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第一部份语法概论TOC\o"1-5"\h\z第一节词类2第二节句子……………..……….3第三节从句…………………..….3第二部份基础知识第一节名词4第二节冠词.7第三节代词…………….….…….10第四节数词………….…………..15第五节介词.17第六节连词20第七节形容词和副词…………….24第八节情态动词27第九节动词时态29\o"CurrentDocument"第十节动词语态36第三部份句子种类……………..….38第四部份主从复合句………..…….43第五部份直接引语与间接引语46第一部份语法概论英语的语法主要分作词法和句法两类,换而言之,词类和句子两要素在语法中起着关键作用。因此,我们首先必须弄清词类,句子的基本构成、分类及其共性。第一节词类1、词的分类英语中的词根据其形式特征、词义以及句法作用,分成十类词类英语名称缩写形式例词名词nounn.Paper,bike代词Pronounpron.They,everyone动词verbv.Play,learn副词adverbadv.Often,quite形容词adjectiveAdj.Great,long数词numeralnum.nine,first冠词articleart.a(an),the介词prepositionprep.in,on连词conjunctionconj.but,though感叹词interjectionint.oh,aha2、词类关系(1)冠词、介词、连接词和感叹词不能在句中独立充当成份,称为虚词;名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词和动词能在句中独立充当成份,称为实词。2)副词常修饰动词、形容词和副词本身。3)代词、数词、形容词和冠词常修饰名词,形容词也可修饰某些代词(如不定代词),但要后置。第二节句子1、句子分类句子具有一定的语法结构,比单词和词组复杂,能表达相对独立和完整的意义。句子结构简单句Tomusuallyplaysfootballinafternoon汤姆经常下午踢足球。并例句HeistallbutIamshort.他咼可是我矮。主从复合句Itisobviousthathedidthatthing.他显然做了件事。句陈述句Shehasnothadherlunch.她还没吃早餐。
子疑问句Canyougivemeapieceofpaper?你能给我一张纸吗?功祈使句Let'sgoswimming.让我去游泳吧。能感叹句Whataninterestingstoryitis.多么有趣的故事啊!⑴主语(TheSubject)⑴主语(TheSubject)(3)宾语(TheObject)⑸表语(ThePredicative)⑺状语(TheAdverbial)(2)谓语(ThePredicate)⑷补语(TheComplement)(6)定语(TheAttribute)英语的句子成分可由单词、词组或从句构成,具体划分与汉语相差较大,需特别注意。第三节从句从句有以下几种:分类例句主语从句Whetherhe'scomingornotdoesn'tmattertoomuch.他是否来无关紧要。表语从句Thatiswhathemeant.这是他的意思。宾语从句SheaskedmewhichIlikebest.她问我喜欢哪一个。定语从句TheletterwhichIreceivedyesterdaywasfrommymother.昨天我收的信是我的母亲来的。状语从句Wemusthurryofflestweshouldmissthetrain.我们是赶快走了,以免误了火车。同位语从句Thefactthatyoutoldalieisunforgiveable.你撒谎这一事实不可原谅。第二部份基础知识第一节名词名词是表示人或物名称的词,它分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。具体情况见下表:普通名词(commonnoun)专有名词如:China,LiHua,London个体名词如:student,computer集体名词如team,family,class物质名词如:water,milkenergy(精力)抽象名词如information,anger一般可数,有单复数形式一般不可数,没有单复数形式一、可数名词1.可数名词复数规则变化A)名词直接加s变复数;B)以s,x,sh,o结尾的单词加es变复数;如bus,watch,fish,tomato,potato等。注意:zoo,radio,photo直接加s变复数。C)辅音字母+y结尾的单词,把y改为i再加es;如baby,factory,library等。D)以f或fe结尾,去掉f或fe,变v再加es;如knife,wife,leaf,life,shelf等。可数名词复数不规则变化。A)改变单数名词中的元音字母,如:Foot—feetman—mentooth—teethmouse—miceB)在词尾加一en,如:Child—Childrenox—oxen(公牛)有少数名词是单复数同形,如:SheepfishpeopleC)表示“某国人”的单复数变化单复数同形,如:Chinese,Japanese词尾加-s,如:German—GermansAmerican—AmericansRoman—Romans变-man为一men,如:Englishman—EnglishmenD)复合名词的复数变化:变中心词,如:Ason-in-law—sons-in-law在最后^口-s,如:agrow-up—agrowups.前后名词都变,如:woman-doctor—womendoctorsboy/girl在前时,变后面的词,如:aboy-student—boystudents二、不可数名词不可数名词用[U]表示,包括物质名词和抽象名词,一般只有单数形式,没有复数形式。但它们也有以下特殊形式。1.物质名词和抽象名词借助单位词表示一定的数量,如:Acupofteaasheetofpaperaloafofbreadapieceofadvice2.有些物质名词和抽象名词变为复数后意义有所不同,如:air—airs神气good—goods商品paper—papers考卷time—times时代三、常用国籍的单、复数名称总称(谓语用复数)一个人二个人中国人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese法国人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen英国人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen澳大利亚人theAustraliansanAustraliantwoAustralians俄国人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians美国人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans德国人theGermansaGermantwoGermans归纳记忆:中国人和日本人单复数相同,英国人和法国人把a改为e,其余的在后面加-s。A.agoodinformationA.agoodinformationB.someinformations四、名词所有格A)名词所有格用于人或动物的名词词尾,以及表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词后。Tom'spens,LucyandLily'sroom(共同所有),Lily'sandLucy'sroom(各自所有),Children'sDay,twentyminutes'walk,Guangzhou'sbuilding.B)当表示两个或几个人共同所有的人或物时,只在最后一个人或物后加s。C)of所有格(名词+of+名词):常用来表示无生命的名词所有关系。如:ThewindowsofthehousethephotoofthefamilyD)有些名词如诊所、家、店铺所有格后加's后,可以省去名词。aplanofJim's如:Thedoctor's(医生诊所)atWhite's(在怀特先生家)thebook-seller's(书店)一、单项选择。)1.September10isDay.A.Teacher'sB.Teachers'C.theteachers'D.theteacher's)2.Everymorninghetakesa
