核心词汇课程-gre阅读

GRE阅读词 1 1选自真经GRE240PassageCarolinaHospitalnotesthatCuban-AmericanwriterswhowriteprimarilyinEnglisharedismissedfromanthologiesandysesofCubanexileliteratureonthataccount.ShearguesthatsincethesewriterswereborninCubaandconsiderthemselvesCubanwriters,theyshouldnotbeignored,andmaintainsthattheyrepresentanewphaseofCubanness,onethatisexpressedinthelanguagecomfortabletoitswriters—English.Moreover,anothercriticnotesthattheSpanishandEnglishtraditionsofCuban-Americanwritinghavedifferentbutequallyviablefunctions.TheEnglishbranchseekstocreateadistinctivecultureofCubanrootsintheUnitedStates,whereastheSpanishbranchwishestopreserveaspecificallyCubanculturewhileseekingaffiliationwiththecanonofLatinAmerican2.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“comfortable”mostnearlyA.B.C.D.E.PassageCarolinaHospitalnotesthatCuban-AmericanwriterswhowriteprimarilyinEnglisharedismissedfromanthologiesandysesofCubanexileliteratureonthataccount.ShearguesthatsincethesewriterswereborninCubaandconsiderthemselvesCubanwriters,theyshouldnotbeignored,andmaintainsthattheyrepresentanewphaseofCubanness,onethatisexpressedinthelanguagecomfortabletoitswriters—English.Moreover,anothercriticnotesthattheSpanishandEnglishtraditionsofCuban-Americanwritinghavedifferentbutequallyviablefunctions.TheEnglishbranchseekstocreateadistinctivecultureofCubanrootsintheUnitedStates,whereastheSpanishbranchwishestopreserveaspecificallyCubanculturewhileseekingaffiliationwiththecanonofLatinAmerican2.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“comfortable”mostnearlyE.PassageForcenturies,oakwasthewoodofchoiceforEuropeanshipbuilders.However,towardtheendoftheeighteenthcentury,asBritishoak sgrewscarce,shipbuildersthereturnedtoteakandfoundinitanidealsubstitute.Otherwoodsexpandandcontractatdifferentratesthanoak,sorepairstooakshipsdonewiththosewoodssplitorleak.Onlyteakmatchesoak’sexpansioncoefficientandstayswatertight.Itisunmatchedinits torotandpests,anditsoilsevenprotectnailsagainstcorrosion.Moreover,itwasoneoftwoimportanttropicalhardwoods(withCentralAmericanmahogany)thatdriedlightenoughtofloatdownriver--theonlywaytotransporttimberin fromtheinlandjungleswhereitgrew.A.B.resortedD.revertedE.revolvedPassageForcenturies,oakwasthewoodofchoiceforEuropeanshipbuilders.However,towardtheendoftheeighteenthcentury,asBritishoak sgrewscarce,shipbuildersthereturnedtoteakandfoundinitanidealsubstitute.Otherwoodsexpandandcontractatdifferentratesthanoak,sorepairstooakshipsdonewiththosewoodssplitorleak.Onlyteakmatchesoak’sexpansioncoefficientandstayswatertight.Itisunmatchedinits torotandpests,anditsoilsevenprotectnailsagainstcorrosion.Moreover,itwasoneoftwoimportanttropicalhardwoods(withCentralAmericanmahogany)thatdriedlightenoughtofloatdownriver--theonlywaytotransporttimberin fromtheinlandjungleswhereitgrew.2.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,‘turnedto”mostnearlyA.B.resortedD.revertedto回到（某事E.revolvedaround以……PassageTherelevanceoftheliterary ality—awriter’sdistinctiveattitudes,concerns,andartisticchoices—to Deconstructionistsviewtheliterary ality,likethewriter’sbiographical ality,asirrelevant.Theproperfocusofliterary