火灾报警器中英文文献翻译

外文文献原稿和译文原稿Multiplesingle-chipmicrocomputerapproachtofiredetectionandmonitoringsystemA.J.AI-Khalili,MSc,PhDD.AI-Khalili,MSc,PhDM.S.Khassem,MScIndexingterm:Hazards,Design,PlantconditionmonitoringAbstract:Acompletesystemforfiredetectionandalarmmonitoringhasbeenproposedforcomplexplants.Thesystemusesmultiplesinglechiparchitectureattachedtoapartyline.Thecontrolalgorithmisbasedonatwo-levelhierarchyofdecisionmaking,thusthecomplexityisdistributed.Acompletecircuitdiagramisgivenforthelocalandthecentralstationwithrequirementsforthesoftwarestructure.Thedesigniskeptingeneralformsuchthatitcanbeadaptedtoamultitudeofplantconfigurations.Itisparticularlyshownhownewdevelopmentsintechnology,especiallyCMOSsinglechipdevices,areincorporatedinthesystemdesigntoreducethecomplexityoftheoverallhardware,e.g.bydecomposingthesystemsuchthatlowerlevelsofhierarchyareabletohavesomeautonomyindecisionmaking,andthusamorecomplexdecisionissolvedinasimpledistributedmethod.1DetectionandalarmdevicesAbasicfiredetectionsystemconsistsoftwoparts,detectionandannunciation.Anautomaticdetectiondevice,suchasaheat,smokeorflamedetector,ultravioletorinfrareddetectorsorflameflicker,isbasedondetectingthebyproductofacombustion.Smokedetectors,ofbothionizationandopticaltypes,arethemostcommonlyuseddetectordevices.WhenatypicaldetectorofthistypeentersthealarmstateitscurrentconsumptionincreasesfromthepAtothemArange(say,fromamere15pAinthedormantmodeto60mA)intheactivemode.Inmanydetectorsthedetectoroutputvoltageiswelldefinedundervariousoperatingconditions,suchasthosegiveninTable1.Themoresensitivethedetector,themoresusceptibleitistofalsealarms.Inordertocontrolthedetectorprecisely,eitherofthefollowingmethodsisused:acoincidencetechniquecanbebuiltintothedetector,orafilteringtechniquesuchthatalogiccircuitbecomesactiveonlyifxalarmsaredetectedwithinatimeperiodT.Thedetectiontechniquedependsgreatlyonthelocationandplantbeingprotected;smokedetectorsareusedforsleepingareas,infraredorultravioletradiationareusedwhenflammableliquidsarebeinghandled,heatdetectorsareusedforfiresuppressionorextinguishingsystems.Ingeneral,lifeandpropertyprotectionhavedifferentapproaches.Alarmdevices,apartfromtheusualaudibleorvisiblealarms,mayincorporatesolidstatesoundreproductionandemergencyvoicecommunicationorprintersthatrecordtime,date,locationandotherinformationrequiredbythestandardcodeofpracticeforfireprotectionforcomplexplants.Heaviside[4]hasanexcellentreviewofalltypesofdetectorsandextinguishersystems.1.1ControlphilosophyanddivisionoflabourOurcontrolphilosophyisimplementedhierarchically.Threelevelsofsystemhierarchyareimplemented,withtwolevelsofdecisionmaking.Thereisnocommunicationbetweenequipmentonthesamelevel.Interactionbetweenlevelsoccursbyupwardstransferofinformationregardingthestatusofthesubsystemsanddownwardstransferofcommands.ThisisshowninFig.1whereatlevel1isthecentralstationmicrocomputerandistheultimatedecisionmaker(whennotinmanualmode