A.20minuteswalktohisoffice.B.20-minute'swalkC.20minutes'walkD.20-minutewalk)3.ThereisonlyoneA.man;womanB.man;womenC.men;womanD.men;women)4.Howmanyarethereinthose?A.tomatos;photosB.tomatoes;photosC.tomatoes;photoD.tomato;photos)5.Haveyouseenatthefootofthehill?A.anysheepB.somesheepsC.anysheeps)6.Iamthirsty.Wouldyoubringme,please?A.somebreadB.somewaterC.somecakesdoctorandthreenurseshere.D.somesheepD.someeggs)7.Ifthese)7.Ifthese__A.trouserD.trousersesaretoobig,buyasmallerpair.trousersC.trouseres)8.ThispairofshoesA.costB.costsmuch.C.costesD.costed)9.Thenews)9.ThenewsA.wereD.is_formyfather.B.areC.be)10.Whatbadweathertoday!)11.MyEnglishteachergaveusA.aadviceB.anadviceA.anC.someadviceB.aC.theD.someadvicesD./)12.Thereissomilkintheglass.A.muchB.manyC.lotof)13.Mr.Kingisafriendof.A.Mr.Wang'sB.Mr.Wangs)14.Heoftengivesusbye-mail.D.fewC.theWangsD.Mr.WangC.somegoodinformationD.somegoodinformations()15.workhasbeendonetoday.A.AgreatdealofB.AlotC.ManyD.Alargenumberof
第二节冠词冠词的定义:冠词是一种虚词,用在名词或名词词组的前面,表示名词是特指或泛指。冠词可分为不定冠词和定冠词两种形式。不定冠词的用法1、不定冠词a,an的用法:A)冠词a和an都用在单数可数名词之前,表示某一类人或事物中的一个,或第一次提到的人或事,如:LiPinghasanappleinherhand.李平手里拿着一个苹果。Therearetwelvemonthsinayear.一年有十二个月。B)冠词用a在以辅音开始的名词或名词词组之前,而冠词an则用在以元音开始的名词或名词词组之前,如:aphoto,aking,anexample,anEnglishclass.注意:上面讲的冠词an在以元音开始的名词或名词词组之前,指的是'元音”而不是“元音字母”,因此以元音字母u开始的名词之前只能用a而不用an(字母u的发音是/ju:/,它的第一个音素/j/是辅音而不是元音)。有些词虽然不是以元音字母开始,但如果它的第一个音是元音音素则用不定冠词an,关键是以发音为准。如:auniversity,anhour等。C)一些固定搭配必须带不定冠词a,如:haveawalk散步haveameeting开会havealook看一下havearest休息一下haveatalk谈心haveaparty举行晚会alotof许多apieceof一片的apairof一双的abottleof一瓶的acupof一茶杯的aglassof一水杯的aboxof一箱的haveafever发烧haveaheadache头疼haveagoodtime过得快活定冠词的用法定冠词the有this,that,these,those等意义,用于单数名词或复数名词前。主要用来特指。使一个或几个事物区别于所有其他同名的事物。1.定冠词特指某(些)人或某(些)事物,以区别于同类中其他的人或事物。Isthisthebookyouarelookingfor?这是你要找的书吗?2.定冠词用来指上文中已提到过的人或事物。sawafilmyesterday.Thefilmwasendedateighto'clock.我昨天看了一场电影。电影八点钟结束的。3.定冠词用于表示世界上独一无二的事物或用于自然界现象或方位名词之前。thesun/themoon/theearth/thesky/theworld/thewinternightthesunisbiggerthanthemoon.太阳比月亮大。4.定冠词与单数名词连用,表示毫米一类人或物。Thedogisnottoodangerous.狗不太危险。5.定冠词与某些形容词连用,使形容词名词化,表示某一类人。therich富人thepoor穷人theyoung年轻人thesick病人thenew新和事物theright正确的东西thetrue真的东西thebeautiful美的东西6.用在序数词,形容词最高级的表示方位的名词前。Thisisthemostinterestingbookonmyhand.这是我手中最有趣的一本书。7.定冠词用在演奏乐器的名称的文艺活动,运动场所的名称前。Thearegoingtothecinematonight.他们今晚要去影院看电影。8.定冠词用在江河,海洋,山脉,群岛的名称之前。TheChangjiangRiveristhebiggestoneinChina长江是中国最大的河。9.定冠词用有姓名复数之前,表示一家人。TheGreensareverykindtous.格林一家人待我们很好。不定冠词(零冠词)的场合在交通工具、学科名称的名词前不加冠词,如:ByplanebyboatChineseAmericanhistory在节日、假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前不加冠词,如:NationalDayMondayspringOctober在一日三餐、体育类等名词前不加冠词,如:Heprefersmilkandeggforbreakfast.他宁可早餐吃鸡蛋,喝牛奶。Icookedsomenoodlesforsupper.我晚餐煮了一些面条。一、单项选择。()1.IsCanada______Englishspeakingcountry?A.aB.anC.theD./()2.Canadais______Englishspeakingcountry?A.aB.anC.theD./()3.Icanseealittlewhitesheepinthefield._sheepisNancy'A.AB.TheC.AnD./()4.Thatisusefulbook.A.aB.anC.theD./()5.Thereis_“s”intheword“bus”.A.aB.anC.theD./()6.Mybrotheris_driver.A.aB.anC.theD./