ysis,theyargue,isawork’sintertextuality(interrelationshipwithothertexts),subtexts(unspoken,concealed,orrepresseddiscourses),andmetatexts(self-referentialaspects),notaperceptionofawriter’sverbalandaesthetic“fingerprints.”Newhistoricistsalsodevaluetheliteraryality,since,intheiremphasisonawork’shistoricalcontexts,theycreditawriterwithonlythoseinsightsandideasthatweregenerallyavailablewhenthewriterlived.However,toreadersinterestedinliterarydetectivework--sayscholarsofclassical(GreekandRoman)literaturewhowishtoreconstructdamagedordeduceawork’sauthorship—the alitysometimesprovidesvitalInthecontextinwhichitappears,“creditwriterwith”mostnearlytrustawriterapplaudawriterbelieveawriterpresumeawriteracceptawriterPassageSomehistorianshaverecentlychallengedthe“partyperiodparadigm,”theview,advancedbyMcCormickandothers,thatpoliticalparties—especiallythetwomajorparties—intheUnitedStatesbetweentheyears1835and1900evokedextraordinaryloyaltyfromvotersanddominatedpoliticallife.Voss-Hubbardcitesthefrequencyofthird-partyeruptionsduringtheperiodasevidenceofpopularantipathytothetwo-partyregime.Hecorrectlycreditsthirdpartieswithhelgeneratethenineteenthcentury’shistoricallyhighratesofvoterturnoutbyforcingmajorpartiestobolstersupporters’allegiance,lestminorpartiessiphonofftheirvotes,andwithpushingpolicydemandsthatthemajorpartiesignored.Formisanostressesthepervasiverecordofnonpartisanandanti-partyernanceatthelocallevel,andwomen’sfrequentparticipationinnineteenth-centurypubliclife,priortotheirenfranchisement,innonpartisanandantipartywaysasevidenceofthelimitationsofthepartyperiodparadigm.YetMcCormickwoulddenythattheexistenceofantipartysentimentduringtheperiodunderminedtheparadigm,sincehehasalwaysacknowledgedtheresidualstrengthofsuchsentimentduringthenineteenthcentury.Inanycase,thestrengthoftheparadigmisitscomparativethrust:thecontrastitdrawsbetweentheperiodinquestionandearlierandlaterpoliticaleras.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“evoked”mostnearlyPassageSomehistorianshaverecentlychallengedthe“partyperiodparadigm,”theview,advancedbyMcCormickandothers,thatpoliticalparties—especiallythetwomajorparties—intheUnitedStatesbetweentheyears1835and1900evokedextraordinaryloyaltyfromvotersanddominatedpoliticallife.Voss-Hubbardcitesthefrequencyofthird-partyeruptionsduringtheperiodasevidenceofpopularantipathytothetwo-partyregime.Hecorrectlycreditsthirdpartieswithhelgeneratethenineteenthcentury’shistoricallyhighratesofvoterturnoutbyforcingmajorpartiestobolstersupporters’allegiance,lestminorpartiessiphonofftheirvotes,andwithpushingpolicydemandsthatthemajorpartiesignored.Formisanostressesthepervasiverecordofnonpartisanandanti-partyernanceatthelocallevel,andwomen’sfrequentparticipationinnineteenth-centurypubliclife,priortotheirenfranchisement,innonpartisanandantipartywaysasevidenceofthelimitationsofthepartyperiodparadigm.YetMcCormickwoulddenythattheexistenceofantipartysentimentduringtheperiodunderminedtheparadigm,sincehehasalwaysacknowledgedtheresidualstrengthofsuchsentimentduringthenineteenthcentury.Inanycase,thestrengthoftheparadigmisitscomparativethrust:thecontrastitdrawsbetweentheperiodinquestionandearlierandlaterpoliticaleras.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“evoked”mostnearlyelicitedrecalledcitedsuggestedPassageElizabethBishop’sCompletePoems(1927-1979)hascometoseemtomostofitsreaderssoachievedandsufficientasalife’sworkthatitishardnottolosesightofhowslowlyBishopwrotepoemsandofhowfewpoems,finally,shecompleted.ButBishopherselfneverceasedtofindherproductivityinadequate.Thesizeandpaceofheroutputwerealwaysinhereyesafailing(vaguelymoralincomplexion)forwhichsheapologizedthroughouthercareer,although,asIwillargueinthisessay,Bishop’sinabilitytowritemorepoemsthanshedidwasalsoarefusaltodoso.Thesmall,manageablesizeofBishop’sbodyofworkhasfacilitateditsextraordinarycriticalreceptionsinceherdeath.