國際化策略二

InternationalStrategyMichaelA.HittR.DuaneIrelandRobertE.HoskissonChapter81StrategyImplementationChapter11OrganizationalStructureandControlsChapter10CorporateGovernanceChapter12StrategicLeadershipStrategyFormulationStrategicCompetitivenessAbove-AverageReturnsStrategicIntentStrategicMissionChapter2TheExternalEnvironmentChapter3TheInternalEnvironmentTheStrategicManagementProcessFeedbackStrategicInputsStrategicActionsChapter13StrategicEntrepreneurshipStrategicOutcomesChapter6Corporate-LevelStrategyChapter5CompetitiveRivalryandCompetitiveDynamicsChapter8InternationalStrategyChapter4Business-LevelStrategyChapter7AcquisitionandRestructuringStrategies2ExportingLicensingStrategicalliancesAcquisitionsEstablishmentofanewsubsidiaryInternationalbusiness-levelstrategyMultidomesticstrategyGlobalstrategyTransnationalstrategyOpportunitiesandOutcomesofInternationalStrategyIncreasedmarketsizeReturnoninvestmentEconomiesofscaleandlearningAdvantageinlocationIdentifyInternationalOpportunitiesExploreResourcesandCapabilitiesUseCoreCompetenceInternationalStrategiesModesofEntry3BetterperformanceInnovationOpportunitiesandOutcomesofInternationalStrategy:ContinuedExportingLicensingStrategicalliancesAcquisitionsEstablishmentofanewsubsidiaryUseCoreCompetenceModesofEntryManagementproblemsandriskManagementproblemsandriskStrategicCompetitivenessOutcomes4InternationalStrategyLifeCycleProductionBecomesStandardizedandisRelocatedtoLowCostCountriesProductDemandDevelopsandFirmExportsProductsFirmIntroducesInnovationinDomesticMarketForeignCompetitionBeginsProductionFirmBeginsProductionAbroadSellingProductsorServicesOutsideaFirm’sDomesticMarket5MotivationsforInternationalExpansionIncreaseMarketSharedomesticmarketmaylackthesizetosupportefficientscalemanufacturingfacilitiesReturnonInvestmentlargeinvestmentprojectsmayrequireglobalmarketstojustifythecapitaloutlaysweakpatentprotectioninsomecountriesimpliesthatfirmsshouldexpandoverseasrapidlyinordertopreemptimitators6MotivationsforInternationalExpansionEconomiesofScaleorLearningexpandingsizeorscopeofmarketshelpstoachieveeconomiesofscaleinmanufacturingaswellasmarketing,R&Dordistributioncanspreadcostsoveralargersales’baseincreaseprofitperunitLocationAdvantageslowcostmarketsmayaidindevelopingcompetitiveadvantagemayachievebetteraccessto:RawmaterialsLowercostlaborKeycustomersEnergy7InternationalBusiness-LevelStrategy:DeterminantsofNationalAdvantageFactorsofproductionRelatedandsupportingindustriesDemandconditionsFirmstrategy,structure,andrivalry8生產要素基本要素土地、勞工進階要素數位通訊系統高等教育勞動力一般性要素高速公路系統、資本供應專門性要素特殊產業技術人才-母國的營運環境是競爭優勢最重要的根基Porter國家優勢的決定因素需求狀態母國市場的購買者對特定產業的產品或服務需求的性質與規模相關與支援性產業-日本：照相機與影印機-義大利：皮革與鞋業企業的策略、