()7.elephantismuchheavierthanahorse.A.AB.AnC.TheD./()8.Whenhewasintroubleyesterday,youngmangavehimahand.TOC\o"1-5"\h\zA.aB.anC.theD./()9.Heranattwokilometershour.A.aB.anC.theD./()10.TheboyonbikeisJim.A.aB.anC.theD./()11.TheYellowRiverissecondlongestriverinChina.A.aB.anC.theD./()12.moongoesroundearth,andearthgoesroundsun.A.A;a;a;aB.An;an;an;anC.The;the;the;theD./;/;/;/()13.Thereiseggontheplate.eggisforyou.A.a;AB.an;AnC.an;TheC.an;An()14.Onemorninghefoundabag.Therewas“s”onthecornerofbag.A.a;aB.a;theC.an;aD.an;the()15.Peopleoftengoswimminginsummer.A./B.aC.anD.the()16.IstheremapofChinaonthewall?Yes,thereis.A.aB.anC.theD./()17.Haveyouhadlunchyet.No,notyet.A./B.aC.theD.an()18.appleonthetableisWeiFang's.oldmansittingonthechair.A.AnB.AC./D.Theoldmansittingonthechair.()19.Whatcanyouseebythelake?IcanseeA.aB.antheD.A.aB.antheD./()20.SeptemberisTeachers'Day.ThetenB.ThetenthC.Theten'sD.Ten第三节代词①代词的分类名词的表示人,事物和抽象概念的词类。根椐名词表达的意义和用法,常见名词可做以下分类名称单词人称你词主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they宾格Me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them物主代词形容词性单数:My,your,his,her,its复数:our,your,their名词性单数:Mine,yours,his,hers,its,复数:Ours,yours,theirs.反身代词单数:myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself复数:ourselves,yourselves,themselves指示代词this,that,these,those,such疑问代词Who,whom,whose,which,what不定代词Some,something,somebody,someone,any,anything,no,noone,every,everything,each,much,many,little,other,another,all,none,one,both,either,neither.关系代词Who,whom,whose,which,that.As相互代词Eachother,oneanother连接代词What,which,who,that下面是部分代词的用法:1.Few,little;afew,alittle的用法:Few和little表示没有多少,含否定意义;afew和alittle表示有一些,有几个,含肯定意义。另外,Few和afew修饰可数名词;little和alittle修饰不可数名词。他们在句中常作定语、主语和宾语。如:HeknowsalittleEnglish.(定语)FewofthemcouldspeakEnglish.(主语)IknowlittleaboutJapanese.(宾语)2.other和another的用法Other泛指"另外的",作定语,常与复数名词或单数不可数名词连用;但如果前面有the,this,that,some,any,each,every,no,none,one,or以及形容词性物主代词时,则可与单数名词连用。例如:Otherboys,allotherbeauty,nootherway,theotheroneanyotherplant,everyotherday,someotherreason等。Others是other的复数形式泛之"别的人或物”(但不是全部)。例如:Somearecarrywater,otherarewateringthetrees.Theother指“两者中的另一个”,常与one连用,作定语修饰复数名词时,表示另一方中的'全部其全余的”。例如:Heheldabowinonehandandhisnotesintheother.Theothers是theother的复数形式,特指"全部其余的人或物”。例如:Ihavegottenpencils.Twoofthemarered,theothersareblue。Another指三个或三个以上中的“任何一个”,“再一……”,“别一个”;作代词或形容词。例如:Ihavefinishedthisnovel,pleasegivemeanother.One...theother指两个人或物构成的一组中的个体;one...another指同一组内的两个个体。例如:Herearetwobooks.OneisforMary,theotherisforJack.Onepersonmayliketospendhisholidayattheseashore,while,anothermaypreferthemountains.all和both的用法这两个词都表示整体,但both指两个人或物,而all指三个或三个以上的人或物;要句中都可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语和定语。例如:Allofusshouldworkhard.(主语)Webothliketogo.(同位语)Welikebothofthebooks.(宾语)Thatisallfortoday.(表语)1.All表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。2.Both和all加否定是部分否定,如果要表示全部否定,分别用neither和none。例如:Bothofusarenotteachers.我们俩不都是老师。(部分否定)Neitherofusisateacher.我们俩都不是老师。(全部否定)neither和either的用法neither表示两者都不;either表示两者中的任何一个;两个词都表示单数,在句中可作主语,宾语和定语。如:Neitheroftheanswersiswrong.(主语)Eithersentenceisright.(定语)Youmaytakeeitherofthebooks.(宾语)It的主要用法Whatisthis?Itisaharvester.(刚提到的事物)Whoismakingthenoise?Itmustbethechildren.(指未明身份的人或物)Itwillbelovelyintheparktoday.(环境情况等,天气等自然现象)Itis6o'clock.(时间,季节)ItisaboutfivemilestotheSummerPlace.(距离)Itisfoolishofyoutobestillworryingaboutit.(形式主语)Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.HefounditdifficulttolearnEnglish.(形式主语)Hemadeitclearinhisspeechthathetooknointerestinpolitics.It'sthoughstrugglethatwelearnthistruth.(强调句)ItwastheWorldtradeTowersthattheterroristsattackedonSept.11th,2001.
