核动力推进科普简介-舰艇飞机

NuclearLocomotionTheOnlyWaytoTravelTypesofLocomotionNavalPropulsionSubmarinesSurfaceShipsSpacePowerRocketsSatellitesTerrestrialApplicationsPlanes,Trains,andAutomobilesNavalReactorsCompactPWRsSinglereactorinsubsSurfaceshipscanhavemore(1,2,or8)Uranium-ZirconiumMetalAlloyHighlyenricheduranium(20-96%)>10yearoperationwithoutrefueling30-40yearsinsubmarinesUpto50yearsinaircraftcarriersUpto190MWtNavalReactorsNavalNuclearCountriesUnitedStatesRussiaGreatBritainFranceChinaNuclearPoweredSubsGreaterspeedTravelsfasterunderwaterthanatthesurfaceFreedomfromnoiseLongsubmersiontimesTravellongdistancesIndependentAbilitytolaunchmissileswhilesubmergedTheNautilus(1954)FirstNuclearSubmarine62,000onfirstfuelloadingFirstsubmarineundertheNorthPoleWater-moderatedPWRBrokemanysubmarineendurancerecordsMuseuminGroton,CThttp://MOSTSUBMARINESARE

NUCLEARPOWEREDTODAY!RussianTyphoonSixbuiltin1980sLargestnuclear-poweredballisticmissilesubmarines175m*23mTwoPWRs163crew23,200-24,500tonnes

http:///wiki/Typhoon_class_submarineUSSLongBeachGuidedMissileCruiser1959-1995TwonuclearreactorsAllnewcruiserdesignTraditionalcruiserhullOnlyshipbuiltofthistypeFirstnuclearcruiser/wiki/USS_Long_Beach_%28CGN-9%29NuclearCruisersUSSLongBeach(1959-1995)USSBainbridge(1961-1996)USSTruxtun(1967-1995)CaliforniaClassUSSCalifornia(1971-1998)SouthCarolina(1972-1998)VirginiaClassUSSVirginia(1974-1994)USSTexas(1975-1993)USSMississippi(1976-1997)USSArkansas(1978-1998)USSEnterprise(1960)FirstNuclearAircraftCarrier8nuclearreactors(PWRs)80aircraft3500crewmembers1123feetlong257feetwide250feethighhttp:///NINEADDITIONALAIRCRAFTCARRIERS

BUILTWITHONLYTWOPWRsEACHCivilianShipsMerchantshipsU.S.NSSavannah(1959-1972)Freighterwith60passengercabins600feetlong,20,000tons,80MWtGermanOttoHahn(1964-1979)Operated10yearsandconvertedtodieselpowerJapaneseMutsu(1964-1995)DecommissionedandplacedinamuseumRussianSevmorput(1988-Present)ContainercargoshipRussianIcebreakersLenin(1959-1989)TwonuclearreactorswithfoursteamturbinesHelicopterlandingstripDecommissionedbecausehullwasbeingwornthinfromicefrictionConvertedtomuseum/wiki/Icebreaker_LeninRussianIcebreakersMurmanskShippingCompanyBasedatAtomflotArktika-classicebreaker2nuclearreactorsFirstsurfaceshiptoreachtheNorthPoleOperatesindeeparcticwatersTaymyr-classicebreaker1nuclearreactorOperatesinshallowwatershttp:///wiki/IcebreakerSpaceNuclearPropulsionEjecthotatomsorhotgasesfromtherearofthereactorTwobasicapproachesforconvertingfissionintopropulsionNuclearthermalpropulsionElectricpropulsionThermalPropulsionBasicrocketequationMassoftherocketfull(m0)andempty(m)Velocityofthespacecraft(v)andexhaust(vf)Mass

oftheexhaustgas(Me)Escapevelocity(ve)Gravitationalconstant(g0)Radiusofearth(rE)Boltzmannconstant(k)Exhausttemperature(T)Forearthg0=9.80665m/sec2

andrE

=6371kmFundamentalsofNuclearScienceandEngineering,ShultisandFaw,2002.NuclearThermalRocketSystemPropellanttankhydrogenPropellantflowcontrolTurbopumpThruststructureShieldingReactorNozzlePropulsionsystemNonnuclearsubsystemNuclearElectricPropulsionUsethethermalpowertoelectricalenergythatisusedtoaccelerateions(thenneutralized)toproduceabeamofveryfastmovingatomsLowthrust,smallfuelflow,highexhaustspeedsandhighspecificimpulseExample:HallThrustershttp://.pl/sbarral/ElectricPropulsionElectrothermalelectricityispassedthroughthepropellanttoionizeandheatthegasElectromagneticconfine,heatandaccelerateaplasmaofpropellantionsElectrostaticaccelerateionsbetweentwoelectricgridsSpecificImpulseFigureofmerittocomparethethrust(forceofaccelerationpermassconsumptionrate)Thesmallertheexhaustparticles,thegreaterthethrustEngineTypeIsp(km/s)Chemical1.5-4.5Thermonuclear8.3-9.2Electrothermal8-12Electromagnetic20-50Electrostatic35-100FundamentalsofNuclearScienceandEngineering,ShultisandFaw,2002.Rocketry-NERVANuclearEngineforRocketVehicleApplication1960-1972ModerninterestsNuclearsupplyshipsLunarandMartianBasesDeep-spacetravelReusablerocketsNuclear-ElectricPowerGeneratorsThermoelectric-RTGSNAPoddisotopedecayheatsthehotjunctionSNAPevenreactorheatsfluidthatheatsthehotjunctionThermionicgeneratorsMIRandTOPAZRussianspaceprogramInducedionizationCreatesionpairsastheradiationpassesthroughExcitationofsemiconductorsRadiationvoltaiccellsCollectionofchargedparticlesIntermediateconversionHotjunctioncoldcoldHeatinHeatoutHeatoutptypeholesntypeelectronsloadSatellites-RTGsFirstsatellitelaunchedbyUSNavyJune29,1961(RTGof3W)Sincethenmorethan26spacecraftusingoneormoreRTGshavebeenlaunchedApollopoweronmoonPioneerandVoyagerGalileo,Ulysses,CassiniNewHorizon(Pluto)http://http:///StirlingEnginesNocombustionExternalheatsourceheatsanenclosedgasPistonsaremovedasthegasexpandsandcontractsbetweenaheatsourceandheatsinkMoreefficientTakestimetostartupandchangepowerrateshttp:///USAircraftReactorExperiment(ARE)USdevelopeddesignsandprototypesforaircraft(bombers)inthe1950sPotentiallyflownforweeksormonthswithoutrefuelingCancelledduetohazardpotentialofsuchaircraftanddevelopmentofICBMtechnologyNuclearAircraftSignificantweighttocarryreactorandshielding165,000poundsLargeaircrafthangerneededTwoprototypereactorsbuiltatINL2.5MWtNuclearpoweredflightistechno