結構與對手因國而異鑽石模式9InternationalBusiness-LevelStrategy:DeterminantsofNationalAdvantageFactorsofproduction:theinputsnecessarytocompeteinanyindustrylaborlandnaturalresourcescapitalinfrastructurebasicfactorsincludenaturalandlaborresourcesadvancedfactorsincludedigitalcommunicationsystemsandeducatedworkforce10InternationalBusiness-LevelStrategy:DeterminantsofNationalAdvantageDemandconditions:characterizedbythenatureandsizeofbuyers’needsinthehomemarketfortheindustry’sgoodsorservicessizeofmarketsegmentcanleadtoscale-efficientfacilitiesefficiencycanleadtodominationoftheindustryinothercountriesspecializeddemandmaycreateopportunitiesbeyondnationalboundaries11InternationalBusiness-LevelStrategy:DeterminantsofNationalAdvantageRelatedandsupportingindustries:supportingservices,facilities,suppliersandsoonsupportindesignsupportindistributionrelatedindustriesassuppliersandbuyers12InternationalBusiness-LevelStrategy:DeterminantsofNationalAdvantageFirmstrategy,structure,andrivalry:thepatternofstrategy,structure,andrivalryamongfirmscommontechnicaltrainingmethodologicalproductandprocessimprovementcooperativeandcompetitivesystems13InternationalCorporate-LevelStrategyNeedforLocalResponsivenessNeedforGlobalIntegrationLowHighLowHighGlobalstrategyTransnationalstrategyMultidomesticstrategy14InternationalCorporate-LevelStrategyTypeofcorporatestrategyselectedwillhaveanimpactontheselectionandimplementationofthebusiness-levelstrategiesSomecorporatestrategiesprovideindividualcountryunitswithflexibilitytochoosetheirownstrategiesOthersdictatebusiness-levelstrategiesfromthehomeofficeandcoordinateresourcesharingacrossunits15MultidomesticstrategyInternationalCorporate-LevelStrategy:MultidomesticStrategyStrategyandoperatingdecisionsaredecentralizedtostrategicbusinessunits(SBU)ineachcountryProductsandservicesaretailoredtolocalmarketsBusinessunitsinonecountryareindependentofeachotherAssumesmarketsdifferbycountryorregionsFocusoncompetitionineachmarketProminentstrategyamongEuropeanfirmsduetobroadvarietyofculturesandmarketsinEurope16InternationalCorporate-LevelStrategy:GlobalStrategyGlobalstrategyProductsarestandardizedacrossnationalmarketsDecisionsregardingbusiness-levelstrategiesarecentralizedinthehomeofficeStrategicbusinessunits(SBU)areassumedtobeinterdependentEmphasizeseconomiesofscaleOftenlacksresponsivenesstolocalmarketsRequiresresourcesharingandcoordinationacrossborders(whichalsomakesitdifficulttomanage)17TransnationalstrategyInternationalCorporate-LevelStrategy:TransnationalStrategySeekstoachievebothglobalefficiencyandlocalresponsivenessDifficulttoachievebecauseofsimultaneousrequirementsstrongcentralcontrolandcoordinationtoachieveefficiencydecentralizationtoachievelocalmarketresponsivenessMustpursueorganizationallearningtoachievecompetitiveadvantage18TypeofEntryCharacteristicsExportingHighcost,lowcontrolLicensingLowcost,lowrisk,littlecontrol,lowreturnsStrategicalliancesSharedcosts,sharedresources,sharedrisks,problemsofintegrationAcquisitionQuickaccesstonewmarket,highcost,complexnegotiations,problemsofmergingwithdomesticoperationsNewwhollyownedsubsidiaryComplex,oftencostly,timeconsuming,highrisk,maximumcontrol,potentialabove-averagereturnsGlobalMarketEntry:ChoiceofEntryMode19國際性差異化化策略一個擁有先進進與特殊生產產要素的國家家，有可能發發展此種策略略

