2017新课标高考英语阅读理解猜测词意词义解题策略附带答案

2017届新课标高考英语阅读理解猜测词意（词义）解题策略高考考情分析解读：词义猜测题是高考阅读理解题中的一种常见的题型。词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义推断，也可以是对一个短语或一个句子的意义推断，既可以是生词生义，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。通过对近年新课标全国卷分析统计来看，词义猜测题一般有1－2题。考查相对比较稳定，但难度略有增加，需要在复杂的句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。在词义猜测题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。2016年全国卷设问形式例子：(1)Whatdoestheunderlinedword“downside”inParagraph4probablymean？(2016年课标全国卷H)(2)Whatdoestheunderlinephrase“apipedream”inParagraph3mean?(2016年课标全国卷ni)(3)Whatdoestheword“contributions”inthelastparagraphreferto?(2015年课标全国卷I)常见的命题形式有：Theunderlinedwordinthesecondparagraphmeans“Theunderlinedword“Theunderlinedword“Whatdoesthephrase“本学案结构：”inParagraph2canbestbereplacedby“”inParagraph1mean?利用定义definition或同义解释利用构词法word-building利用语境和逻辑关系意思猜测题意思猜测题反义（同义第一部分已讲）根据语法知识猜测因果根据常识commonsense判定代词指代猜测题目句子猜测句意题目附：典故谚语知识储备单词或短语意思猜测题该题型着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出“未知”的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分（尤其是该词或短语前后的句子）进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。考查范围涉及对某个生词或短语的含义的猜测、对某个熟词进行生义的猜测或考查该词能被哪个单词或短语代替等。定义或者同义解释:作者常常通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中，定义解释作者所用词的准确含义。下定义时，作者通常使用信号词，如i.e.,is,are,is/arecalled,mean,referto,knownas等等。利用同义解释猜词同义解释形式多样，有的利用下定义，有的利用or，thatis(tosay)，inotherwords，namely等引出后面的解释，有的利用破折号、同位语(从句)、定语从句或同义词、近义词等引出后面的解释。 利用构词法word-building.Anthropologyisthescientificstudyofman..Itwillbeveryhardbutverybrittle—thatis,itwillbreakeasily..Thiswasaverydomesticatedbirdthatneededhelporitwouldnotsurvive.HavingbeenabandonedHavingbeenusedtohomelifeHavingbeenusedtolifeinthewildHavingbeenweakandhungry.Heisaresoluteman.Oncehesetsupagoal,hewillnotgiveitupeasily..Sheisbilingual.Inotherwords,shespeaksEnglishandFrenchequallywell..Transparentanimalsletlightpassthroughtheirbodiesthesamewaylightpassesthroughawindow..Theschoolsarereluctanttotaketimeoff eventeacherswithticketsfortheEngland-Argentinagamehadtroublegettingthedayoff.Theunderlinedword“reluctant”mayprobablymean .A.kindB.unwillingC.freeD.careless同义词(近义词)在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。并列关系(同义关系)提示词：and,also,as...as,thesameas利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义。例如.IamPeterHodes,avolunteerstemcourier.SinceMarch2012,I'vedone89trips-ofthose,51havebeenabroad.Ihave42hourstocarrystemcells(干细胞)inmylittleboxbecauseI'vegottwoicepacksandthat'showlongtheylast.Inall,fromthetimethestemcellsareharvestedfromadonor(捐献者)tothetimetheycanbeimplantedinthepatient,we'vegot72hoursatmost.SoIamalwaysconsciousoftime.题目.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“courier”inParagraphl?A.provider B.deliverymanC.collector D.medicaldoctor.Mr.Whitelovestotalk,hiswifeisalsoasloquaciousashim..MarkTwainwasnottheauthorsrealname;itwasapseudonym..Thenewtaxlawsupersedes,orreplaces,thelawthatwasineffectlastyear..Ifyouagree,write“Yes”；ifyoudissent.write“No”..Doctorsbelievethatsmokingcigarettesisdetrimentaltoyourhealth.Theyalsoregarddrinkingasharmful.