强调句的构成:Itis/was+被强调部分(或人或物,或主语宾语或状语)+who/that+其它部分。、单项选择。()1.Shehaslostpen.WillyoulendherA.her;youB.A.her;youB.hers;your()2.Isthiscarfor__?A.weB.myC.me()3.Whoteaches__French?A.weB.ourC.usC.her;yoursD.hers;yoursmineD.ours()4.Isawplayinginthestreetatthattime.A.themB.theyC.theirD.theirs()5.Mikelostnewwatchwhilehewasplayingfootballatachool.A.hisB.heC.himD.himself()6.bookisnewandisnew,too.A.Our;heB.Ours;hisC.My;hisD.My;herTOC\o"1-5"\h\z()7.Theyaregoingtoseeateacherof.A.themB.theirC.theirsD.themselves()8.Thisroomisours,andthatoneis.A.theyB.themC.theirsD.their()9.IlikethiskindofcolorTV,soIwanttobuy.A.itB.oneC.thisD.that()10.Twofriendsofwouldgotohelpyou.A.IB.meC.mineD.my()11.Thereisn'tpaperinthebox.Willyougoandgetforus?A.some;muchB.any;manyC.any;muchD.any;some()12.Therearethirtystudentsintheclass.Somearegirls,areboys.A.anotherB.otherC.othersD.theother()13.----HaveyouanyMends(改进)hereinGuangdong?Yes,Ihave.A.littleB.alittleC.fewD.afew()14.ofthemknewabouttheaccidentbecauseitwaskeptasecret.A.EachB.AnyC.AllD.None()15.WehavefounddifficulttolearnJapanese.A.itB.itsC.thatD.this、在空格处填上适当的反身代词。I'mlearningEnglishallby.Helptosomechicken,children.MaryandJackallenjoyedintheparklastSunday.Heistooyoungtotakecareof.MissLisaidtous,“Theworkishard,butyoumustfinishitMylittlesistercandressnow.Thestoryisveryinteresting,butLiLeididn'ttellitwell.Wecan'trepairtheradio.第四节数词①数词的分类名称例词基数词Eight,nine,nineteen,fourthousand,amillion序数词Eighth,ninth,nineteenth,fourthousandth,amillionth特殊数词类分数2/3twothirds百分数6%sixpercent小数0.5zeropointfive1.基数词基数词相当于名词,在句中可作主语、表语、定语、状语等。如:Threeofthemwillplaybasketball.他们中三个人要去打篮球。Iameighteenthisyear.今年我18岁了。2.序数词序数词除了几个特殊形式外,其余的在基数词后加后缀-th构成,也可作主语、表语、定语、状语等。如:Hewasthesecondtoleave.他是第二个离开的。OctoberthefirstisNationalDay.10月1号是国庆节。顺口溜:“一二三”特殊记,“-th”从“四”加起,怎么加?很容易,八去“t”,九去“e”,“f”来把“ve”替,“ty”改为tie,若是遇到“几十几”,只变个位就可以。数词的用法1.可以表示年、月、日。在表示年、月、日时,“年”用基数词,“日”用序数词。如:2007-6-8:June24,2007或Juneeighth,20072.数词可以表示时刻。如:Sixo'clock6点整aquarterpastsix6点一刻aquartertosix6点差一刻基数词hundred,thousand和million前面有数字时所表示的是实数意义,词尾不得加S。反之可加S。如:Threehundredpeople三百人Hundredsofpeople数以百计的人Twothousandpeople两千人Thousandsofpeople成千上万的人分数的表示法。如:分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于一,分母加S,如:1/6:one-fifth2/6:two-fifths()7.()7.He'sbeenasoldierfornearly5.倍数表示法。如:表示三以上的倍数用time,表示两倍时用twice。如:twinsThreetimesthreeisnine.3乘3得9。Thisroomistwiceasthatone.这个房间有那个房间两个大。Theearthis49timethesizeofthemoon.地球有49个月球那么大6.几个与数目有关的词语。如:Half一半several,afew几个Adozen一打somedozen十几Ascore二十dozens几十Severalhundred几百一、单词拼写。Rosehas(三只)dogs.Thereare(十五个)windowsinthatbuildings.Thefishcostabout(十一)yuan.Wearegoingtostudy(第九)lessontomorrow.Lesson(九)isverydifficult.Thereare(四十三)classesinourschool.Wehavelearned(六百五十四)Englishwords.Whoisthegirlinthe(第二)row.Thereare(成千上万)ofpeopleinthestreet.Hebought(二百)stampslastweek.二、单项选择。)