2014年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题

--PAGE13-SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Asmanypeoplehitmiddleage,theyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan'tremember1weputthekeysjustamomentago,oranoldacquaintance'sname,orthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthe2,werefertotheseoccurrencesas"seniormoments."3seeminglyinnocent,thislossoffocuscanpotentiallyhavea(n) personal 5

impactonourprofessional,social,andNeuroscientists,expertswhostudythenervoussystem,areincreasinglyshowingthatthere'sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It6outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdo,andtherightmental_7_cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive_.Thinkingisessentiallya 9 ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextent,ourabilityto 10 inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceisinherited.11,becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpractice,scientistsbelieveintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate12effort.Now,anewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep13anddevelopedthefirstprogram"designedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandmental14TheWeb-basedprogram15youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps16ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback17yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantly,it18modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto19onthestrengthsyouaredeveloping-likea(n)20exerciseroutinerequiresyoutoincreaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse.[A]that [B]when [C]why [D]where[A]fades [B]improves [C]collapses [D]recovers[A]Unless [B]While [C]Once [D]If[A]damaging [B]limited [C]uneven [D]obscure[A]relationship [B]environment[C]wellbeing [D]outlook[A]figures [B]finds [C]points [D]turns[A]responses [B]associations [C]workouts [D]roundabouts[A]genre [B]criterion [C]circumstances [D]functions[A]channel [B]process [C]condition [D]sequence[A]persist [B]feature [C]excel [D]believe[A]However [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]Therefore[A]accordingto [B]regardlessof[C]apartfrom [D]insteadof[A]back[A]framework[A]hurries[A]order[A]on[A]habitually[A]carry[A]idle

[B]further[B]stability[B]reminds[B]track[B]to[B]constantly[B]putriskySectionII

aside [D]around[C]flexibility [D]sharpness[C]allows [D]forces[C]pace [D]hold[C]for [D]with[C]irregularly [D]unusually[C]build [D]take[C]familiar [D]effectiveReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Inorderto"changelivesforthebetter"andreduce"dependency",GeorgeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,introducedthe"upfrontworksearch"scheme.OnlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithaCV,registerforonlinejobsearch,andstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefit-andthentheyshouldreportweeklyratherthanfortnightly.Whatcouldbemorereasonable?Moreapparentreasonablenessfollowed.Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseeker'sallowance."Thosefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforwork,notlookingtosignon,"heclaimed."We'redoingthesethingsbecauseknowtheyhelppeoplestayoffbenefitsandhelpthoseonbenefitsgetintoworkfaster."Help?Really?Onfirsthearing,thiswasthesociallyconcernedchancellor,tryingtochangelivesforthebetter,completewith"reforms"toanobviouslyindulgentsystemthatdemandstoolittleeffortfromthenewlyunemployedtofindwork,andsubsidiseslaziness.Whatmotivatedhim,weweretounderstand,washiszealfor"fundamentalfairness"-protectingthetaxpayer,controllingspendingandensuringthatonlythemostdeservingclaimantsreceivedtheirbenefits.Losingajobishurting:youdon'tskipdowntothejobcentrewithasonginyourheart,delightedattheprospectofdoublingyourincomefromthegenerousstate.Itisfinanciallyterrifying,psychologicallyembarrassingandyouknowthatsupportisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