词汇与语法(词汇名词代词主谓一致)

词汇与语法

第3讲

名词&主谓一致语法部分《考试大纲》对语法的要求：名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法动词的基本时态、语态的构成及其用法；形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法；常用连接词、冠词的词义及其用法；非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的构成及其用法；虚拟语气的构成及其用法；各类从句的构成及其用法；强调句型的结构及其用法；常用倒装句的结构及其用法。

重点语法及答题技巧点拨

名词、代词（第三讲）、冠词、连词、数词特殊用法主谓一致-(真题回顾)（第三讲）动词时态（第四讲）虚拟语气、倒装句（第五讲）、非谓语动词、强调句（第六讲）、从句、反义疑问句（第七讲）副词,介词(短语),动词短语比较级，最高级对名词，代词的考察主要包括：不可数名词量的表示（P196）；名词所有格；反身代词，不定代词主谓一致（考察名词代词常与主谓一致相结合）

MaryandLinda’sbookMary’sandLinda’sbooks.人名+’s=某人的店铺，家庭，学校等地点。IusuallybuysomemeatattheJohnson’s.TheytookpartinthebirthdaypartyatTom’s.

名词&代词

of所有格名词词组第二次出现时，用that/those代替。

ThepopulationofNewYorkisgreaterthanthatofChicago.（表示单数时有that）ItseemsthatthestudentsofUSAaremoreactivethanthoseofChina.(表示复数时用those)

用砖头建的房子比用木头建的结实。

名词&代词练习Idon’tknow__C___standingoverthere.thegirl’snameB.thename’sgirlthenameofthegirlD.thename’sofgirl2.Today’slibrariesdiffergreatfrom_______.thepastB.thoseofthepastC.thatarepastD.thosepast3.Thepoliceinvestigatethe______aboutthebankrobbery.A.stander-byB.standers-byC.stander-bysD.standers-bys

名词&代词真题回顾1.IrespectOprah’sopinion,butIwouldalsolikehertorespect____.A.myownB.mine’sC.mineD.me√√2.____isagreatpitythattherearesomedisagreementsintheschoolboardmeeting.A.ThatB.ThisC.ItD.There

名词&代词4.Thereare40teachersinthisschool,tenofwhomare_____.manteachersB.menteacherC.manteacherD.menteachers√

名词&代词3.WelikeourEnglishteacherbecausesheoftentells______funnystoriesinclass.A.usB.ourC.weD.ours√主谓一致

（考察名词代词常与主谓一致相结合）１．两个或两个以上做主语的单数名词用and连接，谓语用复数．TomandDick_______(be)goodfriends.但若表示一个集合体时则用单数。Asingeranddancer______(be)presentattheparty.Theworkerandwriter___(be)talkingtothestudents.arewasis2．用and连接的两个名词若被no,each,every,manya修饰，则谓语动词用单数。Nobirdandnobeast______(be)seeninthebareisland.Manyaboyandmanyagirl______(have)madesuchafunnyexperiment.AtChristmaseachboyandeachgirl_____(be)givenapresent.ishasis3.两个主语由notonly…butalso,or,either…or,neither…nor

等连接时，谓语动词与第二个主语保持一致．EitherheorI_____(be)togothere.______(be)eitheryouorhegoingtoattendthemeeting?你还是他是参加这个会议？amAre4.主语后有aswellas（=and）,like,with,togetherwith,but,except,besides,等，谓语应于前面主语保持一致．Aprofessor,togetherwithsomestudents,_____(be)senttohelpinthework.Noonebuttheteachers_____(be)allowedtousetheroom.wasis5．一些集合名词做主语，如果看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；如果指其中的成员，谓语用复数．如audience,committee，class,crew,family,government,public等.但people,police等只能用复数．Myfamily_____(be)abigfamily.Myfamily_____(be)listeningtotheradio.Thepolice____(be)tryingtocatchthethief.isareare6．表示时间、重量、长度等名词，尽管是复数形式，但作为一个整体看，谓语还是用单数。Fiveminutes____(be)enough.Onedollarandseventyeightcents__(be)whatshehas.isis7.all作为主语，代表人物时，一般用作复数；代表整个事件或情况时，一般看作单数。AllthatIwant_____(be)agooddictionary.All______(be)silent.人人都缄口无言。万籁俱寂。All______(be)outofdanger.iswere/arewere/are8．形容词加定冠词the表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数。

Whatalifethepoor____(be)living!这穷人过得是什么样的生活啊！

Theyoung___(be)happytogivetheirseatstotheold.年轻人乐意让座给老年人。wereare9．who,which,that作定语从句的主语时，其谓语取决于先行词。Thosewhowanttogoshouldsignyournameshere.想走的人过来签一下名字。Heisoneofthestudentswhohavepassedtheexam.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohaspassedtheexam.