(RobertLowell,whoseoeuvreissomuchlarger,hasneverhadacompleteeditionofhispoetrypublished.)YetthesizeofherworkisalsoasignofBishop’salienation,thatis,heruneasy,resistantrelationtotheliteraryculturethattodayclaimsherasthemajorpoetofhergeneration.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“complexion”mostnearlyPassageElizabethBishop’sCompletePoems(1927-1979)hascometoseemtomostofitsreaderssoachievedandsufficientasalife’sworkthatitishardnottolosesightofhowslowlyBishopwrotepoemsandofhowfewpoems,finally,shecompleted.ButBishopherselfneverceasedtofindherproductivityinadequate.Thesizeandpaceofheroutputwerealwaysinhereyesafailing(vaguelymoralincomplexion)forwhichsheapologizedthroughouthercareer,although,asIwillargueinthisessay,Bishop’sinabilitytowritemorepoemsthanshedidwasalsoarefusaltodoso.Thesmall,manageablesizeofBishop’sbodyofworkhasfacilitateditsextraordinarycriticalreceptionsinceherdeath.(RobertLowell,whoseoeuvreissomuchlarger,hasneverhadacompleteeditionofhispoetrypublished.)YetthesizeofherworkisalsoasignofBishop’salienation,thatis,heruneasy,resistantrelationtotheliteraryculturethattodayclaimsherasthemajorpoetofhergeneration.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“complexion”mostnearlyHue色Intricacy错综复PassageThroughoutmuchoftheTertiaryperiod(mostofthepast65millionyears),theArcticsupportedcontinuousforests.Onlytowardtheendofthatperioddoesthefossilevidenceshowthatcertainpresent-dayArcticplantswereestablishedandwidelydistributedthroughouttheArctic.ManyArcticplantsarethoughttohaveoriginatedinthehighmountainrangesofcentralAsiaandNorthAmerica,tohavespreadnorthwardtotheArcticasglobaltemperaturesfellinthelateTertiary,andtohaveachievedacircumpolardistributionbytheendoftheTertiary(about2millionyearsago).However,fossilevidencetosupporttheseproposalsiseitherlackingorfragmentary.Consequently,theroutesbywhichtheseplantsexpandedtheirrangesduringtheircolonizationoftheArcticremainunknown.Thecontextinwhichitappears,“distributed”mostnearlyPassageAlthoughvastlypopularduringitstime,muchnineteenth-centurywomen’sfictionintheUnitedStateswentunreadbythetwentieth-centuryeducatedelite,whoweretaughttoignoreitasdidactic.However,AmericanliteraturehasatraditionofdidacticismgoingbacktoitsPuritanroots,shiftingovertimefromsermonsandpoetictranscriptsintonovels,whichprovedtobeperfectvehiclesforconveyingsocialvalues.Inthenineteenthcentury,criticsreviledPoeforneglectingtoconcludehisstorieswithpithymoraltags,whileLongfellowwascanonizedforhisdidacticverse.Althoughrhetoricalchangesfavoringtheanti-didacticcanbedetectedasnineteenth-centuryAmericantransformeditselfintoasecularsociety,itwastwentieth-centurycriticism,whichplacedaestheticvalueaboveeverythingelse,thathadnoplaceinitsdoctrineforthedidacticismofothers.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“conveying”mostnearlyPassageAlthoughvastlypopularduringitstime,muchnineteenth-centurywomen’sfictionintheUnitedStateswentunreadbythetwentieth-centuryeducatedelite,whoweretaughttoignoreitasdidactic.However,AmericanliteraturehasatraditionofdidacticismgoingbacktoitsPuritanroots,shiftingovertimefromsermonsandpoetictranscriptsintonovels,whichprovedtobeperfectvehiclesforconveyingsocialvalues.Inthenineteenthcentury,criticsreviledPoeforneglectingtoconcludehisstorieswithpithymoraltags,whileLongfellowwascanonizedforhisdidacticverse.Althoughrhetoricalchangesfavoringtheanti-didacticcanbedetectedasnineteenth-centuryAmericantransformeditselfintoasecularsociety,itwastwentieth-centurycriticism,whichplacedaestheticvalueaboveeverythingelse,thathadnoplaceinitsdoctrineforthedidacticismofothers.