初中英语定语从句关系代词和关系副词

定语从句讲解及练习一、 定义：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。如：1)Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman.2)YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词有关系代词that,which,who(宾格who,所有格whose)和关系副词where,when、why关系词常有三个作用：1、引导定语从句2、代替先行词3、在定语从句中担当一个成分二、关系代词引导的定语从句l.who指人，在从句中做主语⑴TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.(2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.如果先行词是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,关系代词应该用who或whom.例：Isthereanyoneherewhowillgowithyou?2.whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。(1)Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedabout.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。(3)Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.(which在句子中做主语)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.(which在句子中做宾语)that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。Thepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityareallhere.(在句子中做主语)Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?(在句子中做宾语)具体使用时还要注意下列问题1,只能使用由2&不用Which的情况：⑴先行词是all,few,little,nothing,everything,anything等不定代词时。例如：Allthathesaidistrue.⑵先行词被only,no,any,all,等词修饰时。例如：Heistheonlyforeignerthathasbeentothatplace.先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如：Hewasthesecond(person)thattoldmethesecret.先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。Thisisthebestbook(that)Ihavereadthisyear.先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如：Hetalkedaboutthepeopleandthethingsheremembered.2,只用which不用that的情况：⑶非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：Theboy,whoisgoodatsoccer,comesfromXinjiang.Thatnecklace,whichyougavemeasapresent,waslostyesterday.非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.查理・史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。(非限)Thereissomebodyherewhowantstospeaktoyou这里有人要和你说话(限制性)⑷which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与andthis相似，并可以指人。例如：Hedidverywellinthecompetition,whichmadehisparentsveryhappy.⑸如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.Ilivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替(3)Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.=Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.(5)Doyoulikethebookwhosecolorisyellow?=Doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow?when指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如：门lneverforgetthetimewhenweworkedonthefarm.HearrivedinBeijingonthedaywhenIleft.where指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如：Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisintheeastofthecity"介词＋关系代词"是一个普遍使用的结构。"介词＋关系代词"可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。"介词＋关系代词"结构中的介词可以是in,on,about,from,for,with,toat,of,without等，关系代词只可用whom或which,不可用that。例:付thatthehouseinwhichyoulive?关系代词whom，which在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将whom与which与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，如：Thatwastheroominwhichwehadlivedfortenyears.=Thatwastheroomwhichwehadlivedinfortenyears.像listento,lookat,takecareof等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：Thisistheboywhomshehastakencareof.热身练习请分析一下定语从句：(请划出定语从句，并标出先行词)CheckthewaysyoustudyforanEnglishtest.AnotherthingthatIfoundverydifficultwasEnglishgrammar.Youcouldn’tunderstandpeoplewhotalkedfast.Ihavesomeideasthatmayhelp.Theysaidsomethingyoudidn’tlike.MyfriendsandItalkedabouttherulesthatwehaveinschool.