10.以-ics结尾的学科名称通常作单数.physics(物理学)、mathematics(数学)、mechanics(机械学)、politics(政治学)、statistics(统计学)、economics(经济学)等还有一些以-s接的单、复数同形的名词，如:headquarters(总部),means(方法、手段),series(系列),species(种类),works(工厂)等，随后动词的单、复数形式取决于这些名称是作单数，还是用作复数。Aheadquarterswassetuptodirecttheoperation(指挥作战).Theonlymeanstoachievesuccessistoappealtoarms(诉诸武力).12.如果作主语的名词词组由“分数(或百分数)+of-词组”构成，其动词形式依of-词组中名词类别而定。Oversixtypercentofthecity____(be)destroyedinthewar.Thirty-fivepercentofthedoctors______(be)women.waswere13.如果主语是allof...,someof...,noneof...,halfof...,mostof...等表示非确定数量的名词词组，其后的动词形式依of-词组中的名词类别而定。例如：Mostofthemoney_____recoveredbyDeputyPlayer.Mostofthemembers______there.Allofthecargo______lost.Allofthecrew______saved.waswerewaswere14.如果主语是由“akind/sort/typeof,thiskind/sort/typeof+名词”构成，动词用单数。Thiskindofmanannoysme.但若在kind/sort/type之前的限定词是these/those,同时，of-词组中的名词又是复数，则动词用复数：Thesekindsofmenannoyme.Thosetypes/sortsofmachinesareuptodate(最新的，最近的，现代的).15.1)由who,why,how,whether等wh-词引导的名词性分句作主语，其后的动词通常用单数。WhowillbechosentotheBeijing

is

notdecided.谁去北京这件事还没决定下来。

2).两个由and连接的并列名词性分句作主语，如果主语表示两件事情，动词用复数。例如：Whatcausedtheaccidentandwhowasresponsibleforit

remainamysterytous.主谓一致真题回顾1.TheeducatorandscholarBfromShanghai.（2003年真题）A.comeB.comesC.iscomingD.arecoming2.Manya_C__realizedthatthisdoesn’tmakeanysense.（2003年真题）A.personshasB.personshaveC.personhasD.personhave3.Whattheysaid__B___usmuchtothinkabout.（2004年真题）A.haveleftB.hasleftC.isleftD.areleft4.Adoctor,alongwithagroupofyoungnurses,_A_goingtodemonstratetheheartoperationprocess.（2005年真题）A.isB.areC.willD.shall

5.Neitheroftheemployeesnortheboss__B__satisfiedwiththeprofits.（2006年真题）A.were B.wasC.be D.been6.Thecomputer,workingveryfast,_A__dataatthespeedoflight.（2007年真题）(两个逗号之间计单数)handlesB.handlingC.HandledD.hashandled7.InthefallthecattleBfromthehighcountrybackdowntothefarm.（2008年真题）isdrivenB.aredrivenC.drivesD.drive8.Whenandwheretoholdthemeeting_A_notdecidedyet.（2010年真题）isB.areC.hasD.have9.Aftercarefulinvestigationwefindthatoneofthestatements___A____tobeuntrue.（2012年真题）A.isturnedoutB.havebeenturnedoutC.hasturnedoutD.haveturnedout10.Howcloseparentsaretotheirchildren__B__astronginfluenceonthecharacteroftheirchildren.（2012年真题）A.haveB.hasC.havingD.had1.the+adj.theunemployedthepoor/richthequestionedthestruggledthedisadvantagedtheinjuredTheinjuredweretakentohospitalfortreatment.theoldtheyoungThedisadvantaged,includingthedisabledandtheelderlyneedmorecareandsupportfromthesociety.冠词2.零冠词的使用专有名词：TiananmenSquare节假日:NewYear’sDay,Mayday,Christmas,AprilFools’Day(中秋，端午例外)杂志：NewsWeek,Times,Reader’sDigest一年四季:spring,summer,fall/autumn,winter冠词3.固定搭配及与冠词有关的表达使用定冠词的表达bythewayintheendinthefaceofinthefutureintheworld究竟，到底intheleast丝毫，一点Idon’tthinkyouneedtoworryintheleast.我认为你一点都不用担心。ontheaverageonthecontraryontheonehand,ontheotherhandonthespot当场，在现场onthewhole总的来说冠词thedaybeforeyesterday前天forthetimebeing暂时atthecostof以。。。为代价Moreandmorecountriesaredevelopingtheirindustriesatthecostofenvironment.totheextentof到。。。程度tellthetruth说实话冠词使用不定冠词的表达