＊日本、、德國、美國國國際化低成本本策略企業通常將營營運活動集中中於母國產品出口至國國外市場將低附加價值值的作業外包包至其他國家家保留高附加價價值的作業在在母國事業層國際化化策略20StrategicCompetitivenessOutcomes:ReturnsInternationaldiversificationandreturns:firmexpandsthesalesofitsgoodsorservicesacrossthebordersofglobalregionsandcountriesintodifferentgeographiclocationsormarketsmayincreaseafirm’sreturnssuchfirmsusuallyachievethemostpositivestockreturnsfirmmayachieveeconomiesofscaleandexperience,locationadvantages,increasedmarketsizeandopportunitytostabilizereturns21國際化整合低低成本／差異異化策略因為市場與競競爭者的多元元性，所以整整合策略是全全球市場上最最有效的策略略整合策略的執執行依賴彈性製造造系統企業內與企業業間的資訊網網路全面品質管理理來國際化集中策策略許多企業在進進軍國際時仍仍繼續以小規規模的市場利利基為焦點＊義大利的磁磁磚業事業層國際化化策略22StrategicCompetitivenessOutcomes:InnovationInternationaldiversificationandinnovation:firmexpandsthesalesofitsgoodsorservicesacrossthebordersofglobalregionsandcountriesintodifferentgeographiclocationsormarketspotentiallygreaterreturnsoninnovations(largermarkets)generateadditionalresourcesforinvestmentininnovationexposedtonewproductsandprocessesininternationalmarkets,generatesadditionalknowledgeleadingtoinnovations23RisksinanInternationalEnvironmentPoliticalRisksEconomicRisksPoliticalrisksincludeinstabilityinnationalgovernmentswar,bothcivilandinternationalpotentialnationalizationofafirm’sresourcesPoliticalRisks24RisksinanInternationalEnvironmentEconomicRisksEconomicrisksareinterdependentwithpoliticalrisksandincludedifferencesandfluctuationsinthevalueofdifferentcurrenciesdifferencesinprevailingwageratesdifficultiesinenforcingpropertyrightsunemploymentPoliticalRisks25LimitstoInternationalExpansion:ManagementProblemsCostofcoordinationacrossdiversegeographicalbusinessunitsInstitutionalandculturalbarriersUnderstandingstrategicintentofcompetitorsTheoverallcomplexityofcompetition269、静静夜夜四四无无邻邻，，荒荒居居旧旧业业贫贫。。。。1月月-231月月-23Sunday,January1,202310、雨中黄叶树树，灯下白头头人。。21:06:3321:06:3321:061/1/20239:06:33PM11、以我独独沈久，，愧君相相见频。。。1月-2321:06:3321:06Jan-2301-Jan-2312、故人江海别别，几度隔山山川。。21:06:3321:06:3321:06Sunday,January1,202313、乍乍见见翻翻疑疑梦梦，，相相悲悲各各问问年年。。。。1月月-231月月-2321:06:3421:06:34January1,202314、他乡生白发发，旧国见青青山。。01一月20239:06:34下午21:06:341月-2315、比比不不了了得得就就不不比比，，得得不不到到的的就就不不要要。。。。。。一月月239:06下下午午1月月-2321:06January1,202316、行动出成成果，工作作出财富。。。2023/1/121:06:3421:06:3401January202317、做前，能够够环视四周；；做时，你只只能或者最好好沿着以脚为为起点的射线线向前。。9:06:34下下午9:06下下午午21:06:341月-239、没有失败败，只有暂暂时停止成成功！。1月-231月-23Sunday,January1,202310、很多事情努努力了未必有有结果，但是是不努力却什什么改变也没没有。。21:06:3421:06:3421:061/1/20239:06:34PM11、成功就是是日复一日日那一点点点小小努力力的积累。。。1月-2321:06:3421:06Jan-2301-Jan-2312、世间成事，，不求其绝对对圆满，留一一份不足，可可得无限完美美。。21:06:3421:06:3421:06Sunday,January1,202313、不知香积寺寺，数里入云云峰。。1月-231月-2321:06:3421:06:34January1,202314、意志志坚强强的人人能把把世界界放在在手中中像泥泥块一一样任任意揉揉捏。。01一一月月20239:06:34下下午21:06:341月-2315、楚塞三湘接接，荆门九派派通。。。一月239:06下下午1月-2321:06January1,202316、少年年十五五二十十时，，步行行夺得得胡