1.HunMeiandLucyaregoodfriends.TheyareinD.ThirdclassA.ClassThreeB.ThreeClassB.ClassThirdD.Thirdclassaway.)2.Howfarisit,please?It'saboutaway.A.hundredofmetresahundredofmetresA.hundredofmetresahundredofmetreshundredsofmetreshundredsofmetrehundredsofmetreshundredsofmetre)3.PeteroftengetsupatB.halfpastfiveA.halfpastsix)3.PeteroftengetsupatB.halfpastfiveA.halfpastsixC.aquartertosixD.aquartertofive)4.Samsaidwewouldmeetatinfrontofthemuseum.)5.A.onethirtyB.halfanhourC.oneandthirtyD.onepasthalfA.Twothreeofthestudentsaregirlsinourclass.C.TwothirdsB.TwothreesD.Secondthree)6.AboutA.thirdfifths)5.A.onethirtyB.halfanhourC.oneandthirtyD.onepasthalfA.Twothreeofthestudentsaregirlsinourclass.C.TwothirdsB.TwothreesD.Secondthree)6.AboutA.thirdfifthsoftheworkersintheclothesfactoryarewomen.B.thirdfifthC.threefifthsD.threefifthA.halfandtwoyearsB.twoandhalfyearC.twoyearsandahalfD.twoyearsandhalfayear()8.Thebuildingismorethanhigh.A.20-metreB.20-metresC.20metresD.20metre()9.InMarxbegantolearnRussian.1870B.1870sC.theyearof1870D.the1870's()10.WhenMr.Linwas,hebecameafamouswriter.A.onhisthirtiesB.inhisthirtiesC.inthetwentyD.inhistwenty第五节介词介词是虚词,不能单独做句子的成分,其后面一般有名词、代词(宾格)或相当于名词的其他词类、短语做它的宾语。介词与动词、名词、形容词常有比较固定的搭配。一、介词的种类简单介词:at,in,off,on,about,under,of,over,past,after,before合成介词:into,inside,onto,without,outside短语介词:accordingto,becauseof,infrontof,outof,insteadof二、下面是部份常用介词的用法:•表示时间时:at强调“点钟”,on强调“日”和“某日的早、中、晚“,in强调“段”,与表示月份、季节、年等词连用。例:Helefthomeonacoldwinterevening.WecametoGuangzhouinJuly,1992.Shegotupatsixo'clockthismorning.•表示在一段时间之后时,“in+时间段”用于将来时,“afte叶时间段”用于过去时。例:Hewillbebackintwoweeks.Shewentshoppingafterhissupper.•表示“直到…”或表示“…才”时,用“till(until)+时间点”。Not…until是“直到…才…”。例:Hedidn'tgotobeduntilhefinishedhishomework.•“During+时间段”是表示“在…期间”,而“by+时间点”表示“到…为止”,“在…之前”例:Mydaughterwantshimtogivehersomeworktododuringtheholiday.•表示“延缓的一段时间”,用for+时间段,表示将来时间,而since+过去的时间点。例:HehasbeeninGuangzhouin1995.•表地点时,at表示在“范围较小的地方”,强调“点”;in表示“范围较大的地方”,强调“空间”或“范围”。例:—WhendidyourfatherarriveinChina?—HegottoShenzhenonthemorningofthe4thofApril.•“across+表面”表示“横过”;“through+空间”表示“穿过”;over表示从上面“越过”例:Thebirdisflyingthroughthewindow.
•表示“之间”时,between表示“在两者之间”,而among表示“三者或三者以上之中”。•在与方位名词”east,west,south,north”连用时,“on”强调“接邻”;“in”表示“在内部”,而“to”则表示“在外部”例:JapanliestotheeastofChina.日本位于中国东部。•表示“用”时,“with+手段”,“by+交通工具”,“in+语言。•“in+颜色”如:inred,inablueshirt”,“on+电器",如onTV,ontheinternet,onthetelephone.•to,of,for,with接人称代词,表示不同意义,to强调方位转移,of本身,for为,with和。•above表示“高出,在……之上(位置)”,“以上,超过,高于(数量、年龄等)。常用的介词短语:★带about的短语:talkabout(谈论,议论,讨论),throwabout(到处扔),thinkabout(考虑,回想),worryabout(担心),whatabout...(怎样)?,beexcitedabout(对某事感到兴奋)。★带with的短语:talkwith(与…交谈,想说服),agreewith(同意),quarrelwith(跟…吵架,不同意)comeupwith(赶上,提出),help...With(帮助某人),catchupwith(赶上,逮捕,处罚),beangrywith(对某人生气),befilledwith(充满着),befedupwith(厌烦),bepleasedwith(对…喜欢,满意于),getonwellwith(融洽相处)。★带over的短语:goover(复习),allover(全部结束,到处),tripover(绊倒),lookover(从…上面看,察看,调查),comeover(过来,抓住),turn...over(打翻,周转,移交给,翻阅)。★带down的短语:sitdown(坐下),getdown(从…)下来,cutdown(砍倒),turndown(向下折转),slowdown(使)慢下来,shutdown(关闭),falldown(倒下),comedown(下来,病倒),writedown(写下),upanddown(上下地),put(something)down(放下某物)。一、单项选择。()1.Hewillcomeaweek.A.inB.onC.atD.for()2.Sheoftenhelpsourmaths.A.withB.onC.atD.in()3.TheTVplayhavebeenontwohours.A.forB.toA.forB.toC.inD.at()4.WeusuallybegintowatchTVsevenSunday.A.in;inB.at;inC.in;onD.at;on()5.I'mgladtomakefriendsyou.A.aboutB.forC.byD.with()6.Haveyouheardyourmother?A.inB.withC.byD.from()7.What'swrongyou.A.with()7.What'swrongyou.A.withB.aboutC.forD.by()8.Hewillgiveusareportthehistoryofourtown.A.inB.onC.atD.for()9.Sheishertwenties.A.onB.atC.inD.for()10.Summercomesspring.
