工程硕士生英语基础教程

工程硕士研究生英语基础教程英汉语言对比肖小芳了解英语英语语法1,onepartofspeech:Verb2.twomainmembersofsentence:subjectandpredicatePayattentiontowordorder,inversion,ellipsis,andagreementbetweensubjectandpredicate.3.threetypesofnon-finiteverbs:Infinitive,Gerund,andParticiple;Threecomplexsentences:Noun,Adjectival(attributive)andAdverbialClauses.4.FourkindsofNounclauses:Object,subject,predicativeandappositive.5.Fivekindsofsimplesentence:S+V(subject+intransitiveverb)S+V+OS+V+P(subject+Linkverb+predicative)S+V+in.O+directobjectS+V+O+O.C(subject+transitiveverb+object+objectcomplement)6.Sixkindsofattributiveplacedafterthemodifiedword（后置定语）:attributiveclause,participlephrases,infinitive,prepositionalphrases,adverb,andadjectivesafterindefinitepronouns.1)Pleaseshowmethebookwhosecoverisred.ThisisthecompanywhereIworkedtwoyearsago.Thisistheplacethat/whichwevisitedlastautumn.2)Thewomantalkingwithourmonitorisournewphysicsteacher.Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.3)Heislookingforaroomtolivein.Haveyouanythingtosayonthisquestion?4)Theladywiththefanisanactress.5)Theyliveintheroomabove.Doyouseethebigdamthere?6)Thereissomethingwrongwithhim.IthinkI’dcomeandseeiftheyhadanythingnew.7.Sevenmembersofsentence:subject,predicate,object,predicative,objectcomplement,attributiveandadverbial8.Eightkindsofpronoun1)personalpron.2)possessive3)reflexive4)indefinite5)demonstrative6)reciprocal7)interrogative8)relative9.Ninedifferentkindsofadverbialclause:10.Tenpartsofspeech:thenoun,thepronoun,thenumeral,theadjective,theverb,theadverb,thearticle,thepreposition,theconjunction,theinterjection感叹词.九种常用的状语从句及其常用的连接词

时间状语从句

when,while,as,before,after,assoonas,till,until,not…until,thefirst/second…/lasttime,themoment,theminute,theinstant,immediately,directly,instantly,hardly…when,scarcely…when,nosooner…thanwhere,whereverbecause,since,as,nowthat,seeingthat,consideringthat

if,unless,now(that),as(so)longas,incase,onconditionthat,suppose/supposing,provided/providing

although,though,eventhough/if,as,while,nomatterwhich/what/when/where/who/how,whichever,wherever,whatever,whoever,whenever,however,whether…or；地点状语从句原因状语从句条件状语从句让步状语从句九种常用的状语从句及其常用的连接词