利用构词法猜词英语中有大量的单词是通过合成或加前后缀构成的，运用构词法判断生词的意义是一种快速有效的解题方法。根据构词法猜测词义英语中的许多词汇，特别是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的。因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。根据词根、前缀、后缀、复合、派生等猜测词义。super-inter-mini-micro--someanti-copost-pre--shippro-表示“往前”progress['prugres]n./v.进步 promotev.增进，促进，提高pre-提前，领先predictvt,预测preventvt.预防；妨碍previewn./v.预览；预习prevent记：预先pre走掉（-vent,似went）是预防Timelyrepetitionwillpreventyoufromforgettingwords.及时重复才能预防忘记单词。 timelyadv,及时地repetitionn,重复per“每个，都，一直”person n.人percent n.百分比persist v.坚持persuade[p'sweid]vt.说服，劝服记：一直（per）碎碎（sua）念就可以说服re-表示“再次，重复，往回，”repeatn./v.重复 rewritev.重写，改写recall v.回想，记起；召回recoverv.重新获得，恢复report n./v报告表示“往上”的前缀 up-和in- “向下”的前缀degraden.等级，级别，成绩upgrade degrade increasen./v上升增加decreasen./v减少，减小em-in-除了表示“往上”， 更重要的意思是“往里”。 和它音近的im-，en-，em-都是“往里”的含义inside a.里面的importvt.进口记：port港口，进到（im-）港口来，叫进口invitev.邀请ink n.墨水in-是“往里”，那想想“往外”怎么说？往外ex-，e-exportv./n出口expandv.扩张exit v.出口['eksit]experiencen.经历，经验 vt.体会 explain 丫解释exhibit v.展览[ig'zibit;eg-]表示否定的前缀：un-unfair,unhappynon-nonsmoker（常用在n.adj.adv.前）in-inactive,inhuman,indirect （常用在adj.）dis-disagree,disappearim-impolite,impossible （用在b,p,m开头的词前）il-illegalir-irreal,irregular.表示错误或失当的前缀：mis-misjudge,misdirect（误导）.表示向背的前缀：pro-（亲，支持） pro-Chinese,pro-Americananti-（阻止，抗） antiwar,anti-Japanesewar①）.表示程度、大小的前缀super- superstar,supermarket,superman,superpowerover- overhead,overeat,overusemini- minibus,miniskirt,mini-carunder- underground,underestimatesemi-（半，部分） semicircle,semiskilled,.表示时间的前缀pre- prewarpost- postwarfore-（前，预先）foretell,forecast,foresee,weatherforecast.表示方位的前缀：sub- subway,submarineinter- international,interclass（年级之间的）trans-（横过，通过，超越，进入）transplant,transatlantic（横渡大西洋的）常见的后缀-ment名词性后缀，表“行为，结果或具体物”movev.移动；搬家movementn.运动，活动agreev.同意agreementn.同意，协议managev/管理management口.管理-tion名词后缀，表动作，性质，状态n.行动 actionn.污染 pollutionn.人口 populationn.手术 operation-ty名词后缀，加在形容词后面,表示特性或情况n.诚实 honestyn.安全 safetyn.多样；种类;；变化varietyn焦虑 anxietyn.残酷 cruelty-able,形容词后缀有”能够、有某种特性”的意思adj.舒服的 comfortableadj.合适的suitableadj.时尚的，时髦的fashionableadj.有道理的，合理的，公道的reasonableadj.可信赖的，可靠的v.信赖rely reliableadj.大量的；可观的考虑动词是？considerableadj.大量的，可观的adj.稳定的stableadj.稳定的记：s-音似“死”；-table桌子。一个死的桌子，肯定是很稳定的。adj可用的，可得到的availableadj可用的，可得到的-ish为形容词和名词后缀。adj.愚蠢的foolishadj.自私的selfish记忆：一条自私的鱼n.垃圾rubbishn.英语Englishadj.英国的，英国人的British-ful形容词后缀adj.鲜艳的，多姿多彩的 colourfuladj.高兴的，愉快的cheerfuldelightfuladj.有希望的，有前途的hopefuladj有意义的，意味深长的meaningfuladj.奇妙的，极好的，精彩的wonderful.动词变名词：-ationsatisfaction, education, realization-mentdevelopment, movement, disappointment-alarrival,refusal-eetrainee(受训者)，employee-erteacher,worker-orvisitor,sailorwrong-doer做错事情的人补充学习over-:toomuchovercrowded(1)Overworkmaycausediseases.(2)Therewasadissatisfiedlookinthemanager'seyes..en-动词前缀enable,endanger,enrich.重要后缀-ment,-ion,-ness,-tion,-ful,-able,-less,-en等.