;youarenowexcludedfromtheworkenvironmentthatofferspurposeandstructureinyourlife.Worse,thecrucialincometofeedyourselfandyourfamilyandpaythebillshasdisappeared.Askanyonenewlyunemployedwhattheywantandtheanswerisalways:ajob.ButinOsborneland,yourfirstinstinctistofallintodependency-permanentdependencyifyoucangetit-supportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulgeyourfalsehood.Itisasthough20yearsofever-tougherreformsofthejobsearchandbenefitadministrationsystemneverhappened.TheprincipleofBritishwelfareisnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.Eventheveryphrase"jobseeker'sallowance"isaboutredefiningtheunemployedasa"jobseeker"whohadnofundamentalrighttoabenefitheorshehasearnedthroughmakingnationalinsurancecontributions.Instead,theclaimantreceivesatime-limited"allowance,"conditionalonactivelyseekingajob;noentitlementandnoinsurance,at£71.70aweek,oneoftheleastgenerousintheEU.GeorgeOsborne'sschemewasintendedtoencouragejobseekers'videtheunemployedwitheasieraccesstobenefits.guaranteejobseekers'legitimaterighttobenefits.motivatetheunemployedtoreportvoluntarily.Thephrase"tosignon"(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeanstocheckontheavailabilityatthejobcentre.toacceptthegovernment'srestrictionsontheallowance.toregisterforanallowancefromthegovernment.toattendagovernmentaljob-trainingprogram.Whatpromptedthechancellortodevelophisscheme?Adesiretosecureabetterlifeforall.Aneagernesstoprotecttheunemployed.Anurgetobegeneroustotheclaimants.Apassiontoensurefairnessfortaxpayers.AccordingtoParagraph3,beingunemployedmakesonefeeluneasy.insulted.enraged.guilty.Towhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?Unemploymentbenefitsshouldnotbemadeconditional.TheBritishwelfaresystemindulgesjobseekers'laziness.Thejobseekers'allowancehasmettheiractualneeds.Osborne'sreformswillreducetheriskofunemployment.Text2Allaroundtheworld,lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofession-withthepossibleexceptionofjournalism.ButtherearefewplaceswhereclientshavemoregroundsforcomplaintthanAmerica.Duringthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisis,spendingonlegalservicesinAmericagrewtwiceasfastasinflation.Thebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-fullofmoney,temptingevermorestudentstopileintolawschools.Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.Manyoftheminsteadbecomethekindofnuisance-lawsuitfilerthatmakesthetortsystemacostlynightmare.Therearemanyreasonsforthis.Oneistheexcessivecostsofalegaleducation.ThereisjustonepathforalawyerinmostAmericanstates:afour-yearundergraduatedegreeinsomeunrelatedthenathree-yearlawdegreeatoneof200lawschoolsauthorizedbytheAmericanBarAssociationandanexpensivepreparationforthebarexam.Thisleavestoday'saveragelaw-schoolgraduatewith$100,000ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.Law-schooldebtmeansthattheyhavetoworkfearsomelyhard.Reformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.Sensibleideashavebeenaroundforalongtime,butthestate-levelbodiesthatgoverntheprofessionhavebeentooconservativetoimplementthem.Oneideaistoallowpeopletostudylawasanundergraduatedegree.Anotheristoletstudentssitforthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.Ifthebarexamistrulyastemenoughtestforawould­belawyer,thosewhocansititearliershouldbeallowedtodoso.Studentswhodonotneedtheextratrainingcouldcuttheirdebtmountainbyathird.Theotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownershipstructureofthebusiness.ExceptintheDistrictofColumbia,non-lawyersmaynotownanyshareofalawfirm.Thiskeepsfeeshighandinnovationslow.Thereispressureforchangefromwithintheprofession,butopponentsofchangeamongtheregulatorsinsistthatkeepingoutsidersoutofalawfirmisolateslawyersfromthepressuretomakemoneyratherthanserveclientsethically.Infact,allowingnon-lawyerstoownsharesinlawfirmswouldreducecostsandimproveservicestocustomers,byencouraginglawfirmstousetechnologyandtoemployprofessionalmanagerstofocusonimprovingfirms'efficiency.Afterall,othercountries,suchasAustraliaandBritain,havestartedliberalizingtheirlegalprofessions.Americashouldfollow.Alotofstudentstakeuplawastheirprofessionduetothegrowingdemandfromclients.theincreasingpressureofinflation.theprospectofworkinginbigfirms.theattractionoffinancialrewards.WhichofthefollowingaddstothecostsoflegaleducationinmostAmericanstates?Highertuitionfeesforundergraduatestudies.Receivingtrainingbyprofessionalassociations.Admissionsapprovalfromthebarassociation.Pursuingabachelor'sdegreeinanotherHindrancetothereformofthelegalsystemoriginatesfromtherigidbodiesgoverningtheprofession.lawyers'andclients'strongresistance.thestemexamforwould-belawyers.non-professionals'sharpcriticism.Theguild-likeownershipstructureisconsidered"restrictive"partlybecauseitpreventslawyersfromgainingdueprofits.bansoutsiders'involvementintheprofession.aggravatestheethicalsituationinthetrade.keepslawyersfromholdinglaw-firmshares.Inthistext,theauthormainlydiscussesthefactorsthathelpmakeasuccessfullawyerinAmerica.aprobleminAmerica'slegalprofessionandsolutionstoit.theroleofundergraduatestudiesinlegaleducation.flawedownershipoflawfirmsanditscauses.Text3TheUS$3-millionFundamentalPhysicsPrizeisindeedaninterestingexperiment,asAlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyear'sawardinMarch.Anditisfarfromtheonlyoneofitstype.AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,astringoflucrativeawardsforresearchershavejoinedtheNobelPrizesinrecentyears.Many,liketheFundamentalPhysicsPrize,arefundedfromthetelephone-number-sizedbankaccountsofInternetentrepreneurs.Thesebenefactorshavesucceededintheirchosenfields,theysay,andtheywanttousetheirwealthtodrawattentiontothosewhohavesucceededinscience.What'snottolike?Quitealot,accordingtoahandfulofscientistsquotedmtheNewsFeature.Youcannotbuyclass,astheoldsayinggoes,andtheseupstartentrepreneurscannotbuytheirprizestheprestigeoftheNobels.Thenewawardsareanexerciseinself-promotionforthosebehindthem,sayscientists.Theycoulddistorttheachievement-basedsystemofpeer-review-ledresearch.Theycouldcementthestatusquoofpeer-reviewedresearch.Theydonotfundpeer-reviewedresearch.Theyperpetuatethemythofthelonegenius.Thegoalsoftheprize-giversseemasscatteredasthecriticism.Somewanttoshock,otherstodrawpeopleintoscience,ortobetterrewardthosewhohavemadetheircareersinresearch.AsNaturehaspointedoutbefore,therearesomelegitimateconcernsabouthowscienceprizes-bothnewandold-aredistributed.TheBreakthroughPrizeinLifeSciences,launchedthisyear,takesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifesciencesinclude.ButtheNobelFoundation'slimitofthreerecipientsperprize,eachofwhommuststillbeliving,haslongbeenoutgrownbythecollaborativenatureofmodemresearch-aswillbedemonstratedbytheinevitablerowoverwhoisignoredwhenitcomestoacknowledgingthediscoveryoftheHiggsboson.TheNobelswere,ofcourse,themselvessetupbyaveryrichindividualwhohaddecidedwhathewantedtodowithhisownmoney.Time,ratherthanintention,hasgiventhemlegitimacy.Asmuchassomescientistsmaycomplainaboutthenewawards,twothingsseemclear.First,mostresearcherswouldacceptsuchaprizeiftheywereofferedone.Second,itissurelyagoodthingthatthemoneyandattentioncometoscienceratherthangoelsewhere.Itisfairtocriticizeandquestionthemechanism-thatisthecultureofresearch,afterall-butitistheprize-givers'moneytodowithastheyplease.Itiswisetotakesuchwithgratitudeandgrace.TheFundamentalPhysicsPrizeisseenasasymboloftheentrepreneurs'wealth.ahandsomerewardforresearchers.apossiblereplacementoftheNobelPrizes.anexampleofbankers'investments.Thecriticsthinkthatthenewawardswillmostbenefittheprofit-orientedscientists.theachievement-basedsystem.thefoundersofthenewawards.peer-review-ledresearch.ThediscoveryoftheHiggsbosonisatypicalcasewhichinvolveslegitimateconcernsoverthenewprizes.controversiesovertherecipients'status.thejointeffortofmodernresearchers.thedemonstrationofresearchfindings.AccordingtoParagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheNobels?Historyhasnevercastdoubtonthem.Theirendurancehasdonejusticetothem.TheyarethemostrepresentativeTheirlegitimacyhaslongbeenindispute.Theauthorbelievesthatthenewawardsareunworthyofpublicattention.toundesirablechanges.harmfultothecultureofresearch.acceptabledespitethecriticism.Text4"TheHeartoftheMatter,"thejust-releasedreportbytheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences(AAAS),deservespraiseforaffirmingtheimportanceofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencestotheprosperityandsecurityofliberaldemocracyinAmerica.Regrettably,however,thereport'sfailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthecrisisfacingliberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthangood.In2010,leadingcongressionalDemocratsandRepublicanssentletterstotheAAASaskingthatitidentifyactionsthatcouldbetakenby"federal,stateandlocalgovernments,universities,foundations,educators,individualbenefactorsandothers"to"maintainnationalexcellenceinhumanitiesandsocialscientificscholarshipandeducation."Inresponse,theAmericanAcademyformedtheCommissionontheHumanitiesandSocialSciences.Amongthecommission's51membersaretop-tier-universitypresidents,scholars,lawyers,judges,andbusinessexecutives,aswellasprominentfiguresfromdiplomacy,filmmaking,musicandjournalism.Thegoalsidentifiedinthereportaregenerallyadmirable.Becauserepresentativegovernmentpresupposesaninformedcitizenry,thereportsupportsfullliteracy;stressesthestudyofhistoryandgovernment,particularlyAmericanhistoryandAmericangovernment;andencouragestheuseofnewdigitaltechnologies.Toencourageinnovationandcompetition,thereportcallsforincreasedinvestmentinresearch,thecraftingofcoherentcurriculathatimprovestudents'abilitytosolveproblemsandcommunicateeffectivelyinthe21stcentury,increasedfundingforteachersandtheencouragementofscholarstobringtheirlearningtobearonthegreatchallengesoftheday.Thereportalsoadvocatesgreaterstudyofforeignlanguages,internationalaffairsandtheexpansionofstudyabroadprograms.Unfortunately,despite2½yearsinthemaking,"TheHeartoftheMatter"nevergetstotheheartofthematter:theilliberalnatureofliberaleducationatourleadingcollegesanduniversities.ThecommissionignoresthatforseveraldecadesAmerica'scollegesanduniversitieshaveproducedgraduateswhodon'tknowthecontentandcharacterofliberaleducationandarethusdeprivedofitsbenefits.Sadly,thespiritofinquiryonceathomeoncampushasbeenreplacedbytheuseofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesasvehiclesforpublicizing"progressive,"orleft­fessorsroutinelytreattheprogressiveinterpretationofhistoryandprogressivepublicpolicyastheproperofstudywhileportrayingconservativeorclassicalliberalideas-suchasfreemarketsandself-reliance-asfallingoutsidetheboundariesofroutine,andsometimeslegitimate,intellectualinvestigation.TheAAASdisplaysgreatenthusiasmforliberaleducation.itsreportwellsetbackreformbyobscuringthedepthandbreadthofthechallengethatCongressaskedittoilluminate.to1,istheauthor'stowardtheCritical.Appreciative.Contemptuous.Tolerant.InfluentialfiguresintheCongressrequiredthattheAAASreportonhowtodefinethegovernment'sroleineducation.safeguardindividuals'rightstoeducation.retainpeople'sinterestinliberaleducation.keepaleadingpositioninliberaleducation.AccordingtoParagraph3,thereportsuggestsanexclusivestudyofAmericanhistory.agreateremphasisontheoreticaltheapplicationofemergingtechnologies.fundingforthestudyofforeignlanguages.TheauthorimpliesinParagraph5thatprofessorsaresupportiveoffreemarkets.conservativeaboutpublicpolicy.biasedagainstclassicalliberalideas.cautiousaboutintellectualinvestigation.