2017年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题

--PAGE13-2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(lOpoints)Peoplehavespeculatedforcenturiesaboutafuturewithoutwork.isnodifferent,withacademics,wnters,andact1v1stsonceagam1thattechnologyisreplacinghumanworkers.Someimaginethatthecomingwork-freeworldwillbedefinedy2:Afewypeoplewillnalle,dthewillstruggleinanimpoverishedwasteland.Adifferentandnotmutuallyexclusive3holdsthatthefuturewillbeawastelandofadifferentsort,one4bypurposelessness:Withoutjobstogivetheirlives5,peoplewillsimplybecomelazyanddepressed.6,unemployedseemhavingagreattime.OneGalluppollfoundthat20percentofAmericanswhohavebeenunemployedforatleastayearreporthavingdepression,doubletheratefor7Americans.Also,someresearchsuggeststhatthe8forrisingratesofmortality,mental-healthproblems,andaddiction9poorly-educated,middle-agedpeopleisaofwell-paidjobs.Perhapsthisismany10theagonizingdullnessofajoblessfuture.Butitdoesn't11followfromfindingslikethesethataworldwithoutworkwouldbefilledwithunease.Suchvisionsarebasedonthe12ofbeingunemployedinasocietybuiltontheconceptofemployment.Inthe13ofwork,asocietydesignedwithotherendsinmindcould14strikinglydifferentcircumstancesforthefutureoflaborandleisure.the15ofworkmaybeabitoverblown."Manyjobsareboring,degrading,unhealthy,andawasteofhumanpotential,"JohnDanaher,alecturerattheNationalUniversityofIrelandinThesedays,becauseleisuretimeisrelatively16formostworkers,peopleusetheirfreetimetocounterbalancetheintellectualandemotional17oftheirjobs."WhenIcomehomefromahardwork,Ioftenfeel 18 Danahersays,adding,"InaworldinwhichIdon'thavetowork,Imightfeelratherdifferent"—perhapsdifferentenoughtothrowhimself 19 ahobbyorapassionprojectwiththeintensityusuallyreservedfor 20 matters.[A]boasting [B]denying[A]inequality [B]instability [C]unreliability [D]uncertainty[A]policy [C]resolution [D]prediction[A]characterized[B]divided [C]balanced [D]measured[A]wisdom [C]glory [D]freedom[A]Instead [B]Indeed [C]Thus [D]Nevertheless[A]rich [B]urban [D]educated[A]explanation [B]requirement [C]compensation [D]substitute[A]under[A]leavebehind

alongside

setaside[A]statistically [B]occasionally[C]necessarily [D]economically[A]chances [B]downsides [C]benefits[A]absence [C]face [D]course[A]disturb [B]restore [C]exclude [D]yield[A]model [B]practice [C]virtue[B]lengthy [C]mysterious [D]scarce[A]demands [B]standards [C]qualities [D]threats[A]ignored [B]tired [C]confused [D]starved[A]off [B]against [C]behind [D]into[A]technological[B]professional[C]educational [D]interpersonalSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1EverySaturdaymorning,at9am,morethan50,000runnerssetofftorun5kmaroundtheirlocalpark.TheParkrunphenomenonbeganwithadozenfriendsandhasinspired400eventsintheUKandmoreabroad.Eventsarefree,staffedbythousandsofvolunteers.Runnersrangefromfouryearsoldtograndparents;theirtimesrangefromAndrewworldrecord13minutes48secondsuptoanhour.ParkrunissucceedingwhereOlympic"legacy"isfailing.yearsagoonMonday,itwasannouncedthattheGamesofthe30thOlympiadwouldbeinLondon.PlanningdocumentspledgedthatthegreatlegacyoftheGameswouldbetoleveranationofsportloversawayfromtheircouches.Thepopulationwouldbefitter,healthierandproducemorewinners.Ithasnothappened.Thenumberofadultsdoingweeklysportdidrise,bynearly2millionintherun-upto2012-butthegeneralpopulationwasgrowingfaster.thenumbersarenowfallingatanacceleratingrate.Theoppositionclaimsprimaryschoolpupilsdoingatleasttwohoursofsportaweekhavenearlyhalved.Obesityhasrisenamongadultsandchildren.OfficialretrospectionscontinueastowhyLondon2012failedto"inspireageneration."ThesuccessofParkrunoffersanswers.Parkunisnotaracebutatimetrial:Youronlycompetitoristheclock.Theethoswelcomesanybody.Thereisasmuchjoyoverapuffed-outfirst-timerbeingclappedoverthelineasthereisabouttalentshining.TheOlympicbidders,bycontrast,wantedtogetmorepeopledoingsportandtoproducemoreeliteathletes.Thedualaimwasmixedup:Thestressonsuccessovertakingpartwasintimidatingfornewcomers.Indeed,thereissomethingalittleabsurdinthestategettinginvolvedintheplanningofsuchafundamentally"grassroots"conceptascommunitysportsassociations.Ifthereisaroleforgovernment,itshouldreallybegettinginvolvedinprovidingcommongoods—makingsurethereisspaceforplayingfieldsandmoneytopavetennisandnetballcourts,andencouragingtheprovisionofalltheseactivitiesinschools.Butsuccessivegovernmentshavepresidedoversellinggreenspaces,squeezingmoneyfromlocalauthoritiesanddecliningattentiononsportineducation.Insteadofworthystrategies,futuregovernmentsneedtodomoretoprovidetheconditionsforsporttothrive.Oratleastnotmakethem[A]gainedgreatpopularityAccordingtoParagraph1,Parkrunhas .[A]gainedgreatpopularitycreatedmanyjobsstrengthenedcommunitytiesbecomeanofficialfestivalTherstsypic"legacy"hasfailedto .boostpopulationgrowthpromotesportparticipationethesincreasesporthoursinschoolsParkrunisdifferentfromOlympicgamesinthatit .aimsatdiscoveringtalentsfocusesonmasscompetitiondoesnotemphasizeelitismdoesnotattractfirst-timersWithregardtomasssports,theauthorholdsthatgovernmentsshould .organize"grassroots"sportseventssuperviselocalsportsassociationsincreasefundsforsportsclubsinvestinpublicsportsfacilitiesThesetowhatKgovernmentshavedonerss .tolerantcriticaluncertamText2Withsomuchfocusonchildren'suseofscreens,it'sforparentstoforgetabouttheirownscreenuse."Techisdesignedtoreallysuckyouin,"JennyRadeskyinherstudyofdigitalplay,"anddigitalproductsaretheretopromotemaximalengagement.Itmakesithardtodisengage,andleadstoalotofbleed-overintothefamilyroutine."Radeskyhasstudiedtheuseofmobilephonesandtabletsatmealtimesbygivingmother-childpairsafood-testingexercise.Shefoundthatmotherswhouseddevicesduringtheexercisestarted20percentfewerverbaland39percentfewernonverbalinteractionswiththeirchildren.Duringaseparateobservation,shesawthatphonesbecameasourceoftensioninthefamily.Parentswouldbelookingattheiremailswhilethechildrenwouldbemakingexcitedbidsfortheirattention.Infantsarewiredtolookatparents'facestotrytounderstandtheirworld,andifthosefacesareblankandunresponsive-asoftenarewhenabsorbedinadevice—itcanbeextremelydisconcertingforthechildren.Radeskycitesthe"stillfaceexperiment"devisedbydevelopmentalpsychologistEdTronickinthe1970s.Init,amotherisaskedtointeractwithherchildinanormalwaybeforeputtingonablankexpressionandnotgivingthemanyvisualsocialfeedback:Thechildbecomesincreasinglydistressedasshetriestocapturehermother'sattention."Parentsdon'thavetobeexquisitelypresentatalltimes,butthereneedstobeabalanceandparentsneedtoberesponsiveandsensitivetoaverbalornonverbalexpressionsofanemotionalneed,"Radesky.Ontheotherhand,Tronickhimselfisconcernedthattheworriesaboutkids'useofscreensarebornoutofan"oppressiveideologythatdemandsthatparentsshouldalwaysbeinteracting"withtheirchildren:basedonasomewhatfantasised,verywhite,veryupper-middle-classideologythatiffailingtoexposeyourchildto30,000wordsyouareneglectingthem."Tronickbelievesthatjustbecauseachildisn'tlearningfromthescreenmeannovaluetoit—particularlyifitgivesparentstimetohaveashower,dohouseworkorsimplyhaveabreakfromtheirchild.Parents,hesays,cangetalotoutofusingtheirdevicestospeaktoafriendorgetsomeworkoutoftheThiscanmakethemfeelhappier,whichletsthembemoreavailabletotheirchildtherestofthetime.AccordingtoJennyRadesky,digitalproductsaredesignedtosimplifyroutinemattersabsorbuserattentionbetterinterpersonalrelationsincreaseworkefficiencysgeshowsthateofdevicestakesawaybabies'appetitessattentionslowsdownbabies'verbaldevelopmentreducesmother-childcommunicationRadeskycitesthe"stillfaceexperiment"toshowthat .itiseasyforchildrentogetusedtoblankexpressionsverbalexpressionsareunnecessaryforemotionalexchangechildrenareinsensitivetochangesintheirparents'moodparentsdtorespondtoslTheoppressiveideologymentionedbyTronickrequiresparentsto .protectkidsfromexposuretowildfantasiesteachtheirkidsatleast30,000wordsayearensureconstantinteractionwiththeirchildrenremainconcernedaboutkids'useofscreensAccordingtoTronick,kids'useofscreensmay .givetheirparentssomefreetimetheirparentsmorecreativethemwiththeirhomeworkthembecomemoreattentiveText3widespreadsocialpressuretoimmediatelygotocollegeinwithincreasinglyhighexpectationsinafast-movingworldoftencausesstudentstocompletelyoverlookthepossibilityoftakingagapAfterall,ifeveryoneyouknowisgoingtocollegeinthefall,itseemssillytostaybackayear,it?Andaftergoingtoschoolfor12years,itfeelnaturaltospendayeardoingsomethingthatisn'tacademic.Butwhilethismaybetrue,notagoodenoughreasontocondemngapyears.alwaysaconstantfearoffallingbehindeveryoneelseonthesociallyperpetuated"racetothefinishline,"whetherthatbetowardgraduateschool,medicalschooloraButdespitecommonagapyeardoesnothinderthesuccessofacademicpursuits-infact,itprobablyenhancesStudiesfromtheUnitedStatesandAustraliashowthatstudentswhotakeagapyeararegenerallybetterpreparedforandperformbetterincollegethanthosewhodonot.Ratherthanpullingstudentsback,agapyearpushesthemaheadbypreparingthemforindependence,newresponsibilitiesandenvironmentalchanges—allthingsthatfirst-yearstudentsstrugglewiththemost.Gapyearexperiencescanlessentheblowwhenitcomestotocollegeandbeingthrownintoabrandnewenvironment,makingiteasiertofocusonacademicsandactivitiesratherthanacclimationblunders.Ifnotconvincedoftheinherentvalueintakingayearofftoexploreinterests,thenconsideritsfinancialimpactonfutureacademicchoices.AccordingtotheNationalCenterforEducationStatistics,nearly80percentofcollegestudentsendupchangingtheiratleastonce.Thissurprising,consideringthebasicmandatoryhighschoolcurriculumleavesstudentswithapoorunderstandingofthevastacademicpossibilitiesthatawaitthemincollege.Manystudentsfindthemselveslistingoneontheircollegeapplications,butswitchingtoanotheraftertakingcollegeclasses.notnecessarilyabadthing,butdependingontheschool,itcanbecostlytomakeupcreditsafterswitchingtoolateinthegame.AtBostonCollege,forexample,youwouldhavetocompleteanextrayearwereyoutoswitchtothenursingschoolfromanotherdepartment.agapyeartofigurethingsoutinitiallycanhelppreventstressandsavemoneylateron.Oneofthereasonsforhigh-schoolgraduatesnottakingayearisthat .theythinkitacademicallymisleadingtheyhavealotoffuntoexpectincollegeitfeelsstrangetododifferentlyfromothersitseemsworthlesstotakecoursesStudiesfromtheUSandAustraliaimplythattakingayearhelps .keepstudentsfrombeingunrealisticlowerrisksinchoosingcareersefreshmenslburdensrelievefreshmenofpressuresTheword"acclimation"(Para.3)isclosestinmeaningto .adaptationmotlvat10ncompetitionAgapyearmaysavemoneyforstudentsbyhelpingthem .avoidacademicfailuresestablishlong-termgoalsswitchtoanothercollegedecideontherightmajorThemostsuitabletitleforthistextwouldbeInFavoroftheGapYearTheoftheGapYearTheGapComesBackTheGapYear:ADilemmaText4Thoughoftenviewedasaproblemforwesternstates,thegrowingfrequencyofwildfiresisanationalconcernbecauseofitsimpactonfederaltaxdollars,ProfessorMaxMoritz,aspecialistinfireecologyandmanagement.In2015,theUSForestServiceforthefirsttimespentmorethanhalfofits$5.5billionannualbudgetfightingfires-nearlydoublethepercentageitspentonsuchefforts20yearsago.Ineffect,fewerfederalfundstodayaregoingtowardstheotherwork-suchasforestconservation,watershedandculturalresourcesmanagement,andinfrastructureupkeep—thataffectthelivesofallAmericans.Anothernationwideconcerniswhetherpublicfundsfromotheragenciesaregoingintoconstructioninfire-pronedistricts.AsMoritzputsit,howoftenarefederaldollarsbuildinghomesthatarelikelytobelosttoawildfire?alreadyahugeproblemfromapublicexpenditureperspectiveforthehesays."Weneedtotakeamagnifyingglasstothat.Like,aminute,isthisOK?'wewantinsteadtoredirectthosefundstoconcentrateonlower-hazardpartsofthelandscape?"SuchaviewwouldrequireacorrespondingshiftinthewayUSsocietytodayviewsfire,researchersForonethingconversationsaboutwildfiresneedtobemoreinclusiveOverthepastdecade,thefocushasbeenonclimatechange—howthewarmingoftheEarthfromgree呻ousegasesisleadingtoconditionsthatworsenfires.Whileclimateisakeyelement,Moritzsays,itshouldn'tcomeattheexpenseoftherestoftheequation."Thehumansystemsandthelandscapesweliveonarelinked,andtheinteractionsgobothways,"hesays.Failingtorecognizethat,henotes,leadstooverlysimplifiedviewofwhatthesolutionsmightbe.Ourperceptionoftheproblemandofwhatthesolutionisbecomesverylimited."Atthesametime,peoplecontinuetotreatfireasaneventthatneedstobewhollycontrolledandunleashedonlyoutofnecessity,ProfessorBalchattheUniversityofColorado.Butacknowledgingfire'sinevitablepresenceinhumanlifeisanattitudecrucialtodevelopingthelaws,policies,andpracticesthatmakeitassafeaspossible,shesays.disconnectedourselvesfromlivingwithfire,"Balchsays."ItisreallyimportanttounderstandandtryandteaseoutwhatisthehumanconnectionwithfireMoreain2015.exhaustedunprecedentedmanagementeffortsconsumedarecord-highpercentageofbudgetseverelydamagedtheecologyofwesternstatescausedahugeriseofinfrastructureexpenditureMoritzcallsfortheuseof"amagnifyingglass"to .raisemorefundsforfire-proneareasavoidtheredirectionoffederalmoneyfindwildfire-freepartsofthelandscapeguaranteesaferspendingofpublicfundsWhileadmittingthatclimateisakeyelement,Moritznotesthat .publicdebateshavenotsettledfire-fightingconditionsareimprovingotherfactorsshouldnotbeoverlookedashiftintheviewoffirehastakenplaceTheoverlysimplifiedviewMoritzmentionsisaresultoffailingto .discoverthefundamentalmakeupofnatureexplorethemechanismofthehumansystemsmaximizetheroleoflandscapeinhumanlifeunderstandtheinterrelat10nsofmanandnatureProfessorBalchpointsoutthatfireissomethingmanshould .doawaywithcometotermswith[D]keepawayfromPartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandmatcheachofthenumbereditemsintheleftcolumntoitscorrespondinginformationintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(IOpoints)ThedeclineinAmericanmanufacturingisacommonrefrain,particularlyfromTrump."Wedon'tmakeanythinganymore,"hetoldFoxNews,whiledefendinghisownmade-in-Mexicoclothingline.Withoutquestion,manufacturinghastakenasignificanthitduringrecentdecades,andfurthertradedealsraisequestionsaboutwhethernewshockscouldhitmanufacturing.Butthereisalsoadifferentwaytolookatthedata.Acrossthecountry,factoryownersarenowgrapplingwithanewchallenge:Insteadofhavingtoomanyworkers,theymayendupwithtoofew.Despitetradecompetitionandoutsourcing,Americanmanufacturingstillneedstoreplacetensofthousandsofretiringboomerseveryyear.Millennialsmaynotbethatinterestedintakingtheirplace.Otherindustriesarerecruitingthemwithsimilarorbetterpay.Forfactoryowners,italladdsuptostiffcompetitionforworkers—andupwardpressureonwages.hardertofindandhavejoboffers,"Dunwell,presidentofWolverineCoilSpring,afamily-ownedfirm,"Theymaybecoming[intotheworkforce],butbeenpluckedbyotherindustriesthatarealsodoingaswellasmanufacturing."Mr.Dunwellhasbegunbringinghighschooljuniorstothefactorysocangetexposedtoitsculture.AtRoManManufacturing,amakerofelectricaltransformersandweldingequipmentthathisfathercofoundedin1980,RobertRothkeepsacloseontheageofhisnearly200workers.Fiveareretiringthisyear.Mr.Rothhasthreecommunity-collegestudentsenrolledinawork-placementprogram,withastartingwageof$13anhourthatrisesto$17aftertwoyears.Ataworktableinsidethetransformerplant,youngJasonStenquistlooksflusteredbythecoppercoilstryingtoassembleandthearrivaloftwovisitors.hisfirstweekonthejob.Askedabouthischoiceofcareer,heathighschoolheconsideredmedicalschoolbeforeswitchingtoelectricalengineering."Iloveworkingwithtools.Ilovecreating,"heButtowinovertheseyoungworkers,manufacturershavetoclearanotherhurdle:parents,wholivedthroughtheworstUSeconomicdownturnsincetheGreatDepression,tellingthemtoavoidthefactory.Millennials"remembertheirfatherandmotherbothwerelaidTheyblameitonthemanufacturingrecession,"BirgitKlohs,chiefexecutiveofTheRightPlace,abusinessdevelopmentagencyforwesternMichigan.Theseconcernsmisplaced:Employmentinmanufacturinghasfallenfrom17millionin1970to12millionin2015.Whentherecoverybegan,workershortagesfirstappearedinthehigh-skilledtrades.Nowshortagesareappearingatthemid-skilllevels."Thegapisbetweenthejobsthattakenoskillsandthosethatrequirealotofskill,"RobSpohr,abusinessprofessoratMontcalmCommunityCollege.enoughpeopletofillthejobsatMcDonaldsandotherplaceswhereyouneedtohavemuchskill.It'sthatgapinbetween,andwheretheproblemIS."JulieParksofGrandRapidsCommunityCollegepointstoanotherkeytoluringMillennialsintomanufacturing:awork/lifebalance.Whiletheirparentswerecontenttoworklonghours,youngpeoplevalueflexibility."Overtimeisnotattractivetothisgeneration.Theyreallywanttolivetheirlives,"she[A[A]thatheswitchedtoelectricalengineeringbecausehelovesworkingwithtools.Dunwel