（陕西）（龙门亮剑）2011高三英语一轮课件 语法探究（4）外研版

语法探究(4)

定语从句

1.定语从句是贯穿整个高中阶段语法学习的重点，是高考测试必考的热点，尤其是非限制性定语从句更是命题的重中之重，其关系词as与which的用法区别仍是未来命题的核心。2．定语从句与强调句型、同位语从句融合在一起进行考查。这样既考查句式结构的辨析能力，又能考查关系词与其他连接词的区分运用能力。3．介词＋关系代词结构的准确选择和运用。4．形式上仍以单项填空、短文改错为主，完形填空、阅读理解中的长句理解为辅，对定语从句进行综合运用考查。关系词选择是高考考查的重点。做好定语从句有关试题，必须牢记三要点：首先分析从句是否为定语从句，而这在很大程度上取决于整句的逻辑含义。(2)分析定语从句的成分，看从句是否缺主语、宾语或状语等，因为引导(关系)词在定语从句中是必须充当一定成分的(或主语、或宾语、或状语)。(3)观察先行词的特点：指人或是指物；既指人又指物；是否被某些特殊词所限定、修饰，句子结构是否特别。一、that引导的定语从句先行词是指物或人的名词或不定代词。先行词是指人的名词时，若that在从句中作宾语，可用whom替换，也可以省略；若that在从句中作主语，可用who替换；先行词是指事物的名词时，若that在从句中作宾语，可用which替换。以下情况，引导词用that，不用which。1．先行词为不定代词everything，little，much，all，anything，nothing或被不定代词修饰时。Finally，the

thief

handed

everything

that

he

had

stolen.2．先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时，用that引导。This

is

the

best

book

(that)

I’ve

ever

read.3．先行词被the

only，the

very，the

last修饰时，用that引导。This

is

the

only

book

that

I

want

to

read

now.4．先行词同时指人和指物时，用that引导。We

talked

about

the

things

and

persons

that

we

saw

then.5．定语从句内容为解释名词的性质、概念时，需用that引导。A

plane

is

a

machine

that

can

fly.6．由which和who提问的句子由that引导。Which

is

the

dictionary

that

you

want

to

buy?二、关系代词which的用法先行词必须是指物或事的名词。若which在从句中作主语，从句谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词保持一致；若which在从句中作及物动词的宾语时，可以省略，但用于介词后面，作介词宾语时，不能省略；“介词＋which”引导定语从句时，选用介词应根据介词和先行词的习惯搭配或从句中谓语动词和介词所构成的固定词组，介词既可置于which的前面，又可放在从句谓语后面。1．The

games

in

which

the

young

men

competed

were

difficult.2．You’d

better

not

drink

water

which

has

not

been

boiled.which除在介词后面作宾语或引导非限制性定语从句不能用关系代词that替换外，其他情况均可用that来替换。which引导非限定性定语从句，其先行词可是一个词，也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分。三、who引导的定语从句先行词必须是指人的名词。who在从句中通常作主语，从句的谓语应与先行词在人称和数上保持一致，口语中可用that代替who；有时who在从句中也可作宾语，相当于whom或that，但不能直接在介词后面作宾语。四、whom引导的定语从句先行词是指人的名词。whom在从句中作及物动词或介词的宾语，在口语中可用who或that替换，也可以省略，但“介词＋whom”引导定语从句时，不能用who或that替换，也不能省略，介词依据从句中的谓语动词而定。五、介词＋关系代词1．“of＋which/whom”可用来限定名词、代词、分数词、数词等。2．关系代词前介词的确定。(1)根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系。Is

that

the

newspaper

for

which

you

often

write

articles?(2)根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配。Can

you

explain

to

me

how

to

use

these

idioms

about

which

I’m

sure?(3)根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯。1949

was

the

year

in

which

the

P．R.C.was

founded.(4)非限制性定语从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用“数词/代词＋of＋关系代词”的结构。There

are

50

students

in

our

class，two

thirds

of

whom

have

been

to

Beijing.(5)whose从句可转换为“of＋关系代词”型。They

live

in

a

house，whose

door

opens

to

the

south.→They

lived

in

a

house，of

which

the

door

opens

to

the

south.→They

lived

in

a

house，the

door

of

which

open

to

the

south.六、关系副词的运用在限定性和非限定性从句中，when的先行词是时间名词，where的先行词是地点名词，分别在定语从句中作状语。七、as与which引导的定语从句两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，先行词都可指整个句子，都可在从句中作主、表、宾语，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as。1．关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。2．当与such或the