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?WaystoGrasp"TheHeartoftheMatter"IlliberalEducationand"TheHeartoftheMatter"TheAAAS'sContributiontoLiberalEducationProgressivePolicyvs.LiberalEducationPartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregivenmawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsAandEhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Somearchaeologicalsiteshavealwaysbeeneasilyobservable-forexample,theParthenoninAthens,Greece;thepyramidsofGizainEgypt;andthemegalithsofStonehengeinsouthernEngland.Butthesesitesareexceptionstothenorm.Mostarchaeologicalsiteshavebeenlocatedbymeansofcarefulsearching,whilemanyothershavebeendiscoveredbyaccident.OlduvaiGorge,anearlyhominidsiteinwasfoundbyabutterflyhunterwholiterallyfellintoitsdeepvalleyin1911.ThousandsofAztecartifactscametolightduringthediggingoftheMexicoCitysubwayinthe1970s.Inanothercase,AmericanarchaeologistsReneMillionandGeorgeCowgillspentyearssystematicallymappingtheentirecityofTeotihuacanintheofMexiconearwhatisnowMexicoCity.AtitspeakaroundAD600,citywasoneofthelargesthumansettlementsintheworld.Theresearchersmappednotonlythevastandornateceremonialareas,butalsohundredsofsimplerapartmentcomplexeswherecommonpeoplelived.Howdoarchaeologistsknowwheretofindwhattheyarelookingforwhenthereisnothingvisibleonthesurfaceoftheground?theysurveyandsample(maketestexcavationson)largeareasofterraintodeterminewhereexcavationwillyieldusefulinformation.Surveysandtestsampleshavealsobecomeimportantforunderstandingthelargerlandscapesthatcontainarchaeologicalsites.Surveyscancoverasinglelargesettlementorentirelandscapes.Inonecase,manyresearchersworkingaroundtheancientMayacityofCopan,Honduras,havelocatedhundredsofsmallruralvillagesandindividualdwellingsbyusingaerialphotographsandbymakingsurveysonfoot.TheresultingsettlementmapsshowhowthedistributionanddensityoftheruralpopulationaroundthecitychangeddramaticallybetweenAD500and850,whenCopancollapsed.Tofindtheirsites,archaeologiststodayrelyheavilyonsystematicsurveymethodsandavarietyofhigh-technologytoolsandtechniques.Airbornetechnologies,suchasdifferenttypesofradarandphotographicequipmentcarriedbyairplanesorspacecraft,allowarchaeologiststolearnaboutwhatliesbeneaththegroundwithoutdigging.Aerialsurveyslocategeneralareasofinterestorlargerburiedfeatures,suchasancientbuildingsorfields.Mostarchaeologicalsites,however,arediscoveredbyarchaeologistswhohavesetouttolookforthem.Suchsearchescantakeyears.BritisharchaeologistHowardCarterknewthatthetomboftheEgyptianpharaohTutankhamunexistedfrominformationfoundinothersites.CartersiftedthroughrubbleintheoftheKingsforsevenyearsbeforehelocatedthetombin1922.Inthelate1800sBritisharchaeologistSirArthurEvanscombedantiquedealers'storesinAthens,Greece.HewassearchingfortinyengravedsealsattributedtotheancientMycenaeanculturethatdominatedGreecefromthe1400sto1200sBC.Evans'sinterpretationsoftheseengravingseventuallyledhimtofindtheMinoanpalaceatKnossos(Knos6s),ontheislandofCrete,in1900.Groundsurveysallowarchaeologiststopinpointtheplaceswheredigswillbesuccessful.Mostgroundsurveysinvolvealotofwalking,lookingforsurfacecluessuchassmallfragmentsofpottery.Theyoftenincludeacertainamountofdiggingtotestforburiedmaterialsatselectedpointsacrossalandscape.Archaeologistsalsomaylocateburiedremainsbyusingsuchtechnologiesasgroundradar,magnetic-fieldrecording,andmetaldetectors.Archaeologistscommonlyusecomputerstomapsitesandthelandscapesaroundsites.andthree-dimensionalarehelpfulinplanningexcavations,illustratinghowsiteslook,andpresentingtheresultsofarchaeologicalresearch.A A 1 42. 1E 143. 1-44. 1�5_.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Musicmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeopleandsometimesevendifferentthingstothesamepersonatdifferentmomentsofhislife.Itmightbepoetic,philosophical,sensual,ormathematical,butinanycaseitmust,inmyview,havesomethingtodowiththesoulofthehumanbeing.Henceitismetaphysical;butthemeansofexpressionispurelyandexclusivelyphysical:sound.Ibelieveitispreciselythispermanentcoexistenceofmetaphysicalmessagethroughphysicalmeansthatisthestrengthofmusic.(46)Itisalsothereasonwhywhenwetrydescribemusicwithwords,allwecandoisarticulateourreactionstoit,andnotgraspmusicitself.Beethoven'simportanceinmusichas