结果状语从句

sothat,so…that,such…that

sothat,incase,forfearthat,lest

how,as,asif/asthough

than,as…as,notso/as…as,the+比较级…,the+比较级…

目的状语从句方式状语从句比较状语从句IdentifythetypesoftheAdverbialClauses.1.WhileIwaswonderingatthis,ourschoolmastertookhisplace.()2.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.()3.Nowthat/Sinceeverybodyishere,let’sbeginourmeeting.（）4.I’llspeakslowlysothatyoucanunderstandme.()5.Socleverwasheastudentthathewasabletoworkoutallthedifficultproblems.()6.Aslongasyoudon’tloseheart,you’llsucceed.()7.Tryashemight,hecouldnotfindajob.()8.Theoldladytreatstheboyasifhewerehisownson.()时间地点原因目的结果条件让步方式英汉句式结构对比英语句型结构1,SvEg.Ironrusts.Theguestshavearrived.2,SvoEg.Liverpoolwonthegame.3,SVC（S+link.v+P主系表）Eg.Sheisingoodhealth.Theflowerssmellfragrant.4,SvoO间接直接Davidshowedmetheway.Marylentmehercar.5,SVOC主谓+宾语+宾补Thedirectorappointedhimsalesmanager.Wealthmakesmanypeopleselfish.中文句式结结构I.主谓结构（（S+V）1)他没来。（（S+V）2）全家人都都在看电视视。（S+V+O）3）我们看到到很多人站站在广场上上。(S+V+O+O.C)4）你能递给给我那本书书吗？SvoO5）你看上去去很失望。。（S+link.v+P主系表）1.Hedidn’tcome.2.ThefamilyarewatchingTV.3.Wesawmanypeoplestandingonthesquare.4.Wouldyoupleasepassmethebook?5.Helooksdisappointed.话题结构与与主谓结构构主语本质上上是语法化化了的话题题相比之下，，在语法方方面，英语语选择了主主语，汉语语选了话题题，以及““把”字结结构和“被被”字结构构。“典型的主主语既是主主题也是施施事。”(Comrie1981)英语是主谓谓结构(subject-predicatestructure)的语言。中中国语言学学家赵元任任(Chao,1968:69)指出:“汉语句子中中主语和谓谓语的语法法意义是主主题(topic)和述题(comment),而不是动作作者(actor)和动作(action)。”Li和Thompson(1975)在其SubjectandTopic一书中提出出:“语言有四种种基本类型型:1)注重主语(Subject-prominent)的语言;2)注重主题(Topic-prominent)的语言;3)主语和主题题都注重的的语言;4)主语与主题题都不注重重的语言。。”他提出出英语属于于注重主语语(简称SP)的语言,而汉语则属属于注重主主题(简称TP)的语言。话话题(topic),又称主题。。II.汉语的主题题—评述句（Topic+Comment/Theme+Rheme）1）大象，鼻鼻子长。2）吃，武汉汉很方便。。3）成百万原原来享受免免费医疗的的城市居民民，今后的的医疗费用用要自己承承担一部分分。4）搞西洋画画的，生活活环境也应应该洋一点点。5）楼上住着着一个女工工。6）今晚开会会吗？7）中国幅员员辽阔，人人口众多，，物产资源源丰富。1.Theelephanthasalongnose.2.VariousrestaurantsareavailableinWuhan./ItiseasytofindvariousrestaurantsinWuhan.3.Millionsofurbanresidentswhowereentitledtofreemedicalcarewillhavetopaypartoftheirmedicalexpenses.4.ThosewhospecializeinWesternpaintingshouldliveinanenvironmentofWesternstyles./thosewhospecializeinWesternpaintingshouldhavealivingenvironmentofWesternstyles.5.Therelivesawomanworkerupstairs./Awomanworkerlivesupstairs.6.Chinaboastsvastland,alargepopulationandabundantresources.III.无主句（Zero––subjectStructure）在海拔3000米的高空采采集到了这这种空气样样本。Thisairsamplehasbeencollectedatthealtitudeof3,000meters.违反法律，，就必须受受到法律的的惩罚。Thosewhobreakthelawsmustbepunishedbylaws.只有改革创创新，才能能促进经济济的快速发发展。Onlythroughreformandinnovationcanwepromotetherapiddevelopmentofeconomyandsociety.学这一套，，不如去学学照相。Itisbettertolearnphotographingthantolearnthisstuff.英汉句句法对对比意合与与形合合形合hypotaxis，指语语言中中的词词与词词，句句与句句的结结合主主要凭凭借词词形变变化，，关系系词、、连接接词等等显性性手段段。意合parataxis，指语语言中中的词词与词词，句句与句句的结结合主主要依依靠语语义上上的关关系和和联想想达成成，这这种结结合在在外部部形态态上没没有明明显的的标志志，交交际双双方根根据语语境和和语感感对语语句作作出正正确的的解码码。①我常见见许多多青年年的朋朋友，，②聪聪明用用功，，③成成绩优优异，，④而而语文文程度度不足足以表表达，，⑤甚甚至写写一封封信亦亦难得得通顺顺，⑥⑥问其其故则则曰其其兴趣趣不在在语文文方面面。（（梁实实秋《学问与与趣味味》）①Ihavecomeacrossagreatmanyyoungfriends,②②brightanddiligent,③③doexceedinglywellinstudies,④④buttheyareratherweakinChinese,⑤⑤evencan’twriteasmoothChineseletter.