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“conveying”mostnearlycarrying携transferring转granting给imparting传projecting预PassageWhereasCarlosBulosanaimedthroughfictionand altestimonytoadvancebothFilipinocivilrightsintheUnitedStatesandthesocialtransformationofthePhilippines,YenLeEspirituhassetherselfthetaskofrecoveringlifehistoriesofFilipinoAmericans.HerworkbringsFilipinoAmericansofthegenerationfollowingthe1934-1965immigrationhiatusgraphicallytolife.AspecialstrengthistherepresentationofFilipinoAmericanwomen,whowerescarceamongimmigrantsbeforethe1934AmericancurbonFilipinoimmigrationbutcomposedmorethanhalfoftheimmigrantstoAmericasinceliberalizationin1965.Espiritu’ssubjects theirchangingsenseofFilipinoidentityintheUnitedStates,muchasBulosandidasamemberofthefirstsubstantialwaveofInthecontextinwhichitappears,“graphically”mostnearlyinbymeansofimpressionistically有印象PassageAcriticalconsensushasemergedthatMaryMcCarthywillberememberedprimarilyasanessayistratherthanasanovelist.Butdespiteherformidablegiftsasapolemicalanddiscursivewriter,andforallherreputationasaninlectualwhosacrificedfeelingtoinligence,whatpowersMcCarthy’sbestessaysareherfictionalratherthanstrictlyinlectualgifts.Shemakesherpointsbylistrisr fiiscriti,rrstiisstlcrctrizti.frallherexactingsenseoffact,McCarthy’sgreatestcontributionwastoblurthedistinctionsbetweendifferentkindsofprosewriting:toshowhowfictioncouldbeopeneduptothethinkingmindandhowessayscouldprofitfromthetechniquesoffiction.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“discursive”mostnearlyPassageAcriticalconsensushasemergedthatMaryMcCarthywillberememberedprimarilyasanessayistratherthanasanovelist.Butdespiteherformidablegiftsasapolemicalanddiscursivewriter,andforallherreputationasaninlectualwhosacrificedfeelingtoinligence,whatpowersMcCarthy’sbestessaysareherfictionalratherthanstrictlyinlectualgifts.Shemakesherpointsbylistrisr fiiscriti,rrstiisstlcrctrizti.frallherexactingsenseoffact,McCarthy’sgreatestcontributionwastoblurthedistinctionsbetweendifferentkindsofprosewriting:toshowhowfictioncouldbeopeneduptothethinkingmindandhowessayscouldprofitfromthetechniquesoffiction.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“discursive”mostnearlyprolific多产rambling漫无边际circuitous迂回PassageSomeattineantscarryvegetationintotheirnestsandaddfungalmaterial,therebycreating“gardens”inwhichfungalfoodfortheantsgrow.Becausetheantsplaythebehaviorallyactiverole,itseemscompellingtosaythattheycultivateandcontrolthepassivefungi.Butevenifthatistrue,thesymbioticassociationhasexistedforsolongthatcultivartraitsmayhaveevolvedinthefungithatbenefitthefungibutnotnecessarilytheants.Furthermore,manymicroorganismshavedevelopedsophisticatedmechanismstomanipulatethephysiologyandbehavioroftheirsymbioticanimals.Itisnotimplausible,therefore,thattheants’fungihaveevolvedchemicalandphysiologicalschemesthatalterantbehaviortoservethefungus’reproductiveinterests,possiblyevencompromisingthereproductiveinterestsfortheanthosts.