二、用关系代词填空：that、which、who、whom、whoseThisistheman wantstoseeyou.Thestudent answeredthequestionisZhangHua.Theman youwenttoseehascome.Theman Imetyesterdaylentmesomemoney.Thewoman yousawisourgeographyteacher.Therunner youareaskingaboutisoverthere.Hereisthepen youlostthedaybeforeyesterday.Thesebooks youlentmewereveryuseful.Thisisshirt Iboughtyesterday.Adictionaryisabook givesthemeaningtotheword.Showmetheboy motherisawell-knownsinger.Theboy fatherisateacherisgoodatEnglish.三、单项选择( )1.YourteacherofChineseisayounglady comesfromBeijing.A.who B.which C.whom D.whose( )2.Thestudentswereallinterested youtoldthemyesterday.A.inwhichB.inthatthisC.allthatD.ineverything( )3.Hewastheonlypersoninhisoffice wasinvited.A.whomB.whose C.that D.which( )4.Thisisthemuseum wevisitedlastyear.A.whereB.inwhichC.which D.inthat( )5.Charlietoldhismotherall hadhappened.A.thatB.what C.which D.who( )6.Doyouknowthestudent ?A.whomIoftentalk B.withwhoIoftentalkC.Ioftentalkwith D.thatIoftentalk( )7.Ilikethehouse windowsfacesouth.A.whoseB.who’s C.it's D.its( )8.Theyoungwoman Ispokejustnowisayoungdoctor.A.who B.towhom C.whom D.that定语从句中关系副词的用法定语从句中的关系副词有三个：when,where和why,它们在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语。其句法结构如下：表时间的名词+when+定语从句when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。例句：IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.I’llneverforgetthedaywhenIjoinedthearmy.表地点的名词+where+定语从句where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。例句：Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisinthewestofthecity.ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.表原因的名词reason+why+定语从句(why只用于reason之后的限制性定语从句中,在定语从句中作原因状语。)例句：ThatisthereasonwhyIdidthejob.(在现代英语中why可以省略)上句也可以这样表示：ThatisthereasonIdidthejob.又如：Thiswasthereason(why)weraisedthetemperature.关系副词在定语从句中的用法看似简单，以下注意点不可忽视：1)“when”、“where”和“why”的运用取就于表时间的名词、表地点的名词和表原因的名词reason在定语从句中所作的成分，比较下面的几组句子：IwillneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstmetyouontheseashore.Iwillneverforgetthedayswhich/thatwespenttogetherinXueyaoMiddleSchool.*Thisisthehospitalwheremymotherworks.*Thisisthehospitalwhich/thatwevisitedthedaybeforeyesterday.**Thereasonwhyhedidnotgotoschoolisthathewasill.**Thisisthereasonwhich/thathegavehisbossintheoffice.2)“when”、“where”和“why”都可以替换成“介词+which”，介词的选用取就于先行词和定语从句中的动词。例如：DoyoustillrememberthedayonwhichwefirstmetinNantong?(onwhich=when)Thisistheroominwhichwelivedlastyear.(inwhich=where)DoyouknowthereasonforwhichherefusedtogotoMary’sbirthdayparty.(forwhich=why)有时定语从句中介词短语和动词有意义紧密的修饰关系，尤其在非限制性定语从句中，常使用“介词+which”结构，而不使用关系副词。例如：Mymotherworksinafactory,infrontofwhichthereisasmallriver.Atnightthesoldiersgottoasmallhill,atthefootofwhichstoodafarmhouse.3)关系副词“when”、“where”既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。例如：IwillalwaysrememberthedaywhenIfirstvisitedtheGreatWall.HecametoShanghaiin1980,whenhewasonly12.Idon’tknowtheexactspotwheretheywillmeet.MrWangwillflytoBeijing,wherehewillstayforthreemonths.有时关系副词“when”、“where”引导的限制性定语从句和先行词有间隔的现象，是为了平衡句子的语法需要。DoyourememberoneafternoontenyearsagowhenIcametoyourhouseandborrowedadiamondnecklace?ThedaysaregoneforeverwhentheChinesepeopleused“foreignoil.”.“that”可活用为关系副词，相当于“when,where、why”和“介词+which”结构，尤其在“thetimewhen”等结构中的“when”常被“that”代替，而且“that”往往省略。ImayleavehereanytimeIwantto.DuringthetimeIwasthereIvisitedhimtwice.ThisismysecondtimeIhavecometoyourcountry.“which”有时可用作关系形容词，这是“which”在非限制性定语从句中的特殊使用，如：Thedoctoradvisedhimtogiveupsmoking,whichadvicehedidnotfollow.定语从句专项练习1．Thisistheplace Johnwasborn?A．whichB．whereC.whenD．thatHeistheonlyperson Iwanttotalkto.A.thatB.whichC.whoD.whose3．Isthisproblem theteacherexplainedlastweek?A．theoneB．thatC．whichD．one4．Thehighbuilding standfourpolicemenisthepolicestation．A．whichB．thatC．infrontofitD.infrontofwhich5．MymotherwillgiveMaryamodelplane shewillliketoplay．A．whichB．thatC．forwhich D．withwhich6．Thefilmbroughtthehours