Genius-and-the-Craftsman专业英语阅读第四册

GeniusandtheCraftsman“框架”是储存在记忆中的、表征特定情境的信息结构，是含有若干节点联结的网络系统；人们可以从记忆中随时调出框架中的信息作为背景知识来理解新的情景和语句。在一个总体框架的下层有很多“空位（slot）”，有待于具体情境中的细节内容来填补。将框架视为一种概念结构或经验空间，一个词语可能激活其所涉及的一整套经验或概念结构。他从语言构造的角度将框架定义为能与典型情景相联系的“语言选择的任何系统”，包括词语的组合、语法规则的选择等时间顺序逻辑结构1、如果阅读材料是一篇叙事材料，那就要注意以下标示这种结构的信号词：first，second，third，finally；now，later，next，soon，then；afterward，before，after；March，April等。因果逻辑结构2。在有些阅读材料中，作者往往先陈述某种观点，进而说明其存在的原因，最后说明两个或更多的事件之间的因果联系。标示这种结构的信号词有：so，reasons，why，Because，therefore，asaresult等比较与对比逻辑结构3。这是一种被广泛运用的思维模式，当所描述的对象是两个或两个以上时，作者往往会运用这种模式来表现它们的异同。标示这种模式的信号词常常有：inthesameway，as，justas，however，whereas，but，onthecontrary,ontheotherhand等。空间或地理逻辑结构4。在这种结构中，作者往往依据所描述对象的地理位置和空间关系来组织细节。相关的信号词有：left，right；behind，infront，upper,lower；outward,inward；external，internal；east，west等下定义，解释说明逻辑结构5。在阅读材料中，作者通过描写对象的属性或侧面对某一概念或事物作出解释。标示这种逻辑结构的信号词有：efine，definition，describ,accurately，explain，exactly，mean,meaning等。知识，常识框架联系与打破常规Eg：1.生物学——生命的定义2.物理学——违背常规认知的逻辑3.营销学——品牌战略与反品牌运动Eg：1.殖民主义——后殖民主义批评2：建构主义——后建构主义3.艺术——符号学与逻辑学在各学科的应用阅读过程实际上就是在解读文本的同时，搭建理解框架，重新建构文本意义的过程。成功阅读依赖于理解框架搭建，它要求读者必须具备全面而系统的语篇知识，并熟悉阅读策略，有步骤、有目的地去阅读I.InformationRelatedtotheAuthor:RobertFrost(1874–1963)1.RobertFrostRobertFrostwasbornonMarch26,1874inSanFranciscoanddiedonJanuary29,1963inBoston.FrostwasanAmericanpoetandpoet-in-residenceatanumberofcollegesanduniversities.Hewasbestknownforhisuseofcolloquiallanguage,familiarrhythms,andsymbolstakenfromcommonlifetoexpressthequietvaluesofNewEnglandlife.

HismajorworksincludethebooksofpoemsABoy'sWill(1913),NorthofBoston(1914),MountainInterval(1916)NewHampshire(1923),SteepleBush(1947),IntheClearing(1962),justmentionafew.HealsowroteversePlays,suchasAMasqueofReason(1945),andAMasqueofMercy(1947),etc.2.sputnikaRussianword,man-madesatellitelaunchedbytheformerSovietUnion.RobertFrost(1874–1963)

LifeFeatures

FamousPoemsTheSelection

LifeborninCalifornia;raisedinNewEnglandHisfatherdiedearlyandthefamilylifewasnoteasy.Hewasanhonorstudentwhenhegraduatedfromthehighschool.HeenteredDartmouthCollegeandlaterHarvard,butheneverfinishedhisuniversityeducation.DartmouthCollegeDartmouthCollegeHarvardHarvardHebegantowritepoemswhenhewasinthemiddleschool,buthewasrecognizedasapoetwhenhewasnearly40.HewonthePulitzerPrizefor4times.Hewasconsideredasthe“unofficialpoetlaureate桂冠诗人；优秀的诗人ofthenation”.

HisfeatureHewasbestknownforhisuseofcolloquiallanguage通俗语,familiarrhythms,andsymbolstakenfromcommonlifetoexpressthequietvaluesofNewEnglandlife.

Famouspoems1<<Nothinggoldcanstay>>2,<<stoppingbywoods……>>TheSelectionMendingWallTheRoadNotTakenDesignAfterApple-PickingMendingWall

ArockwallinVermont[və:'mɔnt]AfterApple-Picking

Afteralongday'swork,thespeakeristiredofapplepicking.Hehasfeltdrowsyanddreamysincethemorningwhenhelookedthroughasheetoficeliftedfromthesurfaceofawatertrough.Nowhefeelstired,feelssleepcomingon,butwonderswhetheritisanormal,end-of-the-daysleeporsomethingdeeper.LanguageNotes

Soitiswiththereaderwhocomesuponanoutstandingstory:spellbound,hetakesittohisheart,noquestionasked.

soitiswith:thesameistruewith

2.…thereismoretoastory'slifethanthebodyofwordswhichcarriesitintotheworld.