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,theword“manipulate”mostnearlyPassageSomeattineantscarryvegetationintotheirnestsandaddfungalmaterial,therebycreating“gardens”inwhichfungalfoodfortheantsgrow.Becausetheantsplaythebehaviorallyactiverole,itseemscompellingtosaythattheycultivateandcontrolthepassivefungi.Butevenifthatistrue,thesymbioticassociationhasexistedforsolongthatcultivartraitsmayhaveevolvedinthefungithatbenefitthefungibutnotnecessarilytheants.Furthermore,manymicroorganismshavedevelopedsophisticatedmechanismstomanipulatethephysiologyandbehavioroftheirsymbioticanimals.Itisnotimplausible,therefore,thattheants’fungihaveevolvedchemicalandphysiologicalschemesthatalterantbehaviortoservethefungus’reproductiveinterests,possiblyevencompromisingthereproductiveinterestsfortheanthosts.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,theword“manipulate”mostnearlyoutmaneuver技高一筹；智PassageOscillatoryswimming—thealternatingofdeepdiveswithforaystowardthesurface—isamongthemostcommonbehaviorsoflargemarineanimalsintheopenocean.Thereasonmostoftenproposedforthisbehavioristowarmthebodyafterheatlossduringdescentintocoolerwater.Tuna,makosharks,andwhitesharksmaintainaninternalbodytemperatureabovethatofthesurroundingwaterstherebyimprovingtheirmuscularefficiencyandenablingthemtoswimwithburstsofspeed.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“forays”mostnearly PassageOscillatoryswimming—thealternatingofdeepdiveswithforaystowardthesurface—isamongthemostcommonbehaviorsoflargemarineanimalsintheopenocean.Thereasonmostoftenproposedforthisbehavioristowarmthebodyafterheatlossduringdescentintocoolerwater.Tuna,makosharks,andwhitesharksmaintainaninternalbodytemperatureabovethatofthesurroundingwaterstherebyimprovingtheirmuscularefficiencyandenablingthemtoswimwithburstsofspeed.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“forays”mostnearly PassageDataofmodernandhistoricpeasantcommunitiessuggestthatindividualsandcommunitiesspecializeinceramicproductionfortradeprimarilytooffsetsubsistenceshortfallsarisingfrominadequateorinsufficientagriculturalland.HarryinvestigatedwhetherthiscorrelationofceramicspecializationwithagriculturalmarginalityoccurredamongprehistoricinhabitantsoftheAmericanSouthwest.AtArizona’sWestBranchsite,occupiedA.D.900-1100,abundantpotterymanufacturingmaterialssuggestvillagewideceramicproductioninexcessofthatneededforhouseholdpurposes.Replacementoftheword“marginality”withwhichofthefollowingwordsresultsintheleastchangemeaningforthepassage?PassageDataofmodernandhistoricpeasantcommunitiessuggestthatindividualsandcommunitiesspecializeinceramicproductionfortradeprimarilytooffsetsubsistenceshortfallsarisingfrominadequateorinsufficientagriculturalland.HarryinvestigatedwhetherthiscorrelationofceramicspecializationwithagriculturalmarginalityoccurredamongprehistoricinhabitantsoftheAmericanSouthwest.AtArizona’sWestBranchsite,occupiedA.D.900-1100,abundantpotterymanufacturingmaterialssuggestvillagewideceramicproductioninexcessofthatneededforhouseholdpurposes.Replacementoftheword“marginality”withwhichofthefollowingwordsresultsintheleastchangemeaningforthepassage?insignificant微不足nonconformity不符合规deficiency不足；缺futility徒PassageAttemptstoidentifyNewGuinea’shunter-gatherersfacethewell-knowndifficultyofdefiningwhatconstitutesahunter-gatherergroup.Accordingtothecommondefinition,huntergatherersarethosewhosubsistbyhuntingwildanimalsandgatheringwildplants.Yetthosewhosubsistbyhuntingwildanimalsandgatheringwildissueofwhatconstitutes“wild”Theverypresenceonalandscapeofhumanswhoareconsumersaffectsfoodresources,blurringthelinesbetweenwildanddomesticatedand,hence,betweenhuntingandpastoralismandbetweengatheringandcultivation.Moreover,itisunclearhowgroupsshouldbeclassifiedthatarehunter-gatherersintheirprocurementstrategiesbutthatmakeuseofpastoralismandcultivationintheirconsumptionpatterns---subsisting,forexample,bytradingwildfoodstoneighborsinreturnfordomesticatedcrops.Replacementoftheword“common”withwhichofthefollowingresultsintheleastchangemeaningtothePassageAttemptstoidentifyNewGuinea’shunter-gatherersfacethewell-knowndifficultyofdefiningwhatconstitutesahunter-gatherergroup.Accordingtothecommondefinition,huntergatherersarethosewhosubsistbyhuntingwildanimalsandgatheringwildplants.Yetthosewhosubsistbyhuntingwildanimalsandgatheringwildissueofwhatconstitutes“wild”Theverypresenceonalandscapeofhumanswhoareconsumersaffectsfoodresources,blurringthelinesbetweenwildanddomesticatedand,hence,betweenhuntingandpastoralismandbetweengatheringandcultivation.Moreover,itisunclearhowgroupsshouldbeclassifiedthatarehunter-gatherersintheirprocurementstrategiesbutthatmakeuseofpastoralismandcultivationintheirconsumptionpatterns---subsisting,forexample,bytradingwildfoodstoneighborsinreturnfordomesticatedcrops.Replacementoftheword“common”withwhichofthefollowingresultsintheleastchangemeaningtotheunexceptional平常的，普通PassageWhatcausessizevariationinbumblebeeworkers?Inpollenstoringspecieslarvaedevelopindividualnestcellsandarefeddirectlybyadults.Thus,adultsprobablydeterminethesizeattainedbyeachlarva.Bumblebeelarvalcellsarenotasneatlyorganizedasarethoseofhoneybees,andlarvaeattheperipheryofthebroodmayreceivelesscarethanaten-foldvariationinworkermassresultsfromtheaccidentalneglectofsomelarvae.Giventhatlarvaearerearedinacontrolledenvironmentbyspecializednestworkers,itseemsmorelikelythatthissizevariationhasanadaptivefunctionandthatthecoloniesbenefitfromrearingworkersofarangeofsizes.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“determine”mostnearlyPassageWhatcausessizevariationinbumblebeeworkers?Inpollenstoringspecieslarvaedevelopindividualnestcellsandarefeddirectlybyadults.Thus,adultsprobablydeterminethesizeattainedbyeachlarva.Bumblebeelarvalcellsarenotasneatlyorganizedasarethoseofhoneybees,andlarvaeattheperipheryofthebroodmayreceivelesscarethanaten-foldvariationinworkermassresultsfromtheaccidentalneglectofsomelarvae.Giventhatlarvaearerearedinacontrolledenvironmentbyspecializednestworkers,itseemsmorelikelythatthissizevariationhasanadaptivefunctionandthatthecoloniesbenefitfromrearingworkersofarangeofsizes.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“determine”mostnearlyPassageEcologistsstudyhowmillionsofspeciessharetheworld,ratherthantakeonthewholeplanetatonce;theygenerallyfocusonasingleecosystem,beitaprairie,atidalflat,orasanddune.Evenwithinthoselimits,theyarefrustratedbyporousfrontiers.Asaresult,ecologistshavedonesomeoftheirmostimportantworkonislands,nature’sownisolatedlaboratories,whichmaybecolonizedonlyafewtimesoverthecourseofmillionsofyears.Onthem,ecologistshavefiguredouthowthesizeofagivenhabitatdeterminehowmanyspeciesitcansupport.Theyhavethenappliedthatknowledgetothemainland,showinghowfragmentedecosystems elikearchipelagoes,whereextinctionscanstrike.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“isolated”mostnearly ysomewhatrelativelystrictlyPassageEcologistsstudyhowmillionsofspeciessharetheworld,ratherthantakeonthewholeplanetatonce;theygenerallyfocusonasingleecosystem,beitaprairie,atidalflat,orasanddune.Evenwithinthoselimits,theyarefrustratedbyporousfrontiers.Asaresult,ecologistshavedonesomeoftheirmostimportantworkonislands,nature’sownisolatedlaboratories,whichmaybecolonizedonlyafewtimesoverthecourseofmillionsofyears.Onthem,ecologistshavefiguredouthowthesizeofagivenhabitatdeterminehowmanyspeciesitcansupport.Theyhavethenappliedthatknowledgetothemainland,showinghowfragmentedecosystems elikearchipelagoes,whereextinctionscanstrike.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“isolated”mostnearly yuncontaminated完全未受影somewhatunusual有点不同寻常extremelyrare极其罕见strictlyconfined严格控制PassageArecentexhibitionofworksbylate-nineteenth-centurypaintersMaryCassatt,BertheMorisot,andEvaGonzalesofferedarichvisualcounterparttostudiesfocusingnewattentiononthesocialandideologicalforcesthatinfluencedtheirwork.ThepaintingsbyGonzaleswereparticularlyilluminating.LongmarginalizedbyscholarsaslittlemorethananapprenticeofEdouardManet,Gonzalesisrevealedbytheexhibitionaspossessingremarkable,ifuneven,talents.Giventheexhibition’sfocus,andespeciallytheprovocativenewemphasisonGonzales,the panyingcatalogproveddisappointing.Thereoften-quotedessaysbycriticscontemporarytotheartists—essaysinthemselvesnoteworthybuthistoricalartifactsnonetheless—providedtheexhibitionwithitsonlycriticalreadings.Thus,asignificantopportunityforscholarlydebatewasnotonlylostbutevenseemedpointedlyavoided.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“counterpartto”mostnearlyduplicatealternateoppositeemblemPassageArecentexhibitionofworksbylate-nineteenth-centurypaintersMaryCassatt,BertheMorisot,andGonzalesofferedarichvisualcounterparttostudiesfocusingnewattentiononthesocialandideologicalforcesthatinfluencedtheirwork.ThepaintingsbyGonzaleswereparticularlyilluminating.LongmarginalizedbyscholarsaslittlemorethananapprenticeofEdouardManet,Gonzalesisrevealedbytheexhibitionaspossessingremarkable,ifuneven,talents.Giventheexhibition’sfocus,andespeciallytheprovocativenewemphasisonGonzales,the panyingcatalogproveddisappointing.Thereoften-quotedessaysbycriticscontemporarytotheartists—essaysinthemselvesnoteworthybuthistoricalartifactsnonetheless—providedtheexhibitionwithitsonlycriticalreadings.Thus,asignificantopportunityforscholarlydebatewasnotonlylostbutevenseemedpointedlyavoided.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“counterpartto”mostnearlyduplicatealternateto替complementto补emblemof标2 2选自真经GRE240PassageAcriticalconsensushasemergedthatMaryMcCarthywillberememberedprimarilyasanessayistratherthanasanovelist.Butdespiteherformidablegiftsasapolemicalanddiscursivewriter,andforallherreputationasaninlectualwhosacrificedfeelingtoinligence,whatpowersMcCarthy’sbestessaysareherfictionalratherthanstrictlyinlectualgifts.Shemakesherpointsbylingstoriesorbywayofvividdescription,arrestingimagesandsubtlecharacterization.Andforallherexactingsenseoffact,McCarthy’sgreatestcontributionwastoblurthedistinctionsbetweendifferentkindsofprosewriting:toshowhowfictioncouldbeopeneduptothethinkingmindandhowessayscouldprofitfromthetechniquesofPassageSuchconjecturesaretempting,but,sincenoearlyplanetwasimmunetotitanicimpacts,theycouldbeusedindiscriminaytoexplainawayinacavalierfashioneveryunusualplanetarycharacteristic;still,wemaynowbebeginningtodiscernthetrueroleoftitanicimpactsinplanetaryhistory.PassageMothersamongmarmosets