参考教程讲稿ap-biology

AAPBiologychaptercellwallPageEvolutionEvolutionofLandspecialadaptationsforlifeondryprotectionfromdrying=waxygasexchange(throughspspecialadaptationsforlifeondrywater&nutrientconductingfromroots/soiltoxylem&protectionforPage 1seedlandplants子植物pollen&flowers&fruitpollen&vascularsystem=waterPageAncestralfloweringTThreemajornonvasular,seedlessvasular,andseededBryophytes苔藓1stlandTracheophytes维管植物:containvascularPage BBryophytes:1stlandBryophytes:mosses苔藓&liverwortsnowatertransportnotruestems,rootsandPageBBryophytes:mosses&truevascularvasculartissuesenableplanttothriveonlandbyfacilitatingthetransportandstorageofwaterandPagevavasculartissuesmovewater&mineralsupfromrootsdeadcellsatfunctionalmaturityonlycellwallsneedemptypipestoefficientlymovetranspirationalPageXXylemtwotracheids管胞:longandthin,withvessellelements导管shortandthick,withpartiallyperforated穿孔endwall.PagePagePageWWaterenterstheplantthroughtherootsrootshaircarrywaterandincreasethesurfaceareasforabsorption.rootPagePPhloem韧皮部food-conductingcarrysugars&nutrientsthroughoutLivingcellsatfunctionalcellmembrane,controloflosetheirnucleus,ribosomes&moreroomforspecializedtransportofliquidfood(sucrose)Pagepphloemsievetubes筛管sieveplates—endwalls—haveporestofacilitateflowoffluidbetweencellsnucleatedcellsconnectedtothesieve-helpsievePagePagePageTTheseeded Gymnosperm:FirstseedplantsAngiosperm:FirstfloweringPagevascularxylem,phloem,roots,nakedseeds(nowoodyperennialplant多年生植物meaningtheyliveyearafterPagevavascularxylem,phloem,roots,seedsinsidefruitorPageAngiospermAngiospermcanbedevidedintotwoclasses:monocotsanddicots2cotyledons(seedleaveswithnetworkofwoodyplantstreesbeansmonocots叶1leaveswithparallelgrasses, ,PageMMonocots&MMonocots&PagePPageLLifecycleofzygotePagePPagemmalegametophyte=pollengrain(haploid)spermnucleitraveldownpollentubefemalegametophyte=ovarysac(haploid)3n2nnewsporophyteinseed generation孢子体世代whenthehaploidgametes-eggsandsperms-uniteduringfertilization,azygoteisformed. generation配子体世代theplantproducessporesthroughPagebryophytesbryophytes&inbryophytes苔藓racheophytesthesporophytestageisdominantandthegametophytegenerationisreducedinsize.PagepplantSpecificregionsofgrowthmeristems分生组织(unspecialized,activelydividingcells)regeneratenewapical顶端shootgrowthinlengthprimarygrowthapicalrootgrowthinlengthprimarylateralmeristemgrowthingirthsecondarygrowthPageAApicalPagepprimarygrowthapicalmeristemslocatedinthetipsofrootsandstems.increasethelengthofaplantPagepprimarygrowthsesecondarygrowthgrowthinthickens&strengthensolderpartofcorkcambium木栓形成组织makesbarkgrowingringaroundvascularcambiummakesxylem&growingringaroundPageccorkvascularPagePhloemproducedtotheXylemproducedtothePagelastyear’streetreeringsthewaytodeterminetheageofcomposedofdeadxylem,representthetree'sannualgrpwth.PagespspecialstructuresinPageRootsRootsanchorplantinsoil,absorbminerals&water,&storefoodfibrousrootsmatofthinrootsthatspreadtaproots1largeverticalalsoproducesmanysmalllateral,orbranchrootsroothairsincreaseabsorptivesurfaceareaPageshshootstembudsterminalorapicalaxillarybudsflowerbuds&PageMModifiedstolons匍匐茎(strawberries)rhizome根茎Pagetuberbulb鳞茎FunctionofenergyCHOgasPageMModifiedtendrils卷须spines刺Page43succulent多肉 coloredleavesPageepidermis表皮:anouterprotectivecortex皮质amiddleregionwhichstoresstrachandother e中柱theinnercylinderwhichcontainsxylemsandPage中中柱髓PageWWaterflowthroughapoplast质外体途 porouscell–watercanflowthroughcellwallroute¬enter途 throughplasmodesmata胞间PagePagePPagePagePageCControllingtherouteofwaterinEndodermiscelllayersurroundingvascularcylinderoflinedwithimpermeableCasparianstripPagePagePageFunctionofenergyCHOgasPageofmodifiedleaves carpel心皮/ PageppollenmalePageoovulepolarnuclei胚egg反足助细doubledoublefertilizationPagePagePagePPagePagePage1P1PagePagePagePageeepicotyl上胚轴atthetipofthestemsandehypocotyl下胚轴thestemsbelowtheetheradicle胚根embryonicPageNNutritionalmeanautonomousplantssunasanenergyinorganiccompoundsasrawmaterialswaterPageNNutrientLackofessentialexhibitspecificdependentonfunctionofdependentonsolubilityofPageMMagnesiumchlorosis=yellowingofWhy?Whatismagnesium’sPagePageNNitrogenplantscanonlytakeupnitrate(NO3-NitrogencyclebytracepathofnitrogenPagePagePPhotoperiodismandControlofFloweringshort-dayplant短日照itapparentlyrequiredalightperiodshorterthanacriticallengthtoflower,whichgenerallyflowerinlatesummer,fall,orwinter.Pagellong-dayplant长日照植物plantsfloweronlywhenthelightperiodislongerthanacertainnumberofhours,whichgenerallyflowerinlatespringorearlysummer.PageDDay-neutralplants,suchastomatoesandrice,areunaffectedbyphotoperiodandflowerwhentheyreachacertainstageofmaturity,regardlessofdaylength.Pagevevegetativepropagation营养繁殖/floweringplantsreproducepartsoftheparentplantsuchastheroots,stems,orleavescanproduceeanotherplant.tubers块茎,runners压条,bulbs鳞茎,andgraftingPagebbulbs:PagerrunnersPagePagePagegraftingPagetypesofvegetativetypesofvegetativeshortstemshorizontalstemsabovetheundergroundcutastemandattachittoacloselyralatedplantseedlessttropismsAnygrowthresponsethatresultsinplantorganscurvingtowardorawayfromstimuliiscalledatropismThegrowthofashoottowardlightorawayfromitiscalledPageGGravitropism向重力性isthebendingofanorganinresponsetogravity.Rootsshowpositivegravitropism,andstemsshownegativegravitropism.PagetropismtropismisaturningresponsetoaGravitropism:gravityPagePPlanthormonesauxin生长gibberellinsabscisicacid脱落andPageAuxinAuxincellgrowthtowardsasymmetricaldistributioncellsondarkersideelongatefasterthancellsonbrightersid