(除那将小说带到世上的文字主体之外还有更多的因素才能构成小说的生命。)

thebodyofwords:thewordsthatastoryiscomposedof

3.…itdoesnotbeginwithwriting,butwithconceptioninthedarkofthemind.(小说并不始于写作，而始于在隐密的内心深处的构思。)Thesecretconstructionofastoryintheinnermostpartofone'smind,ratherthanthewritingofit,istheverybeginningofthewholecreatingprocessofastory.Thepronounitreferstoastory'slife.

inthedark:insecrecy.e.g.Thetransactionismadeinthedark4.geniusisnottheexclusivepropertyofthemastercraftsman(天赋并非艺术家独有的特性）property:acharacteristictraitorpeculiarity.e.g.Cheerfulnessisapropertyofherpersonality.5.Masteryisgeniusafoot.(高超的技艺是天赋的显现。）afoot:inoperation.

e.g.Thereisaprojectafoottoimprovetheroads.6.Whilegeniusisanaturalpartofourmentalequipment,likeperception,memory,andimagination,craftsmanshipisnot.（天赋正如理解力、记忆力和想象力一样是我们的精神禀赋中天然的一部分，而技艺却不是。）equipment:thequalitiesortraitsthatmakeupthementalandemotionalresourcesofanindividuale.g.Youhavethenecessaryequipmentforleadership.7.Ifthestoriesthatrisewithinusaretoemergeandflourish,eachmustbeprovidedwithastrong,handsomebodyofwords,andonlysoundcraftsmanshipcanprovidethis.(如果要使在我们内心深处浮现的故事跃然纸上，并光彩照人，那么，每个故事都须有感染力极强的优雅文笔。只有功底深厚的技艺才能使我们做到这一点。)soundcraftsmanship：highlytrainedskills.e.g.Theworkofartisafullrepresentationofit'screator'sgeniusandsoundcraftsmanship.8.…itmaydependontheindividual,assomuchdoesinwriting.(这可能取决于个人，而写作中很多事都取决于个人。）Theageonebeginswritingmaydependontheindividual,andmuchinwritingdependsontheindividual.Thepronounitreferstotheageatwhichpeoplearesaidtobeginwriting.

9.airytraceryofbeautygivenform

（这种飘渺的美就交织成了典雅的形式）airy:ethereal.e.g.airyphantomsofthemindtracery:ornamentalworkofinterlacedandbranchinglines,especiallythelacyopenworkinaGothicwindow.tracery-花饰窗格Gothicwindow10.Thusvariouslyladen,wemovethroughlife.(我们就这样背负着各种记忆渡过一生。)laden:oppressed,burdenede.g.ladenwithgrief11.…nowandthenanexperience,oftenslight,prizesthememoryandseizesupononeofthoselive,expectantimpressionsoflongage…(时而,一个小小的体验撬开了记忆之门，抓住了这些虽已年代久远，却依然栩栩如生，呼之欲出的印象。)

prize:opene.g.Onlywithalongironbardidweprizethetopoffthebox.12.lettingitcoolinbetweentimes(在将其搁置一旁冷一段时间)doingnothingaboutthestoryduringtheintervalbetweentworewritingtimesinordertocultivatesomenewideasaboutthestoryorwaitforsomeideastorise.13.Nomatterhowfarshortofthemarkyoufall,itisneverfailure…(不论你的工作成果如何不如人意,...这绝不是失败。)fallshortof:failtoreachanaim

e.g.IscheduledtoworkhardfortwoyearstoearnanMAdegree,butmyplanfellshortofthemark.14.Thingswhichslippasttheeyeinrereadingleapatyouanddemandattention.(在反复阅读的过程中掠过眼前的事物向你跳跃着以求引起注意。)slip:topassgradually,easily,orimperceptiblye.g.Itisnecessarytowrite,ifthedaysarenottoslipemptilyby.15.Suchexpertknowledgeofthisonestorygivesyoucontrol…(对这部小说的彻底理解给你以控制力...)expert:havingordemonstratinggreatskill,dexterity,orknowledgeastheresultofexperienceortraininge.g.Hehadreceivedexpertacademicadvice.阅读考试考什么依据Weir(1993)对阅读能力的三层次划分:查找梗概和某一部分与既定需要相关;阅读主要意义和重要细节，识别作者态度;理解句段、词汇和概念的意义。显然，Weir的三个层次诠释了阅读过程的“整体”到“细节”，明晰指出了阅读能力包括对篇章、句段和词汇的理解。学习成功者阅读策略在阅读策略的研究中，比较学习成功者与不成功者在阅读策略使用上的异同具有重要意义。访谈结果显示，成功阅读者在两种阅读任务下都运用了阅读策略，尤其在BRT测试中用到的阅读策略可以总结为:保持对整篇文章结构的敏感，经常运用上下文线索预测内容和生词，阅读视野开阔，不局限于单个词或词组，跳过不重要的生词。框架衔接调整teachingstylematerialrecordwillskillWordslearningbackgroundreadingrulesthinkingSpeedBetterWishWorkflexibleIntegralDecodingResponddifferentmoreTEXT2Reading:BasicPrinciplesI.LanguageNotes

1.Asathinkingprocess,readinggoesbeyondthedecodingofsymbolsto

integratingandapplyingthemeaningofthesesymbols.(作为思维的过程，阅读不仅是对符号的解码而且要使符号的意义间产生联系并应用这些符号的意义。)beyond:moreextensiveandextremethan

e.g.Theauthorityofinspectorsgoesbeyondordinarypolicepowers.2.Astheyopentheirmindstotheartandideasofanespeciallyskilfulwriter,theyprobe,question,grasp,pullback,reconsider,andprobeagain.(他们对技艺高明的作家的艺术和观点敞开思想，探究问题，提出疑问，掌握精髓，然后重新审视问题，重新思考，并重新探究。)openone'smindto:bereceptivetoe.g.Henopenedhismindtothewaysoft