⑥⑥Whenaskedwhy,they’’llsaytheyarenotinterestedinChinese.Ihavecomeacrossagreatmanybrightanddiligentyoungfriendswhohavedoneexceedinglywellinheirstudies,butareratherweakinChinese.TheycannotevenwritealetterincorrectChinese.WhenIaskedthemwhy,theysaidtheywerenotinterestedintheChineselanguage.冬天，，在四四周围围都是是山地地的这这里，，看见见太阳阳的日日子真真是太太少了了。今今天，，难得得雾这这么稀稀薄，，空中中融融融地混混合着着金黄黄的阳阳光，，把地地上的的一切切，好好像也也照上上一层层欢笑笑的颜颜色。。Inwinter,sunnydayswerescarcehere,asitwassurroundedbyhillsallaround.Today,however,thefogwaswonderfullythinandtheairwasfilteredthroughwithgoldensunlightthattintedeverythingonthegroundwithajoyfulhue.词义多多样性性（polysemy）：指指称称意义义，言言内意意义，，语用用意义义。““红””为例例：英汉语语义的的对比比dishpreparingweddingsandfuneralshonorrollredpaperbagofrewardblackteatheworldofmortalseggspaintedredforthewholefamilytosharewhenachildisbornveryinfluentialone’sfaceglowingwithhealth;inruddyhealthflourishing红案红白喜事红榜红包红茶红尘红蛋红得发紫红光满面红火老树又长出出了许多嫩叶。Manynewleaveshavegrownontheoldtree.别看他是个个大小伙子子，脸皮可可特别嫩。Thoughheisatallguy,heisshy.孩子的皮肤肤嫩了点，不要要用碘酒外外敷。Babies’skinisdelicate,sodon’’tuseiodineonit.这黄瓜很嫩。Thecucumberisquitefreshandtender新来的老师师还嫩了点。Thenewteacherisyoungandinexperienced.她穿一件嫩绿的毛衣。。Shewearsalightgreensweater词义对比语语境选词，，如：““嫩”kill1，黑死病是是一种夺取取过千百万万人生命的的疾病。2，太多的蒜蒜破坏了肉肉的味道。。3，他给树浇浇了太多的的水，把树树浇死了。。4，他天天在在那边的公公园里消磨磨时光。5，那次错误误毁掉了他他的机会。。6，他的笑话话真是笑死死人。7，委员会提提出那个提提案，他们们就把它否否决了。1，TheBlackDeathwasadiseasethatkilledmillions.2,Toomuchgarlickilledthetasteofthemeat.3,Hekilledthetreebysprayingittooheavily.4,Hekillstimeeverydayatthepark.5,Thatmistakekilledhischances.6,Hisjokenearlykilledme.7,Theykilledthemotionwhenitcamefromthecommittee.Theoutstandingfinalkilledtheaudience.ChinesecabbagePasswordmobilephonetofightafirepuppyloveAcneinstantnoodlesJeanscontactlenses假朋友(falsefriend)生搬硬套字字面意义(以下错误)白菜whitecabbage密码secretcode手机handphone救火tosaveafire早恋earlylove青春痘youthspot方便面convenientnoodle牛仔裤cowboytrousers隐形眼镜invisibleglasses流动资金circulatingcapitalworkingcapital新闻自由freedomofnewsfreedomofpress买一赠一Buyone，presentoneBuyone,getonefree省吃俭用tosavefoodandexpensestolivefrugally冷餐会coldfoodget-togethersbuffetmeal高等教育higheducationhighereducation洗牌towashtheplayingcardstoshuffletheplayingcards课堂测验classroomexampop-quiz大片Bigmovieblockbuster英汉思维差差异英语：抽象象思维，重重逻辑；由由内向外，，由小到大大，由远到到近，由具具体到抽象象。汉语：形象象思维，重重具体；由由外向内，，由大到小小，由近到到远，由抽抽象到具体体。如：世界著名室室内设计师师克里斯托托夫.德卡本特利应应邀对装饰进进行了设计。。ChristopheDecarpentrie,theworld-famousinteriordesigner,wascommissionedtodesignthedécor.逻辑与审美…andIfellintoanexhaustedsleep于是，我坠入入了疲惫的睡睡眠。…Ofsuchpitifulsmallthingslifeisaparttobemade人生常是由这这种可叹的小小事组成的。。Solittlehappens;theblackdogcrackinghisfleasinthehotsunishistory.很少发生什么么事；黑狗在在烈日下咬跳跳蚤就算是历历史事件。1）于是，在精精疲力竭中，，我坠入了梦梦乡2）琐屑不就是是人生么。3）诸事宁和，，黑狗在烈日日下啃身上的的跳蚤大概算算得上历史事事件了。英汉文化差异异中英文中比喻喻联想意义不不同的动物。。中英文称谓系系统中英文人称指指示语的差别别寒暄语的差异异中英文中比喻喻联想意义不不同的动物河狸与beaverEagerbeaver鹤与crane龙与dragon“likeadragon”猫与cat“sheisacat”狗与dog““luckdog”Owl与猫头鹰Aswiseasanowl1牛与马（horse）Asstrongasahorse力大如牛Worklikeahorse老黄牛Stubbornness,strong-willed牛脾气Talkhorse吹牛drinklikeafish牛饮2虎与狮lionHeroasbraveasalion虎胆英雄Ofstrongbuild虎背熊腰Daretoconfrontthegreatestdanger/beardthelioninhi