).Atlevel2arethelocalcontrollers,whichresideinthelocalstations.Atlevel3aretheactualdetectorsandactuators.Amanualmodeofoperationisprovidedatalllevels.Informationregardingthestatusofalldetectorsistransmittedonaperareabasistothelocalcontrollers.Theirinformationiscondensedandtransmittedupwardtothecentralmicrocomputer.Transferofstatusisalwaysunidirectionalandupwards.Transferofcommandsisalwaysunidirectionalanddownwards,withexpansionatthelocalcontrollevel.Thisapproachpreservesthestrictrulesofthehierarchyforexactmonitoringdetectionandalarmsystemsassociatedwithhighriskplants.Theclassificationofthetwolayersofcontrolsisbaseduponlayersofdecisionmaking,withrespecttothefactsthat(a)Whenthedecisiontimecomes,themakingandimplementationofadecisioncannotbepostponed(b)Thedecisionshaveuncertainty(c)Itwillisolatelocaldecisions(e.g.locallywemighthaveanalarmalthoughtheremaybeafaultwiththesystem)2GeneralhardwareI:Fig.2depictsourdesigninthesimplestofforms.Thesystemusesanopenpartylineapproachwithfourconductorcablesgoinginaloopsharedbyalltheremotedevicesandthecontrolpanel.Thisapproachissimpleinconceptandiseconomicallyfeasible.However,onemajordisadvantageisthedependencyonasinglecableforpowerandsignaling.Incaseswherereliabilityisofextremeimportance,twooreventhreecablestakingdifferentroutesthroughoutthesystemmaybeconnectedinparallel.Fig.3givesthedrivercircuitryrequiredtoderiveanexpandablebus.Thisdesigntakesadvantageofrecentadvancesinthesinglechipmicrocomputertechnologytoreducetheinterfacebetweenthecentralstationandthelocalstations.2.1CentralcontroltaskAcentralunitprovidesacentralizedpointtomonitorandcontrolthesystemactivities.Inthesystemtobedescribedthecentralcontrolunitservesafivefoldpurpose.(i)Itreceivesinformationfromthelocalstationsandoperatesthealarmsandotheroutputdevices.(ii)Itnotifiestheoperatorincaseofsystemmalfunction.(iii)Itprovidesanoverallsystemcontrolmanualandautomatic.(iu)Itprovidesasystemtestpointoflocalstationsanditself.(u)Itprovidesacentralpointforobservation,learningandadaptation.2.2LocalstationsThelocalstationscantakelocaldecisionsregardingrecognitionofarisksituation,andactindependentlyonlocalaffairs.Inthistechniquewedependon‘load-typecoordination’,e.g.thelowerlevelunitsrecognizetheexistenceofotherdecisionunitsonthesamelevel;thecentralorthetoplevelprovidesthelowerunitswithamodeloftherelationshipbetweenitsactionandtheresponseofthesystem.Itisevidentthatapowerfulmachineisrequiredatthisstagesothatalltherequiredfunctionscanbeimplemented.Theavailabilityofthenewgenerationofmicrochipsmakesthisarchitectureafeasiblesolution.Asinglechipmicrocomputerwaschosenoverdiscretedigitalandanaloguedevicestointerfacetothefielddevicesandtothecentralmicrocomputer.Thisisthemainreasonthatpreviouslythisapproachwasnotfeasible.Inselectingthemicrocomputerforthelocalstations,thecriterionwastherequirementforachipwhichcontainsthemostintegrationoftheanalogueanddigitalportsrequiredfortheinterfaceandtheutilizationofCMOStechnologyowingtoremotenessofthelocalstations.ThechoicewastheMotorola68HC11A4,forthefollowingreasons:(a)ItisCMOStechnology;thisreducespowerconsumption.