合成词Forthem,playingwellandwinningareoftenlife-and-deaaffairs.Down-to-earhspiritisanecessity.Sharpwordsfromateachercanusuallybringaday-dreamingstudentdown-to-earth.HernamewasRachel,andImoonedmywaythroughthegradeandhighschool,strickenatthemeresightofher,tongue-tiedinherpresence....Atanyrate,myloveforRachelremainedwithoutresult.Wegraduatedfromhighschool,shewentontocollege,andIjoinedtheArmy.Iwassentoverseasduringthewar.Foratimewewrote,andherletterswerethehighlightofthoseterribleendlessyears.词性转换（解释意思）Heisamanwithbroadshoulders.Wewillshouldertheresponsibilitiesatanytime.Sowhensomeonehashurtyou,camyourselffirst.Takeacoupleofbreaths,andthinkofsomethingthatgivesyoupleasure…Keepinmindthatforgivenessdoesnotnecessarilymeanacceptingtheactionofthepersonwhoupsetsyou.Nevertroubletroubleuntiltroubletroublesyou.（trouble词性与意义？）［真题演练］Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness,uneasiness,orworry.利用语境及逻辑关系猜词I利用上下文语境和前后句之间的并列、因果、转折、对比、解释、定义和举例等关系来猜测词义。同时要特别留心某些词语，如or，thatis，inotherwords，including，although，but，evenif，ontheotherhand，onthecontrary，otherthan，ratherthan，morethan，insteadof等。利用上下文线索猜测词义（1）重述作者为了使某一难词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号与句子的其他部分隔开（有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号）或用信号词引导。常见的信号词有：or,namely,thatis,inotherwords,thatistosay,tobemoreexact,toputinanotherway等等。［典例］Inthelibrary,Ifoundmywayintothe“Children'sRoom.”Isatdownonthefloorandpulledafewbooksofftheshelfatrandom.Thecoverofabookcaughtmyeye.Itpresentedapictureofabeagle.Ihadrecentlyhadabeagle,thefirstandonlyanimalcompanionIeverhadasachild.（2）举例作者常常会通过对某一难词给出具体的例子，帮助读者理解该词的词义。举例常用的信号词有：suchas,such...as,forexample,forinstance,like,including,especially等。［典例］Readersalsotendedtosharearticlesthatwereexcitingorfunny,orthatinspirednegativefeelingslikeangeroranxiety,butnotarticlesthatleftthemmerelysad..Tommustbeveryaffluent.Hewearsexpensiveclothesandjewelry,drivesaRolls-Royceconvertible,andownsa$1,750,000houseinLondon..Youcantakeanyoftheperiodicals:TheWorldofEnglish,EnglishLearning,orReader'sDigest.(3)对比转折法：根据反义词或对比关系猜测词义。有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether)...or,unlike,but,yet,however,while,although,nevertheless,instead,ratherthan,incontrast,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,but,however,although,though,while(然而)，ratherthan,insteadof等标志词。［典例］Ifyou'retiredofwanderingaroundthegymwastingtimeandbecomingbored,youcanattendanupbeatgroupfitnessclassthat'llkeepyourworkoutontrack.Theunderlinedword“upbeat”inthesecondparagraphprobablymeans“ ”.A.cheerful B.averageC.serious D.temporary举例：Hehadbeengettingbetter,However,duringthenighthisconditiondeteriorated.Achild'sbirthdaypartydoesn'thavetobeahassle;instead,itcanbeabasketoffun,accordingtoBethAnaclerio,anEvastonmotheroftwo,ages4and18months.ThoughTom'sfacehasbeenwashedquiteclean,hisneckstillremainsgrubby.Unlikehergregarioussister,Janeisashypersonwhodoesnotliketogotopartiesormakenewfriends.Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.