文艺复兴时期的文学(英文)

RENAISSANCEHumanism,theNewLearningandtheBirthofScienceTheOverviewofRenaissance英旅1002班徐阳陈菲孙阳阳魏新悦王桥袁林怎么来的文艺复兴最早源于意大利。意大利在当时的欧洲已经率先完成了从封建主义走向资本主义过渡的阶级准备、思想准备和物质准备。马克思曾说，《资本主义生产，最早是在意大利发展》。14、15世纪的意大利佛罗伦萨等地，随着工场生产规模的不断扩大以及生产技术的不断进步，富裕的匠师和大作坊主成为了新兴资产阶级。他们需要取得与自身经济地位相适应的社会地位，需要将本阶级的价值观、思想文化提升为社会主流。但当时的资产阶级还是刚刚登上历史舞台、正在成长的新生力量，为抗衡并最终战胜其时顽固、保守、愚昧而残暴的天主教会，必须找到一种强大的思想武器来武装自己。它必须能唤起大众的觉醒意识，同时应以非暴力、非革命的面目出现。于是，资产阶级将目光投向了古希腊、古罗马时期。他们认为，那是欧洲人都引以为豪的光辉时代，是欧洲文化史上的一个高峰，那时盛极一时的古典自然科学、哲学、文学、艺术和罗马法将可用以同天主教会作斗争的实用的、有效的武器。于是，资产阶级积极倡导《复活》、《再生》古希腊、古罗马文化，掀起了从文化到社会各领域的变革活动。《文艺复兴》即由此得名。

TheheartofRenaissance——FlorenceSocialConditionsintheRenaissanceRenaissanceMansionsPalaceofVersaillesRenaissanceHouseInfluentialThinkersintheRenaissancePetrarch(1304–1374)“Thefatherofhumanism”Petrarcharguedthathumansweregiventheirincredibleintellectualandcreativepotentialbygodandthattheirabilitiesshouldbedevelopedtothefullest.Hebelievedthatsecularachievementsandlearningdidnotconflictwithdevotiontogod.Rather,greatfeatsdemonstratedahigherloveofgodthroughenjoyingthegiftswhichhehadbestowed.ThisbeliefspreadamongintellectualsduringtheRenaissanceandencouragedmanytoquestionhumannatureandtheworldaroundthem.EducationEducationduringtheRenaissancewasstillverymuchtiedtoreligiousorganizations.LutherandtheProtestantscontinuedtogainpowerduringtheReformationandoneofthewaystheyexerciseditwasintherealmofeducation.Theybelievedthattrainingpeopletoreadthebiblewouldmaketruerbelieversandsotheyestablishedschoolswiththisgoalinmind.Themethodsemployedprimarilyinvolvedmemorizationandpassivemimicryofreceived“wisdom”and“truth”,andsowerehighlyunlikelytopromotecriticalthinking.Universitiescontinuedtoevolveandgrowand,withtheinfluenceofhumanism,begantofocusonworldlyratherthanotherworldlyknowledge.AttentionwasplacedontheancientGreeksandRomans,particularlywithregardstothequestionstheyaskedabouthumannatureandthenaturalworld.ANewSpiritofInquiryDaVincimadedetailedobservations,whichwerecarefullyrecordedintonotebooks.ThismethodofinquirywasdifferentfromthemedievalmethodofrelyingoninformationapprovedbytheChurch.Scientistsbeganquestioningacceptedteachingsastheydevelopedtheirskillsofobservation.TheArtsintheRenaissanceWealthyItalianmerchantfamiliesusedtheirrichestosupporttheexplorationofhumanthoughtandimagination.Theybecamepatronsofthearts,financingtheworksofwriters,musicians,philosophers,andotherartistsandthinkers.TheArtsintheRenaissanceLeonardodaVinciisperhapsthemostimaginativeandgiftedfigureoftheRenaissance.Hewasaninventor,artist,architect,musician,andscientist.Hestudiedthemoon’seffectonthetides,initiatedthescienceofhydraulics,andstudiedhumananatomy.Healsodesignedseveralflyingdevices.RenaissanceLiteratureTheItalianpoetPetrarchwasakeyliteraryfigure,whowasperhapsthefirstpersontousethetermRenaissancetodescribethetimeinwhichhelived.Hepopularizedsonnets.

Negativeeffects:

TheRenaissancemovementhadaseriesofnegativeinfluence

：emphasisonthevalueofmantoomuchintheprocessoftransmission,causedpersonaldesiresexpansion,materialcomfortsandextravagantfloodinthelatespread.WhatcanwelearnfromtheRenaissance?Thatsocialconditionshaveahugeimpactonthinking.Thataheterogeneousmixofpeoples,culturesandideasismuchmorelikelytospurcriticalthinkingthanahomogenousenvironme