A.beforeB.behindC.withD.afterA.beforeB.behindC.withD.after()11.Eatingtoomuchisbadyourhealth.A.withB.toC.ofD.for()12.Thereisatalltreethehouse.A.onfrontofB.beforeC.afterD.infrontof()13.CanyouwritealetterEnglish?A.withB.byC.atD.in()14.Thankyougivingmesomuchhelp.A.forB.toC.onD.with()15.Wouldyouliketogoawalk?A.forB.toD.overD.about()16.Whenhewasaboy,hewasinterestedscience.A.inB.atC.withD.about()17.It'sfoolishyoutogiveupwhatyoushouldhave.A.ofB.withC.atD.to()18.Tomorrowmorningwe'llleaveBeijing.A.fromB.toC.overD.for()19.Payattentionyourspelling.A.forB.byC.ofD.to()20.Howdoyougotowork,footorbus?A.on;withB.with;onC.by;onD.on;by二、用of,to,for,in填空。Theywentintoashopclothes.Haveyoufoundthekeytheroom.Hereisaletteryou,Rose.Thereisahospitalattheendtheroad.Pleaselookatthenotesthetext.Sheaskedme“What'shomeworktoday?It'sverykindyoutocomehere.It'squitegoodyoutogoonmorningswimming.Itseemsimpossiblemetofinishsuchajobwithouthelp.Whichisthewaythepostoffice?第六节连词含义:连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语及句子与句子的作用。按其意义可分为并列连词和从属连词两大类:种类功能连词并列连词连接平行的词、And,but,or,aswellas,both...and,notonly...butalso,either...or,neither.nor.等。词组及句子。从属连词引导从句That,if,whether,when,after,assoonas,since,nowthat,sothat等。面是关于从属连词的种类说明:引导时间状语从句的连词:as,when,whenever,while,before,after,till,until,assoonas...Example:Thedaysgetlongerwhenspringcomes.引导条件状语从句的连词:if,unless(除非),as/soIongas,incase(万一)…Example:Pleasetellmeifheisathome.Weshallgotheretomorrowunlessitrains.IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeaboutit.注意:条件状语从句和时间状语从句中的谓语动词的时态一般要用一般现在时代替一般将来时;用现在完成时代替将来完成时。Example:Ifyouleaveat6o'clocktomorrowmorning,you'dbettergettobednow.Youcannotleaveuntilyouhavefinishedyourhomework.引导目的状语从句的连词:that,sothat,inorderthat,lest=forfearthat(唯恐,以免),…Example:IshallwritedownyourphonenumberthatImaynotforget.Wewilltellyouthetruthsothatyoucanjudge(判断)foryourself.引导结果状语从句的连词:sothat,so.that,such...that,…注意so.that和such.that的区别:Example:Itissuchaninterestingnovelthatallofuswanttotreadit.(such是形容词,后接名词)。=Itissointerestingnovelthatallofuswanttoreadit.(so是副词,后接形容词或副词)。引导原因状语从句的连词:because,as,since,nowthat,...Example:IdonotwanttogobecauseIamtiredofanyparty.(betiredof厌烦)Ashedidn'tknowmuchEnglish,helookedupthewordinthedictionary.注意:①英语中because和so两者不能并用,二者只可用其一。because,for,since和as作为连词,都有"因为"的意思,都可以用来作为一个动作或情况提供原因或理由,但它们从用法上是有区别的:Because是从属连词,接表示直接原因的从句,往往放在句末(有时也放在句首,直接明白地说明因果关系。因此,在回答why的提问时或原句的just,only,not.butall等副词强调原因时必须用because.For是并列连词,接表示间接原因的并列分句,所说的理由是一种补充。说明For引导的句子一般放在句尾。as和since是从属连词,说明的是已为人们所知的理由。Sinee的语气比Because弱,但比as强。as和since引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。引导让步状语从句的连词:though,although(虽然),evenif(即使),eventhough(即使),while,whether...or,however,nomatterhow/what/who,...Example:Iwillnottrustyoualthoughyouhavetoldmethetruth.Wewerenottiredthough(although)wehadworkedallday.注意:"虽然……但是”是中文中常用的结构,但在英文中"虽然(though,although)”"但是(but)”两者不能并用,二者只可用其一。引导方式状语从句的连词:as,justas(正象),asif(好象),asthough(好象…似的),theway(方式,Example:IwasneverallowedtodothingsthewayIwantedtodothem他们从不让我按自己的意愿行事。Shelooksasifsheisill.看上去她好像是生病了。引导地点状语从句的连词:where,wherever,…Example:Wherethereiswaterthereislife.哪里有水,哪里就有生命。Youarefreetogowhereveryoulike.你可以随意到你喜欢的任何地方去。弓I导比较状语从句的连词:as...as...,notas/so...as,thesame...as,such...as,...Example:Maryisasoldasmysister.Mary和我姐姐一样大。并列连词的种类:1.并列连词and和or:Example:Weweresinginganddancingallevening.表示意思转折的连词:but,yet:Example:IwouldliketocomebutIamsobusy.表示因果关系的连词:for,so,therefore:Itrained,thereforethegamewascancelled.一、单项选择。