对比Timeissomethingfromwhichwecan'tescape.Evenifweignoreit,it'sstillgoingby,tickingaway,secondbysecond,minutebyminute,hourbyhour.Sothemainissueinusingyourtimewellis,“Who'sincharge?”Wecanallowtimetoslipbyandletitbeourenemy.Orwecantakecontrolofitandmakeitourally.Theunderlinedword“ally”mostlikelymeanssomebodyorsomethingthatis .yourslaveandservesyou B.yoursupporterandhelpsyouunderyourcontrolandobeysyouD.underyourinfluenceandfollowsyou(4)因果关系法：根据前后句因果关系猜测词义。Signalwords:because,since,so,such…that,so…that,for,ect.Icouldseenothingbecausethelightwastoofaint.Ifeelthatsinceyouaremysuperior(上司)，itwouldbepresumptuousofmetotellyouwhattodo.”Theword“presumptuous” isclosestinmeaningto“ ”.A．fullofrespect B． rudeandtooconfidentC．lackinginexperienceD．tooshyandquiet词语再应用.Thecollisionofthetwocarscausedalotofdamagetoboth.a).side-by-sideb).strikingc).acting.Mydogishostiletostrangersandthereforewillbarkatyouandmaybiteyouuntilhegetstoknowyou.a).friendlyb).kindc).unfriendly.Theriverissoturbidthatitisimpossibletoseethebottomevenwhenitisshallow。.Thatmuseumissoimmensethatitwillbeimpossibletoseealltheexhibitsinoneday..Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.因果Pleasestayonpermittedpaths.Otherwiseyoumaydestroydesertplants.Packoutwhatyoupackin,soyouleavenosignsofyourvisit.Itisimportanttokeepinmindthatyouareinanationalparkwherewildlifeexists.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“packoutwhatyoupackin”probablymean?Keepeverythingoutofcampgrounds.Takeawayeverythingyoubringin.Carryallthenecessaryfood.Lookafteryourpersonalbelongings.再如：真题演练［典例］Therearealsovarietiesdevelopedtosuitspecificlocalconditions.OneoftheverybestvarietiesforeatingqualityisOrleansReinette,butyou'llneedawarm,shelteredplacewithperfectsoiltogrowit,soit'sapipedreamformostappleloverswhofallforit.30．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“apipedream”inParagraph3mean?A．Apracticalidea. B．Avainhope.C．Abrilliantplan. D．Aselfishdesire.

［典例］Thisofcoursecreatedanewproblem:dirtpracticallyburiedthefirstfloorsofeverybuildinginChicago.Buildingownerswerefacedwithachoice:eitherchangethefirstfloorsoftheirbuildingsintobasements,andthesecondstoriesintomainfloors,orhoisttheentirebuildingstomeetthenewstreetlevel.Smallwood-framebuildingscouldbeliftedfairlyeasily.63．Theunderlinedword“hoist”inParagraph4means“ ”．A．change B．liftC．repair D．decorate根据语法知识猜测词义|在英语句子中，同位语或同位语从句、定语从句等都起着解释说明、补充或限定的作用，因此也能提供猜测词义的线索。［典例］Some2,500yearsagoGreecediscoveredfreedom.Beforethattherewasnofreedom.Thereweregreatcivilizations,splendidempires,butnofreedomanywhere.EgyptandBabylonwerebothtyrannies,oneverypowerfulmanrulingoverhelplessmasses.65．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“tyrannies”inParagraph2referto?A．Countrieswheretheirpeopleneedhelp.B．Powerfulstateswithhighercivilization.C．Splendidempireswherepeopleenjoyfreedom.D．Governmentsruledwithabsolutepower.