asamatteroffact,事实上

asarule,通常，一般说来

haveachance,有机会；有希望

haveagoodtime,玩得高兴

haveasay,有发言权haveatry,尝试；努力keepaneyeon,照看；留意

onalargescale,大规模地

inahurry,立即takeawalk,散步takeaninterestin对。。。感兴趣不使用冠词的表达

atnoon/night/dawn,在中午/晚上/早

infrontof,在。。。前面atbottom,实际上inorder,整齐

inpublic/private/danger/trouble/advance/sight/infashion,流行infact,事实上athand,在手边；即将到来atlast,最后atpresent,目前；现在dayandnight,日以继夜

ontopof,另外；在。。。之上takepartin,参加takeplace发生；举行冠词真题回顾Themotheraskedtheboystoput____everythingin____orderbeforetheylefttheroom.(10)A.the,aB.an,theC./,aD./,/√冠词连词重点点拨一、连词属于虚词之一，它不能在句子里独立地担任句子成分，而只能起连接作用——连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子。例如：Wouldyoulikesometeaorcoffee?（连接词与词）您是喝茶，还是喝咖啡？Dowehaveourmeetinginthemorningorintheafternoon?（连接短语与短语）我们是上午开会，还是下午开会？Doitcarefully,oryou’llmakesomemistake.（连接句子与句子）认真地干，不然会出差错的。连词二、连词主要可分成两类：①并列连词:

用来连接平行对等（即互不从属）的词、词组、或分句。按其表示的不同意思有下面几种：1）表示转折意思but,yet,however,nevertheless2）表示因果关系for,so,therefore,hence3）表示并列关系and,or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…but(also),both…and,aswellas连词②从属连词:

是用来引起从句的，它在主句和从句中间起连接作用。具体地说，从属连词主要引起名词从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）和状语从句，不会引起定语从句。1.引起名词从句的连词：that,whether,if2.引起状语从句的连词：1）时间状语从句：when,whenever,as,while,before,after,until,till,since,eversince,once,assoonas,everytime,themoment,instantly,directly2）地点状语从句：where,wherever3）原因状语从句：as,because,since,seeing(that),considering(that),nowthat,notthat…butthat4）目的状语从句：that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase连词5）结果状语从句：that,so…that,such…that6）条件状语从句：if,unless,so/aslongas,sofaras,oncondition(that),provided(that)7）让步状语从句：though,although,nomatter,evenif,eventhough,however,whatever8）比较状语从句：than,as9）方式状语从句：as,asif,asthough连词真题回顾Westoredupsomefoodandwater____thingsgotworse.(08)eventhoughB.whatifC.nowthatD.incase√√2.Weshouldlearnfromthislessonandconsiderthelong-terminfluenceofdams_______theshort-termbenefits.(08)ratherthanB.owingtoC.becauseofD.orelse连词3.Herhairwasgoldenwhenshewasachild,butitwentdarker_____shegrewup.(08)A.IfB.asC.sinceD.even√√4.Calltheuniversityoperator,____youwillfindthephonenumberofProfessorSmith.(08)A.SoB.andC.whenD.before连词5._____itsgoodperformance,themachineistooexpensive.(09)BesidesB.ExceptforC.InspiteofD.Apartfrom√6.Youmaywriteane-mailtomeorjustphoneme._____willdo.(09)A.EachB.EitherC.NeitherD.None√连词7.Doyoulikepopmusicorcountrymusic?_____.Ionlylikesports.(10)A.EachB.EitherC.NeitherD.Both√Itwasalreadyteno’clockintheevening_______wearrivedatthehotel.(10)A.sinceB.whileC.thatD.when√9._______achangeofweather,pleasetakethecoatwithyou.(11)BecauseofB.InspiteofC.IncaseofD.Butfor√写作中常用的过渡词可以分为以下几类：（1）表并列关系的过渡词：