(b)IthasaUARTonboard;thisfacilitatesserialcommunication.(e)Ithasana/dconverteronboard;thiseliminatesanexternalA/D.(d)Ithas4KofROM,256bytesofRAM,512bytesofEERROMwith401/0linesanda16bittimer;thissatisfiedallourmemoryand1/0requirementsatthelocalstationside.3SystemimplementationThelocalstation:Fig.3istheblockdiagramofthecircuitusedtoutilizetheMC68HCllA4asaremotefiredetectingcircuitwhileFig.4illustratesthesamecircuitinanexpandedform.Itcanbeseenthatthesinglemicrocontrollercanbeusedtomonitormorethanonedetector,thusreducingsystemcost.Thelooppowersupply,whichisusuallybetween28and26V,isfurtherregulatedbya5V100mAmonolithiclowpowervoltageregulatortosupplypowertothemicrocontroller.Theonboardoscillator,coupledwithanexternalcrystalof2.4576MHz,suppliesthemicrocontrollerwithitstimingsignalwhichisdividedinternallybyfourtoyieldaprocessorfrequencyof614.4kHz,whichisanevenmultipleoftheRS232[7]baudrategenerator.InthisSectiontheterm‘supervisedinputoroutput’willbeusedtomeanthatthefunctioninquestionismonitoredforopen-andshort-circuitconditionsinadditiontoitsothernormalfunctions.MoreinformationcanbefoundinReference9.4Mainloop5ConclusionThispaperdescribesthedevelopmentofalargescalefiredetectionandalarmsystemusingmulti-singlechipmicrocomputers.Thearchitectureusedisatwo-levelhierarchyofdecisionmaking.ThisarchitectureismadepossiblebythenewCMOSmicrocontrollerswhichrepresentahighpackingdensityatalowpowerconsumptionyetarepowerfulindataprocessingandthusindecisionmaking.Eachlocalstationcouldmakeanautonomousdecisionifthehigherlevelofhierarchyallowsittodoso.Ithasbeentriedtokeepthesystemdesigningeneralformatsoitcanbeadaptedtovaryingsituations.Aprototypeofthedescribedsystemhasbeenbuiltandtested[10].ThecontrolpartofthecentralstationisimplementedwithadevelopmentcardbasedonMC68000microprocessor(MEX68KECB,byMotorola),whichhasabuilt-inmonitorcalledTutor.Theapplicationprogramsweredevelopedusingthefeaturesprovidedbythismonitor.Thelocalstations’controllersweredesignedusingtheMC68705R3,single-chipmicrocontroller.7References1‘Fireprotectionguidelinesfornuclearpowerplants’,USNRCRegulatoryGuide1.1202BAGCHI,C.N.:‘Amulti-leveldistributedmicroprocessorsystemforanuclearpowerplantfireprotectionsystemcontrols,monitoring,andcommunication’,IEEETrans.,19823PUCILL,P.M.:‘Firehazardprotection,detectionandmonitoringsystems’,Sea.Con,2,ProceedingsofSymposiumonADVinoffshoreandterminalmeasurementandcontrolsystems,Brighton,England,March1979,pp.353-3634HEAVISID,L.:‘Offshorefireandexplosiondetectionandfixedfire’.OffshoreTechnologicalConference,12thAnnualProceedings,Houston,5CELLENTANI,E.N.,andHUMPHREY,W.Y.:‘Coordinateddetection/communicationapproachtofireprotection’,Specify:Eng.,6‘MotorolaMicroprocessorsDataManual’(MotorolaSemiconductorProducts,Austin,7ElectronicIndustriesAssociation:‘Interfacebetweendataterminalequipmentanddatacommunicationequipmentemployingserialbinarydatainterchange’(EIAStandardRS-232,Washington,DC,1969)8MESAROVIC,M.D.,MACKO,D.,TAKAHARA,Y.:‘Theoryofhierarchicalmultilevelsystems’(AcademicPress,1970)9KASSEM,M.:‘Firealarmsystems’,MSc.thesis,Dept.ofElec.