same连用时，一般用as。Have

you

read

such

a

book

as

I

bought

yesterday?as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如be

known，be

said，be

reported等，如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。1．不能透彻地理解关系词具有的三种功能在从句开头引导一个定语从句；指代或替代先行词且先行词不可省，引导词有时可省；在定语从句中作适当成分。Put

the

book________it

should

be

when

you

have

finished

reading

it.A．where

B．in

whichC．at

the

place

D．the

place

where此题答案为A，但where并非引导一个定语从句，而是一个地点状语从句。学生极易选B或C。选B错在in

which若引导定语从句，其前的先行词不可省，而book不能作表地点的先行词；选C若看成一个定语从句，倒是有先行词the

place，但定语从句引导词在从句中要作表语，此时引导词不能省；在从句中作宾语的时候引导词能省。2．不能区别定语从句与别的从句或结构It

was

about

600

years

ago________the

first

clock

with

a

face

and

an

hour

hand

was

made.A．that

B．untilC．before

D．when此题学生极易选为D，而答案应为A，选D恰恰是把定语从句与强调结构弄混了。这两种结构十分相似，稍不注意便会出错，而且这类题目刚好是最近几年高考考查的热点。判断是否是强调结构的正确方法是删除法，即将“it

is

(was)．..that...”部分去掉，若整个句子结构和意义不受其影响的话，则只能看做强调结构。此题去掉此部分后其结构完整正确，故应看做是强调结构。3．不注意“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句时的介词的习惯搭配一般来说应依据如下四点选择合适的介词：介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性搭配；介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯性搭配；介词与定语从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性的短语；表示所有格或整体与部分关系时用介词of。The

gentleman________you

told

me

yesterday

proved

to

be

a

thief.A．who

B．about

whomC．whom

D．with

whom此题极易选为A或C。依据习惯搭配只能说tell

sb.sth.或tell

sb.about

sth.(sb.)，而不能说tell

sb.sb.，故A和C有误，答案应为B。4．不注意句子的结构The

largest

collection

ever

found

in

England

was

one

of

about

200,000

silver

pennies，________over

600

years

old.A．all

of

them

B．all

of

whichC．all

of

it

D．none

of

which此题中over

600

years

old前根本无be动词，不能构成句子，故不能看做常规的定语从句而选B，只能选A，此时逗号后面部分只是一个补充说明前面句子的短语，为独立主格结构。5．不能准确断句The

rich，for________money

was

not

a

problem，wanted

to

stay

at

an

expensive

hotel.A．their

B．hisC．whose

D．whom此题学生易把for看做表原因而选A，却不知for表原因往往表达的是推测原因或补充原因；又易看到whose可以修饰money而选whose，两种错误的原因在于断句不清。此句应断句为money

was

not

a

problem

for

the

rich，for表“相对于”，故答案为D。6．在定语从句中加了多余的定语(1)[误]Some

of

the

boys

I

invited

them

didn’t

come.[正]Some

of

the

boys

I

invited

didn’t

come.[译]我邀请的男孩中有几个没有来。[析]应删去them，因为从句的宾语是省略了的whom，who或that。(2)[误]The

book

that

you

need

it

is

in

the

library.[正]The

book

that

you

need

is

in

the

library.[译]你需要的书在图书馆里。[析]应删去it，因为从句的宾语是关系代词that。7．把定语从句谓语动词的单复数弄错(1)[误]Anyone

who

break

the

law

will

be

punished.[正]Anyone

who

breaks

the

law

will

be

punished.[译]任何违犯法律的人都将被处罚。[析]应把break改为breaks，因为who指anyone，是单数。(2)[误]This

is

one

of

the

rooms

that

is

free

now.[正]This

is

one

of

the

rooms

that

are

free

now.[译]这是目前空着的房间之一。[析]应把is改为are，因为one前没有the

only之类的限定词，定语从句在意义上修饰的是名词复数the

rooms，而不是单数one。8．误省略了定语从句中作主语的关系代词(1)[误]Children

eat

a

lot

of

sugar

often

have

bad

teeth.[正]Children

who/that

eat

a

lot

of

sugar

often

have

bad

teeth.[译]吃糖多的孩子往往牙齿不好。[析]应加上关系代词who或that，因为从句少主语，且主语不能省略。(2)[误]The

key

opens

the

bike

is

mis