()1.Ourhouseissmall,it'squitewarmandclean.A.andB.soC.orD.but()2.Hedidn'tgotoschool,hewasill.A.forB.butC.andD.so()3.Thatwasourfirstlesson,shedidn'tknowallournames.A.forB.butC.soD.or()4.Workhard,you'llcatchupwithothers.A.orB.andC.butD.because()5.Mygrandfathercouldreadwritebecausehewastoopoortogotoschoolintheolddays.either.orB.neither.norC.both.andD.notonly.butalso()6.Johntoldtheshopkeeperthattheshoesweretoobigtoosmall.Sohecouldn'tbuythem.A.neither;orB.either;norC.not;notD.either;or()7.Youshouldhelpeachotherlearnfromeachother.neither...norB.notonly...butalsoC.either...orD.both...and()8.I'llgivethenotetohershecomesback.A.untilB.assoonasC.beforeD.since()9.youeatbadfood,youmaybeill.A.BeforeB.WhyC.IfD.Which()10.I'mbusygettingreadyforChristmasIhavenotimetowritetoyou.A.not;untilB.too;toC.so;thatD.neither;nor()11.HeknewnothingaboutthematterMarytoldhimyesterday.A.becauseB.ifC.untilD.since()12.Mr.ReadhastaughtinthatsmalltownheleftCanadain1988.A.whenB.afterC.forD.since()13.Heislisteningtothemusicheiswashingclothes.A.afterB.beforeC.thatD.while()14.WhydidLiPingborrowherapencil?hispenwasbroken.A.BecauseB.WhenC.UntilD.If()15.CanyoutellmetheRedStarHospitalis?A.whatB.whichC.whereD.how()16.Alicewantstoknowhergrandmalikedthepresent.A.thatB.ifC.whichD.what()17.Idon'tknowJanewaslateforclassthismorning.A.whoB.whatC.whomD.why()18.Mr.GreenaskedmeIwasgoingtospeakatthemeetingandIsaid“Yes”.A.howB.whenC.whetherD.why()19.MymotherwascookingIcamein.A.whenB.whatC.whyD.where()20.Isthataboyswimminginthelake?Ican'tfindoutit'saboyagirl.A.if;andB.that;andC.whether;orD.either;or第七节形容词和副词1.形容词修饰名词,副词修饰动词。形容词用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征,在句中可以做定语、表语、宾语补足语。副词用来修饰动词、形容词、其它副词或全句,在句中可以作状语。2.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成。★单音节的在词尾加-er和-est。★双音节和多音节词,在词前加more和most。★不规则及不双写字母。Little,well等常用形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的形式是不规则的,需要重点记。New,slow,few等词不双写w,因ow和ew是"字母组合音节”,而不是"闭音节”。如果一个单词是重读闭音节,但词末是两辅音字母,也不双写最后字母,而直接加-er和-est。Good/well—better—best,bad/badly—worse—worst,many/much—more—most,little—less—least,far—farther/further—farthest/furthest,old—older/elder—oldest/eldestlate—later/latter—latest/last.3.形容词修饰复合不定代词Anybody,anyone,anything,somebody,someone,something,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,none,nothing时,应放在复合不定代词之后。Example:SuddenlyLilycameinandsaidhehadsomethingimportanttotelltheclass.Enough放在后面。形容词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词前;但enough作副词时,它必须放在它所修饰的形容词或副词之后。Example:Iwasnotcarefulenoughwiththeknife.Icutmyself.原级。Very,quite,enough后接原级,as+原级+as(和…一样);notso/as原级+as(不如…)句型也用原级。Example:YoushouldstudyashardasTom.^两者比较用比较级。Than,or(连接两个)表示“较…一些”等两者之间的比较用比较级形式。★三者或三者以上用最高级。表示在…中最…”用最高级形式。常与in,of,among,or(连接三个或三个以上)短语连用。"thesecond/thirdbiggest..."也用最高级。降级less/theleast+原级。降级比较时,无论是单音节词还是双音节词、多音节词,无论是规则词还是双音节不规则词,一律用"less+原级+than从句”表示"不如...”,用"theleast+原级+in/of/among”等短语表示“最不…”。8在比较级前边,可以使用一个副词或短语来表示程度。如:alittle,abit,alot,far,much,even,still,fouryears等。Example:Nowtheairinourhometownismuchworsethanitwasbefore.9.句型"比较级+and+比较级”或者“moreandmore+比较级”,表示越来越…,说明本身程度的改变。10.句型“the+比较级…the+比较级…”表示“越…越…,说明随着前面条件的变化而变化。Example:Themorecarefulyouare,thefewermistakesyouwillmake.一、单项选择。()1.Thiskindofshirtlooksandsells.A.nice;wellB.nice;goodC.well;wellD.good;nice()2.Canyouunderstandme?Sorry,Icanunderstandyou.A.hardlyB.almostC.nearlyD.ever()3.Whichonedoyoulike,thisoneorthatone?A.wellB.goodC.bestD.better()4.Thisradioisofthethree.A.cheapB.cheaperC.cheapestD.thecheapest
