterforsomespecificpurpose.Unfamiliaritywiththebackgroundinformationmightalsoconstituteobstaclesincomprehension,asthesourcetextauthorandthetranslatorareoftenindifferenttimes.4.4Thedifficultiesinvolvedintranslation4.4.2Thetranslatorhastotakethefactorsofthetargettextreadersintoconsideration,andaccordinglytakesomenecessarymeasuresfortheTTtobereadable,forTTreadersaredifferentfromthesourcetextreadersineducation,culture,interestsandintelligence.Oneofthemeasuresisannotation(translator’snotes).4.4Thedifficultiesinvolvedintranslation4.4.3SLisdifferentfromTLinwaysofexpression,whichrequiresthetranslatortodigintothesourcetextanddigestit,andthentrytobefreefromtheinfluenceandrestraintsofST.Thatis,thetranslatorshould,basedonaccuratecomprehension,representthesourcetextmessageinidiomaticexpressionsofthetargetlanguage.Failingthis,thetranslationwouldinevitablybefacedwithtransla