根据生活常识断定|生活常识经验：根据自身的直接或间接的经验，运用自己已有的常识，以及英美国家的风俗习惯、宗教信仰、社会生活等将生词推测出来。.Pruningisimportantbecauseitencouragesthegrowthoftendershoots(嫩芽)，oryoungleavesoftrees.Theword“pruning”means A.RegularcuttingoftheplantsC.RegularuseofchemicalsA.RegularcuttingoftheplantsC.RegularuseofchemicalsD.Growingtheplantshighinthemountain.Husband：It'sreallycoldouttonight.Wife:Sureitis.Myhandsarealmostnumb.Howaboutlightingthefireplace?a).dyingb).frozenc).hurt.Theobjectsaroundyouarevisiblebecausetheyinteractwithlight.Lighttypicallytravelsinastraightline.Butsomematerialsslowandscatter(散射)light，bouncingitawayfromitsoriginalpath.Othersabsorblight，stoppingitdeadinitstracks.Bothscatteringandabsorptionmakeanobjectlookdifferentfromotherobjectsaroundit，soyoucanseeiteasily.Theunderlinedword“dead”inParagraph3means ．A．silently B．graduallyC．regularly D．completely.Mycolortelevisionhasgivenmenothingbutaheadache.IwasabletobuyitalittleoverayearagobecauseIhadmyrelativesgivememoneyformybirthdayinsteadofalotofclothesthatwouldn’tfit.Iletasalesclerkfoolmeintobuyingadiscontinuedmodel.Irealizedthisadaylater，whenIsawnewspaperadvertisementsforthesetatseventyfivedollarslessthanIhadpaid.ThesetworkedsobeautifullywhenIfirstgotithomethatIwouldkeepitonuntilstationssignedoffforthenight.Fortunately,Ididn'tgetanychannelsshowingallnightmoviesorIwouldneverhavegottentobed.Whichofthefollowingcanbestreplacethephrase“signedoff”inParagraph1? A．endedalltheirprogramsB．providedfewerchannelsC．changedtocommercialsD．showedallnightmovies代词指代猜测题代词指代题要求考生依据语境的逻辑关系，判断画线的人称代词或指示代词在文章中指代的对象，包括考查it（指动物、无生命的事物、特定的事件或人），they/them（指代人、物、事件的复数名词），he/she等人称代词的指代意义，以及指示代词this，that，these，those等在文章中的指代意义，以考查考生对文章中叙述的特定的人、物、事件的再认能力。常见的命题形式有：Theword“it/they”inthelastsentencerefersto"”.Whatdoes“that/those/them”inParagraph3referto?Severalsafaricampsoperateasthebaseforthisadventure，providinguniqueridestwiceadaytoexploredeepintothedelta.Thecampshaveexcellenthorses，professionalguidesandlotsofsupportworkers.Theyhaveareputationforprovidingagreatridingexperience.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“They”referto? A．Floodedwaters.B．Wildlifejourneys.C．Safaricamps.D．Uniquerides.直接要求考生指出代词所指的具体内容[例]However,tosucceedinlife,onefirstneedstosetagoalandthengraduallymakeitmorepractical.And,inadditiontothat,inordertogetreallygoodatsomething,oneneedstospendatleast10,000hoursstudyingandpracticing.InParagraph2,theunderlinedword“that”refersto .beinggoodatsomethingsettingapracticalgoalputtinginmoretimesucceedinginlife间接考查考生对代词指代内容的把握因为代词在上下文或上下句中起语义的衔接作用，在解答某些细节题时，如果不弄清代词的指代内容，就很难选出正确的答案。解题中，考生需要利用代词的回指或预指来理清上下句的衔接关系，从而找到问题的答案。Itwashardtolifther.Shewasjustout.Buthemanagedtoraiseherthefourfeettotheplatformsothatbystanderscouldholdherbythegrinsanddragherawayfromtheedge.ThatwaswhereLisabrieflyregainedconsciousness,feltherselfbeingpulledalongtheground,andsawsomeoneelseholdingherpurse.•WhendidLisabecomeconsciousagain?Whenthetrainwasleaving.Aftershewasbackontheplatform.Afterthepoliceandfireofficialscame.Whenamanwascleaningthebloodfromherhead.Twain’sracialtonewasnotperfect.Oneisleftuneasy,forexample,bythelengthypassageinhisautobiography（自传）abouthowmuchhelovedwhatwerecalled“niggershows”inhisyouth—mostlywithwhitemenperforminginblack-face—andhisdelightingettinghismothertolaughatthem.YetthereisnoreasontothinkTwainsawtheshowsasrepresentingreality.Hisfrequentattacksonslaveryandprejudicesuggesthiskeenawarenessthattheydidnot.•Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”referto?A.TheattacksB.SlaveryandprejudiceC.WhitemenD.TheshowsTwo12-year-oldboys,ChristianandJack,rowedoutaboattosearchafootball.Oncethey’drowedbeyondthecalmwaters,abeachumbrellatiedtotheboatcaughtthewindandpulledtheboatintoopenwater.Thepairpanickedandtriedtorowbacktoshore.Buttheywerenomatchforitandtheboatwasoutofcontrol.Whatdoes“it”referto?A.ThebeachB.ThewaterC.TheboatD.ThewindHowever，physicistJosephWestthinkstheremighthavebeenasimplerway，wholedthenewstudy.Westsaid，“Iwasinspiredwhilewatchingatelevisionprogramshowinghowsledsmighthavehelpedwithpyramidconstruction.Ithought，‘Whydon’ttheyjusttryrollingthethings？’”Asquarecouldbeturnedintoaroughsortofwheelbyattachingwoodenpolestoitssides，herealized.That，henotes，shouldmakeablockofstone“aloteasiertorollthanasquare”．Sohetriedit.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inParagraph7referto? A.Rollingtheblockswithpolesattached.B.Rollingtheblocksonwoodenwheels.C.Rollingpolestomovetheblocks.D.Rollingtheblockswithfat.名师点津解答代词指代题时，我们要认真阅读画线词所在句和前后邻近句的内容，分析人称转换和动作变换的详细过程，理清其来龙去脉和前后的因果关系，从而准确推断其指代的对象。因此，理解上下文（特别是上句）的意思和代词所在句的意思是解题的关键。针对句子句意猜测题名师点津考查句意理解的试题一般出现在长难句中。对于这种试题，考生应该认真阅读原文，特别是画线句子的上下文，准确理解作者的观点，尤其是对特定的人、物、事件的褒贬观点，以准确推断语句的含义。句意猜测题通常需要考生猜测意思的是一个具有概括性的句子或是格言、谚语等，要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。常见的命题形式有：Theunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphmeans“ ”.TheunderlinedwordsinParagraph1probablymean .While，deepdown，weknowwecandoit，ourmind—orthemindsofthoseclosetous—usuallysayswecan’t.Thatisn’tareasontostop，it’sjustthemind，thatlittlemanorwomanonyourshoulder，tryingtotalkyououtofsomethingagain.Ithasdoneitmanytimesbefore.It’sallaboutstartingsimpleanddoingitnow.Decideandactbeforeoverthinking.Whenyoudothisyoumayfeelalittle,orlarge,releasefromthejailofyourmindandyou'llbeonyourway.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainstheunderlinedpartinthelastparagraph? A．Escapefromyourpunishment.B．Realizationofyourdreams.C．Freedomfromyourtension.D．Reductionofyourexpectations.常见典故谚语（短语）知识储备skeletoninthecupboard/closet碗橱里的骨架 引申为：不为人知的家丑，不可外扬的家丑，隐情”thelaststraw压垮骆驼的最后一根稻草,终于使人不堪忍受的最后一件事，终于使人不支的最后一击，导火线；“havenineliveslikeacat”（富有生命力的）youreapwhatyousow一分耕耘，一分收获oursmallkindnessesoftenbringusrichrewards,whileoursmalloffencecanbringdisasters.seniorcitizens老年人，年长的人aseasyaspie十分容易，轻而易举“meetone'sWaterloo"（一败涂地）capitalpunishment 死刑dogtired非常累catch-22第二十二条军规（指让人左右为难的规定或处境）“raincatsanddogs”（倾盆大雨）Don'tcountyourchickensbefore/untiltheyarehatched.鸡蛋未孵出,先别数小鸡。寓意:别高兴太早了。Pandora'sBox潘多拉魔盒（邪恶之源）、seethehandwritingonthewall-seesignsthatdisasteriscomingAchilles'heel阿基里斯的脚踵（致命弱点）、theappleofsomebody'seye—achildwhoislovedverymuchbyhisorherparents.视觉的核心”，即“眼睛中的苹果（appleoftheeye）”时，我们就会联想到，那是对我们来说最为宝贵的东西。与汉语成语“掌上明珠”颇相似。《圣经》中的Adam'sapple（喉结）、afeatherinone'scap—somethingthatyoucanbeproudof可夸耀的事，值得骄傲的事。