()5.ThisisthethirdcityinEngland.A.largestB.largerC.largeD.thelarge()6.Shedoesn'tfell,thoughsheis.A.alone;lonelyB.lonely;lonesomeC.lonely;aloneD.alone;lone()7.Itwasreallyawonderthat()7.ItwasreallyawonderthatA.so;suchB.so;solittlefoodsavedmanylives.C.such;soD.such;such()8.Whostudiesinyourclass?A.hardestB.harderC.hardD.theharderA.hardestB.harderC.hardD.theharder()9.Shedidn'tfeellastnight,butshe'snow.A.good;muchwellB.well;muchwellC.good;morewellD.well;muchbetter()10.Hissistercandrawanartist(艺术家).A.aswellasB.notsowellasC.asbetterasD.asgoodas()11.Shewalkedsothatshemissedthelastbus.A.fastB.quietC.fasterD.slowly()12.Wehaveneverseenfilmbefore.A.soagoodB.asogoodC.suchagoodD.asuchgood()13.Iwillgiveyousomebooks.Good.The,theA.more;betterB.much;betterC.most;bestD.many;good()14.Chinaisoneofintheworld.A.theoldestcountryB.theoldestcountriesC.mucholdercountryD.mucholdercountries()15.Hemadethemistakesintheexam.A.lessB.leastC.fewD.fewest()16.Hedrivesthanhedidtwoyearsago.A.muchcarefulB.verymorecarefullyC.morecarefulD.muchmorecarefully()17.It'sgetting.A.darkanddarkB.moreandmoredarkC.darkeranddarkerD.moredarkandmoredark()18.TomistallerthanMike,butheisnotMike.A.strongasB.sostrongasC.sostrongD.asstrong()19.willtherainyseasonlast?A.HowlongB.HowfarC.HowoftenD.Howmany()20.Hewasn'twithhisknife.Hecuthimself.A.carefulenoughB.enoughcarefulC.carefullyenoughD.enoughcarefully第八节情态动词情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,认为“可能、应当、必要”等。但本身词义不完整,不能单独作谓语动词,必须和不带to的不定式即动词原形连用。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。常用的情太动词有:can,could,may,might,must,shall,should,will,would,need。部分情态动词有过去式,但也有些情态动词没有过去式,如must.can—could,may—might,shall—should,will—would,haveto—hadto®can和could用法:表示“能力、许可、可能性”等。在口语中can可以代替may表示“许可”,而may比较正式,could可以代替can,表示较为婉转。Example:Can/CouldIgonow.(表许可)Someofuscanusethecomputernow,butwecouldn'ttenyearsago.(表能力)Ithoughtthestorycouldnotbetrue.(表可能)注:can和beableto都可以表示能力,意思上没有区别,但can只有现在式和过去式(could),而beableto则有更多的形式。May和Might用法:表示许可或征询对方许可,有能性"可以"的意思。它的否定形式是maynot.译为不可以。但"禁止、阻止"等意思时常用mustnot(mustn't)代替maynot。表示可能性,有“或许,可能”的意思,May和Might加动词原形,都可表示可能性,而Might则语气更加不肯定。Example:Theymay/mightbefromCanada.Must和Haveto用法:表示“必须,应该”。否定形式mustn't表示”不应该、不许可、不准、禁止等。在回答Must的问句时,否定式常用needn't或don'thaveto表示不必,而不用mustn't。因为mustn't表示“不可以“。表示“一定、必须”等推测意义,一般只用在肯定句中。Example:Theremustbesomethingwrong.(表推测)而haveto表示“必须,不得不”。在这个意义上与must很接近,但must表示说话人的主观看法,而haveto却表示客观需要。Example:Everystudentwillhavetoknowhowtousethecomputer.Shall和Should用法:在疑问句中,Shall用来征询对方意见或请求指示,用于第一、三人称。Should作为情态动词,表示“劝告、建议”常译为“应该”。Example:Youshouldkeepyourpromise.Will和would用法:Will表示意志,意愿可用于多种人称。Will在疑问句中用于第二人称时,表示询问对方的意愿或向对方提出要求。Would是will的过去式,用法一样,但语气上比will婉转。Example:Iwilltellyouaboutthis.IpromisedthatIwoulddomybest.一、用适当的情态动词填空。weplayfootballnow?Goodidea!NeedIbeginwithLessonOne?Yes,you.We(not)walkonthegrass.I'msurethatsweaterbemine.No,itbeyours.Jimlefthisbookathome.Heborrowonefromhisclassmate.Johnbeathomebecausehehasjustphonedmefromanearbytown.youlendmeyourbike?Yes,ofcourse.Hereyouare.Idoitnow?No,you.Youmaydoitnextweek.Thereissomepaperforyou.Youbuyany.CouldIborrowyourpen?Yes,you.Ihaveyourname,please?Hesaidhegetupearlierthenextmorning.ThebookbereturnedbeforeSunday.Motherisill.Shestayathomeandlooksafterher.NowDavidspeakalittleChinese,buthespeakJapanese.第九节动词时态一般说来,英语中有十六种时态,先可大致分为:现在、过去、将来和过去将来四大类,而这四大类每类又可分为:一般、进行、完成、完成进行四种,共十六种时态。一、动词的五种基本形式。动词主要用来表示动作、状态和性质,而动作和状态的发生有具体的时间和表现方式,这就是英语中动词的时态。英语中动词的时态由动词的不同形式来表示。英语动词的五种基本形式为:动词原形,第三人称单数,现在分词,过去分词和过去式。如:work—works一worked一worked。动词的五种基本形式变化表形式构成例词动词原形不带to的动词不定式形式,也就是词典中的一般给出的形式be,havedo,learn第三人称单数在动词原形后加-sruns,likes以ch,sh,s,o,x结尾的动词,在词尾加-esteach----teacheswash----washesgo----goes以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,先将y变i再加-esstudy----studiestry----tries
以元音字母加y结尾的动词,在词尾加-sstay----staysplay----plays续表现在分词以不发音字母e结尾的动词,去掉e再加-inglive----livingwrite----writing以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的词,双写该辅音字母后再加-ingsit-sittingbegin-beginning少数几个以ie结尾动词要变ie为y,再^口-ingdie-dyinglie-lyingtie-tying过去式和过去分词)(规则变化)在动词原形后加-edwork-worked以辅音字母加y结尾动词,先将y变为i再加-edcarry-carriedstudy-studied以e结尾动词,直接加-dlive-lived以重读闭音结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的,双写此辅音字
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