and,also，aswell,aswellas，or,too,notonly…butalso,both…and,either…or,neither…nor等。

（2）表递进关系的过渡词：

besides,inaddition（加之，除……之外）,moreover(此外，而且),what’smore，what’sworse等。（3）表转折对比的过渡词：

but,however,yet,instead,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,although,differentfrom,despite,inspiteof,whereas,unlike,notonly…butalso,theformer…thelatter,thefirst…whereasthesecond,ontheonehand…ontheotherhand,some…others等。

（4）表原因的过渡词：

because,becauseof,since,as,for,nowthat,thanksto,dueto,forthisreason,owingto,

consideringthat,seeingthat等。

（5）表结果的过渡词：

so,thus,therefore,asaresult,sothat,then,hence,so…that,such…that,accordingly等。（6）表条件的过渡词：

if,unless,onconditionthat,as/solongas等。（7）表时间的过渡词：

when,while,after,before,until,assoonas,later,afterwards,soon,lately,recently,since,fromthenon,eventually,inthemeantime,then,suddenly,atthesametime,next,earlythismorning/year/century,afterawhile,inafewdays,now,presently,finally,atlast,allofasudden,formnowon,atpresent,immediately,themoment等。

（8）表特定的顺序关系的过渡词：

first,firstly,second,secondly,third,thirdly,aboveall,firstofall,then,next,finally,intheend,atlast,afterwards（后来）,meanwhile（几乎同时）,thereafter（在那以后）,last,finally,eventually（终于）等。

（9）表换一种方式表达的过渡词：

inotherwords,thatistosay,toputitanotherway等。（10）表进行举例说明的过渡词：

forinstance,forexample,take…asanexample,namely,suchas,like,inotherwords,thatistosay,thatis等。（11）表陈述事实的过渡词：

infact,actually,asamatteroffact,totellyouthetruth等。（12）表强调的过渡词：

certainly,indeed,aboveall,surely,mostimportant,infact,nodoubt,withoutanydoubt,truly,ofcourse,actually,asamatteroffact,chiefly,especially,primarily,inparticular,undoubtedly,absolutely等。

（13）表比较、对比的过渡词：

like,unlike,inthesameway,similarly,besimilarto,onthecontrary,bycontrast,ononehand…,ontheotherhand,otherwise等。（14）表目的的过渡词：

forthisreason,forthispurpose,sothat,inorderto,soasto等。（15）表总结的过渡词：

inaword(总之，简言之),ingeneral,inshort(总之),generallyspeaking,tosumup,finally,inconclusioninsummary,onthewhole等。

（16）表增补的过渡词：inaddition,furthermore,besides,moreover,what’smore等。

数词重要点拨一、基数词及其主要用法：表示数目的词称基数词。15fifteen242twohundredandforty-two，5058fivethousandandfifty-eight，9,600,000ninemillionsixhundredthousand数词1.基数词可以用于数字的计算。

6+8=14Sixpluseightisfourteen.9-7=2Nineminussevenistwo.7X5=35Seventimesfiveisthirty-five.8÷4=2Eightdividedbyfouristwo.2．基数词可以表示人的大致年龄和年代。

Hediedinhisfifties.Thistookplacein1990s/1990's.Theprofessorbecamesuccessfulinhisthirties.数词3．基数词可以用来表达年份、时间、电话号码。

1700seventeenhundred1814eighteenfourteen9:20ninetwenty11:30eleventhirty/halfpasteleven5:45fiveforty-five/aquartertosix4．基数词可以用于编号。

Numbersix,line4,page19,Bus(No.)332,Platform(No.)5,Room101数词5．基数词可以和其他词一起构成合成形容词，在句子中作定语。Aone-month-oldbabycanrecognizeitsmotherbysmell.Thiseleven-month-oldbabycanspeakafewwords.(Thebabyiselevenmonthsold.)Theteacheraskedustowriteafour-thousan