&Comp.Eng.,ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal,Canada,198510LIE,P.,andKOTAMARTI,U.:‘Thedesignofafirealarmsystemusingmicroprocessors’,C481Project,Dept.ofElec.andComp.Eng.,ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal,Canada,1986译文基于单片机的火灾探测和监控系统A.J.AI-Khalili,MSc,PhDD.AI-Khalili,MSc,PhDM.S.Khassem,MSc关键词：危险，设计，设备状态监测摘要：火灾探测及报警监控已成为一个复杂而完整的体系。该系统采用多个单芯片架构到一条主线上。该控制算法是基于两级决策层次，因此分配了复杂性。一个完整的电路原理图，给出了主、分控制器所需的软件的结构要求。设计延续一般形式，这样可以适应于多种系统的配置。尤其显示出新的技术发展，特别是CMOS单芯片器件，在系统设计中的使用，以减少整体硬件的复杂性，例如，通过分解系统，这样的层次较低水平的控制器能够有一些决策自主权，用简单的分布式的方法解决了复杂的决策。1、检测和报警装置一个基本的火灾探测系统由两部分组成，检测和报警。自动检测设备有比如热，烟雾或火焰检测器，紫外线或红外线探测器或火焰闪烁，是基于检测一个燃烧的副产品。烟雾探测器都电离和光类型，是最常用的检测设备。当这种类型的典型探测器进入报警状态产生的电流信号会从PA变成MA（比如，从单纯的15pA在休眠模式下为60毫安）在主动模式。在许多探测器的检测器输出电压明确在各种运行条件，例如见表1。越是敏感的检测器，它更容易受到虚假警报。为了控制探测器的精确，可使用下列方法：过滤技术，这样的逻辑电路成为活跃仅当x警报的时间内检测周期T。检测技术在很大程度上取决于地点和植物受到保护，烟雾探测器是睡觉的地方，红外线和紫外线辐射探测器，检测易燃液体燃烧，热探测器用于灭火和灭火系统。一般来说，生命和财产保护有不同的做法。报警装置，从通常的声响或视觉报警外，还可以采用固态的声音再现和紧急话音通信或打印机，记录时间，日期，地点和其他资料。1.1控制理念和分工我们的理念是实施控制等级。三个层次的系统级的实施，两个级别的决策。之间没有设备，在同一层次的沟通。交互各级之间发生了向上的信息传输有关的子系统和向下状态转移的命令。这是图所示。1，其中第1级是中央控制站，是微机最终（在不手动模式）决策者。第2级是当地控制器，建立在当地的站。第3级是实际检测器和驱动器。在各级提供手操作模式。所有探测器的数据和分处理器是当地控制的基础。他们将信息浓缩，并转交中央处理器。信息传递的地位始终是单向及以上。命令传输是单向的总是向下，并在扩大局部控制的水平。这种方法保留了层次的准确监测检测和严格的规则高风险的核电站警报系统。两个控制层的分类是基于决策层。（一）在届时的决定，提出和决定的执行情况不能再拖延（二）决定的不确定性（三）将隔离当地的决定（例如，我们可能会在当地报警，但有可能有故障系统）2、硬件图.2描绘了我们的设计最简单的形式。这个系统采用四个导体开放的路线，在所有远程共享一个循环电缆设备和控制面板。这种方法简单，经济上可行。但是，一个主要缺点是对一个单一的电力和信号电缆的依赖。在重要环境下，可靠性是极其重要的。固可采用两个甚至三个电缆采取不同的线路连接，可并行连接。图.3是驱动电路必须得一个扩展总线。采用这种设计在单片机技术的最新发展优势减少与中央控制站和地方控制站的接口。2.1中央控制任务中央站点提供了一个集中点，以监测和控制系统的活动。在该系统介绍了中央控制单元的目的（一）它得到了分控制站的信息和控制警钟及其他输出设备。（二）它提示在系统出现故障时的操作。（三）它提供了一个全面系统的手动和自动控制。（四），它提供了中央和分站的系统测试点。（五）它提供了一个中心点观察，学习和适应。2.2分控制站分控制站的决定可以控制处理当地的信息。这种技术我们就依靠负载型协调下级单位，承认在同一水平上的其他决定单位的存在;中央或高层提供了一个较低的单位模型之间的行动和系统响应的关系。很明显，一个强大的机器，需要在这个阶段，使所有需要的功能得到有效执行。该芯片的新一代供应使得该体系结构的解决变得可行。单片机被选中了离散的数字和模拟设备接口，到外地设备和中央微机。这是最主要的原因，以前这种做法是不可行的。该芯片的选择的，包含要求的模拟和数字接口所需的端口和CMOS技术的运用，由于地处偏僻的分控制站最一体化。这个选择是摩托罗拉68HC11A4，理由如下：（1）它是CMOS技术，这可减少电力消耗。（2）它有一个UART，这有利于串行通信。（3）它有一个A/D转换器上，这消除了外部A/D转换（4）它有一个4K的ROM，256K内存，512KEERROM字节40个I/O端口的线路和一个16位定时器;符合分控制站所有的内存和1/0的要求。3、系统实施分控制站：图.3是用于一个远程火灾报警MC68HCllA4电路框图检测电路：图.4这是前一个电路的扩展形式。可以看出单片机可用于监控多个探测器，从而降低了系统成本。回路电源，通常在26到28V之间，通常五伏一百毫安单片低功耗电压调节器供电的微控制器。板载振荡器，是一个2.4576MHz的外部晶体结合，提供时间信号，它被分为4个内部收益率为614.4千赫，这是一个更多的RS232[7]波特率发生器的处理器频率微控制器。4、主循环5、结论本文描述了一个大规模的火灾探测及报警系统，使用多的发展，单芯片微型计算机。该架构是采用两个层次的决策层次。这种架构是可以用到的新的CMOS微控制器，低功耗，并在数据处理功能强大的高堆积密度和决策。每个地方控制站可以自主作出的决定如果上级机构，允许它这样做。一般格式化系统设计，因此它可以适应不同的情况。所描述的系统原型已经建成并测试[10]。中央控制站的控制部分是基于MC68000微处理器（墨西哥68KECB摩托罗拉），它有一个内置的显示器称为导师。该应用程序都是使