第9章 航运管制机构

EnglishonInternationalShippingChapter9Theinstitutionsregulatingshipping

1theregulatorysystemdiscussedisasecondbestsolution.Itconsistsofanadhocmixofrulesandregulationsenactedandenforcedbythreedifferentregulatoryauthorities,theyaretheclassificationsocieties,theflagstatesandthecoastalstates

22/1/2023

Section1Theclassificationsocieties

32/1/2023Theclassificationsocietiesmakerulesforshipconstructionandmaintenanceandissueaclasscertificate

toreflectcompliance.

42/1/2023OriginoftheclassificationsocietiesAtfirstthemainjobwastogradeships.Technicalcommitteesweresetuptowriterulebookssettingtheprecise

standardstowhichmerchantshipsshouldbebuiltandmaintained.Theserulessetthestandardsandthesocietypoliced

themthroughtheirnetworkofShipsSurveyors.52/1/2023Theclassificationsocietiestoday

enhancethesafetyoflifeandpropertyatseabysecuringhightechnicalstandardsofdesign,manufacture,constructionandmaintenanceofmercantileandnon-mercantileshipping62/1/2023TheregulatoryactivitiesoftheclassificationsocietiesDespitetheirobviousimportance,theclassificationsocietieshavenolegalauthority.Thereisnorequirementforashipownertoobtainclassification,butclassificationisgenerallynecessarytoobtaininsurance,andashipwouldhavelittlevaluewithoutit.72/1/2023Det

Norske

Veritas(Norway)American

Bureauof

Shipping(USA)NipponKaiji

Kyokai(Japan)Registro

Italiano

Navale

(Italy)China

Classification

Society(China)Lloyd'sRegister

(UK)82/1/2023Germanischer

Lloyd(Germany)RussiaMaritime

Registerof

Shipping

(Russia)KoreaRegister

ofShipping

(Korea)Bureauof

Veritas(France)92/1/2023ClassificationsocietyShipsclassedLloyd’sRegisterofShippingNipponKaiji

Kyokei

AmericanBureauofShippingDet

Norske

VeritasBureauVeritasGermanischerLloydChinaClassSocietyKoreanRegisterofShippingRussianMaritimeRegisterofShippingRegistro

Italiano

Navale

Others3,9123,8543,6852,6571,8371,8021,0054311,0025431,657Themajorclassificationsocieties,January1997102/1/2023First,thecontinuousupdatingofrulestoreflectchangesinmarinetechnology.Thesecondstageinvolvestheapplicationoftherulestopracticalshipbuildingandshipping.

AtechnicalplanreviewSurveys

duringconstruction

Periodicsurveys

forthemaintenanceofclass112/1/2023

Section2Theregulatoryroleoftheflagstate

122/1/2023Economicimplications

offlagstateregulationprincipalconsequencesofchoosingtoregisterTaxcompanylawandfinanciallawCompliance

withmaritimesafetyconventionsCrewingandterms

ofemploymentNavalprotection132/1/2023Registrationprocedures

Ifashipistotradefreelyintothemajorportsoftheworldwithoutencounteringoverwhelmingdifficultieswiththeauthorities,itmusthaveanationality

toidentifyitforlegalandcommercialpurposes.Thereismuchvariationintherequirementsforregistration.Someflagstatesrequiretheshiptobeownedbyanational.142/1/2023Twotypesofregistry——

Nationalregisterstreattheshippingcompanyinthesamewayasanyotherbusinessinthecountry.Openregistershave

beensetupwiththespecificaimofofferingshipownersaregistrationservice,oftenasameansofearningrevenuefortheflagstate152/1/2023Theeconomicroleofopenregisters

theregisteroffersregulationsdesignedtosuitalegalandcommercialenvironmentspeciallydesignedtosuitashipownertradinginternationally162/1/2023

Section3Theregulatoryroleofcoastalstates

172/1/2023MaritimezonesrecognizedbytheUNConventionontheLawoftheSea,1982

TheterritorialseaThecontiguouszoneTheexclusiveeconomiczone(EEZ)ThehighseasPortsstatecontrol

182/1/2023VocabularyandTermsInternationalCourtofJus