《圣经》中的GardenofEden伊甸园（世外桃源）、Shylock（夏洛克）来比喻“狡诈者，守财奴”scratchthesurface 隔靴搔痒，只触及问题的表面或一小部分其他古希腊典故：theswordofDamocles（达摩克利斯之剑）“富贵中隐藏的危险”的同义语，也可以指形势危急，千钧一发。DamonandPythias生死之交Penelop'sweb一项永远也完不成的工作appleofdiscord意思是“不和的根源、发生纠纷的事端”daphne（月桂树）古罗马人便用月桂树枝条编成冠冕，奖励音乐、美术、体育竞赛和作战的胜利者，“桂冠”就成了优胜的标志和荣誉的象征。猜测词意练习题目：Passage1Aman’spositionamongtheblack-tentpeopledependsonhisancestors,relatives,andfellowtribesmen.Iftheyarehonored,heisalsohonored.Iftheyaredisgraced,hetooisdisgraced.Thereforeonecarefullyguardsthehonorofhisfamily,hislineage（宗系）,andhistribe.Theword“disgrace”means inthistext.A.honorB.endangerC.proudD.shamePassage2Therulerhadbeensocruelanddishonestthataftertherevolutionhewasbanished.AfewmembersoftheSenate（参议院）opposedthisdecision,butthemajorityvotedthattherulershouldleavethecountryforever.Theunderlinedword“banished”mean .A.killedbystoningB.sentawayC.imprisoned D.punishedbywhippingPassage3Althoughheoftenhadthechance,Mr.Brownwasneverabletostealmoneyfromacustomer.Thiswouldendangeredhispositionatthebank,andhedidnotwanttojeopardizehisfuture.Theword“jeopardize”means inthistext.A.protectB.endangerC.continueD.stopItwasoncecommontoregardBritainasasocietywithclassdistinction.Eachclasshaduniquecharacteristics.Inrecentyears,manywritershavebeguntospeakthe'declineofclass'and'classlesssociety'inBritain.Andinmoderndayconsumersocietyeveryoneisconsideredtobemiddleclass.Butpronouncingthedeathofclassistooearly.Arecentwide-rangingsocietyofpublicopinionfound90percentofpeoplestillplacingthemselvesinparticularclass;73percentagreedthatclasswasstillavitalpartofBritishsociety;and52percentthoughttherewerestillsharpclassdifferences.Thus,classmaynotbeculturallyandpoliticallyobvious,yetitremainsanimportantpartofBritishsociety.Britainseemstohavealoveofstratification.ThewordstratificationinParagraph3isclosestinmeaningto.varietydivisionauthorityqualificationThelinkbetweenwhatthemenhaddoneasboysandhowtheyturnedoutasadultswassurprisinglysharp.Thosewhohaddonethemostboyhoodactivitiesweretwiceaslikelytohavewarmrelationswithawidevarietyofpeople,fivetimesaslikelytobewellpaidand16timeslesslikelytohavebeenunemployed.TheresearchersalsofoundthatIQandfamilysocialandeconomicclassmadenorealdifferenceinhowtheboysturnedout.Working atanyage isimportant.Childhoodactivitieshelpachilddevelopresponsibility,independence,confidenceandcompetence---theunderpinnings（基础）ofemotionalhealth.Theyalsohelphimunderstandthatpeoplemustcooperateandworktowardcommongoals.Themostcompetentadultsarethosewhoknowhowtodothis.Yetworkisn’teverything.AsTolstoyoncesaid,“Onecanlivemagnificentlyinthisworldifoneknowshowtoworkandhowtolove,toworkforthepersononelovesandtoloveone’swork.”Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sharp”probablymeaninParagraph4?QuicktoreactHavingathinedgeClearanddefinitesuddenandrapidInfact,whenitcomestotheartofwar,antshavenoequal.Theyarecompletelyfearlessandwillreadilytakeonacreaturemuchlargerthanthemselves,attackinginlargegroupsandovercomingtheirtarget.Suchistheirdevotiontothecommongoodofthecolonythatnotonlysoldierantsbutalsoworkerantswillsacrificetheirlivestohelpdefeatanenemy.Behavinginthisselflessanddevotedmanner,theselittlecreatureshavesurvivedonEarth,formorethan140millionyears,farlongerthandinosaurs.Becausetheythinkasone,theyhaveacollective（集体的）intelligencegreaterthanyouwouldexpectfromitsindividualparts.Whatdoestheunderlinedexpression"takeon"inParagraph3mean?A.Accept.B.Employ. C.Playwith.D.Fightagainst.OncewhenIwasfacingadecisionthatinvolvedhighrisk,Iwenttoafriend.Helookedatmeforamoment,andthenwroteasentencecontainingthebestadviceI’veeverhad:Beboldandbrave—andmighty（强大的）forceswillcometoyouraid.ThosewordsmademeseeclearlythatwhenIhadfallenshortinthepast,itwasseldombecauseIhadtriedandfailed.ItwasusuallybecauseIhadletfearoffailurestopmefromtryingatall.Ontheotherhand,wheneverIhadplungedintodeepwater,forcedbycourageorcircumstance,IhadalwaysbeenabletoswimuntilIgotmyfeetonthegroundagain.Boldnessmeansadecisiontobiteoffmorethanyouaresureyoucaneat.Andthereisnothingmysteriousaboutthemightyforces.Theyarepotentialpowerswepossess:energy,skill,soundjudgment,creativeideas—evenphysicalstrengthgreaterthanmostofusrealize.Whatistheimpliedmeaningoftheunderlinedpart?Swallowmorethanyoucandigest.Actslightlyaboveyourabilities.Developmoremysteriouspowers.Learntomakecreativedecisions.Passage11（2016全国卷IB篇）“Inthe1960swewereallalittlewildandcouldn’tgetawayfromhomefarenoughorfastenoughtoprovewecoulddoitonourown,”saysChristineCrosby,publisherofGrand,amagazineforgrandparents.“Wenowrealizehowimportantfamilyisandhowimportantitistobenearthem,especiallywhenyou’reraisingchildren.”WhatdidCrosbysayaboutpeopleinthe1960s?Theywereunsureofthemselves.Theywereeagertoraisemorechildren.Theywantedtoliveawayfromtheirparents.Theyhadlittlerespectfortheirgrandparents.Passage12（2011全国卷・A篇）Recently,anoldmilkboxinthecountrysideIsawbroughtbackmychildhoodmemories.Itookithomeandplanteditinthebackporch（门廊）.Everysooftenmyson’sfriendswillaskwhatitis.SoIstartedstoriesofmyboyhood,andofthemilkmanwhobroughtusfriendshipalongwithhismilk.Whydidtheauthorbringbackhomeanoldmilkbox?A.Hemissedthegoodolddays. B.Hewantedtotellinterestingstories.C.Heneededitforhismilkbottles. D.Heplantedflowersinit.Passage15（全国卷IIB篇）Encouragingthiskindofthinkinghasadownside.Irantheriskoflosingthosestudentswhohadadifferentstyleofthinking.Withoutfailonewoulddeclare,“ButI’mjustnotcreative.”27.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“downside”inParagraph4probablymean?A.Mistake. B.Drawback. C.Difficulty. D.Burden.Passage16（2016全国卷IIC篇）Membersgoonthesiteandregisterthebookstheyownandwouldliketoshare.BookCrossingprovidesanidentificationnumbertostickinsidethebook.Thenthepersonleavesitinapublicplace,hopingthatthebookwillhaveanadventure,travelingfarandwidewitheachnewreaderwhofindsit.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inParagraph2referto?A.Thebook. B.Anadventure.C.Apublicplace.D.Theidentificationnumber.Passage"（2011湖南卷•B篇）HewasjudgedunfittoreturntoseaandtookashorejobinGl