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62/62一、地名简写ﻫ高级口译听力部分要求考生准确拼写出主要国家的名称和首都。如果要把每个国家的名称完整的记录下来。会很费时间.因此,常用国名的记录方法应常记心中,比如K=Korea,

SD=

Sweden,

SW=Switzerland等等。

有时还可以借助“|-”来表示东、西、南、北、中等方位。例如:the

Republic

of

Korea(ROK,南朝鲜),表示为“—K”;

相应的the

Democratic

People’s

Republic

of

Korea(DPRK,北朝鲜),

就可以表示为“K-",

Central

London,表示为LD.Western

Europe(西欧)表示为“|EU",Eastern

Germany

(东德)表示为“G|”。

练习:ﻫEastern

Europe,

South

Africa,

North

China,

Western

Germany,

South

Asia,Central

Italﻫ

ﻫ二、缩略词ﻫ英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高,如IMP:

important,

ASAP:

as

soon

as

possible.很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词,会对考试大有裨益。

缩略词的写法一般为四种方式:ﻫ

ﻫ(一)拿掉所有元音

MKT:marketﻫMGR:manager

MSG:message

STD:standardﻫRCV:receive

ﻫ(二)保留前几个字母

INFOinformationﻫINSinsurance

EXCHexchange

I

owe

youIOU

In

stead

ofI/O

(三)保留开头和结尾个发音字母

WKweek

RMroom

PLpeopleﻫ

(四)根据发音ﻫ

Rare

THOthough

THRUthroughﻫ

(五)高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表

缩略词原词ﻫAPTApartmentﻫACCAccountantﻫACDGAccording

ACPTAcceptﻫADAdvertisementﻫADSAddressﻫADVAdvice

AMAPAs

much/many

as

possible

AMTAmount

BALBalance

BLDGBuildingﻫCERTCertificate

CMPECompete/competitive

CMUCommunication

CO.CompanyﻫDEPTDepartmentﻫDISCDiscountﻫEXCHExchange

EXTExtentﻫINFOInformation

I/OIn

stead

ofﻫIOUI

owe

youﻫMDLModel

MEMOMemorandumﻫMINMinimum

MKTMarket

MSGMessageﻫPKGPackingﻫPLPeopleﻫPLSPlease

REFReferenceﻫSECSectionﻫSTDStandardﻫTELTelephone

THOThough

TKSThanksﻫTRFTrafficﻫWTWeightﻫXLExtra

large

三、字母、图像ﻫ

o

表示“人”people/person,因为“o”看上去像个人头,它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如:日本人:Jo.

ﻫCﻫ

表示政府,统治:government,governﻫ希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government,

所以就用C来表示govern,

government。governmental

official

可以表示为

CZﻫ

P

表示政治:politics,

political

希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics,

political.那么politician就可以表示为

PZﻫ

G

表示效率:efficient,

effective。ﻫG为效率符号。ﻫ

ﻫQﻫ

表示“通货膨胀”:inflationﻫ因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球.

Aﻫ

表示农业:

agriculture.

agriculture经常用到,所以用首字母代替。ﻫ

ﻫB

表示商业:business。

ﻫC×

表示冲突,矛盾:conflict,confrontationﻫ“C×”中的“×”表示反对,字母“C”将反对的概念缩小为conflict

confrontation。

Wﻫ

表示工作,职业:

work,

employ

等。ﻫ它是work的第一个字母。所以WZ就可以用来表示worker,

Z”

(小圆圈)在字母上方表示employer,

在字母下方表示employee。

ﻫi

表示工业:

industry,

industrial

字母i

像只烟囱,所以用来可以用来表示工业.

ﻫUﻫ

看酷似一个酒杯,在笔记中表示合同、协议(treaty,

agreement)一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示“举杯祝贺”.ﻫ如果在U内填入2,就可以表示为bilateral(双边的),

填入3表示为trilateral

(三边的).

填入在U中填入1表示:

Unilateralism(单边主义),填入m

(multiple)

表示多边主义。ﻫ如果在U上加一个“/”表示谈判破裂。

O

表示“国家”、“民族”、“领土”等:country,

state,

nation,

etc.ﻫgO表示进口,Og表示出口ﻫ

这个符号酷似一把椅子,可以表示主持、主办:chair,

host,

preside

over。

那么在此符号上加Z表示主席,主持人:chairman,

host,

etc.ﻫ

Tﻫ

表示“领导人”:leader,

headﻫ那么head

of

government,

head

of

company

便可以表示为

CT

ﻫ⊙ﻫ

圆圈表示一个圆桌,中间一点表示一盆花,这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等:meeting,conference,

negotiation,seminar,discussion,symposium

这个符号看上像条鱼,所以表示“捕鱼业"等合fishery

有关的词汇。

ﻫO

圆圈代表地球,横线表示赤道,所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的等:

international,

worldwide,

global,

universal,

etc.ﻫ

ﻫJ

表示开心:pleasant,

joyful,happy,excited,

etc。

ﻫLﻫ

表示不满、生气unsatisfied,

discomfort,

angry,

sad,

etc.ﻫ

ﻫEOﻫ

表示听到、众所周之:as

we

all

know,

as

is

known

to

all,

as

you

have

already

heard

of,

etc.ﻫ

表示漠不关心、无动于衷:indifferent,

apathetic,

unconcern,

don’t

care

much,

etc。ﻫ

四、箭头ﻫg

表示到达、传达:go

into,arrive

at,give

to,send

to,present

to

etc.ﻫ

表示导致、引导:lead

to,

result

in,

in

the

direction

of,

etc.

ﻫ表示屈服:submit

toﻫ

fﻫ

表示来自于:be/come

from,return,receive

from,

etc.

表示追溯到:come/go

back

to,originateﻫ

ﻫh

表示上升:up/upward/rise,increase,arise,ascend,

etc。ﻫ

表示发射、投放市场、发行:launch,open,

start,

etc.ﻫ

表示发展、加强、推进:develop,strengthen,

promote,

etc

表示“波折":ups

and

downs,

twists

and

turns,

roller

coaster,

etc.

ﻫ五、数学符号

+

表示“多":

many,

lots

of,

a

great

deal

of,

good

many

of,

etc.ﻫ

ﻫ++(+2)

表示“多"的比较级:moreﻫ

+3

表示“多”的最高级:mostﻫ

ﻫ—

表示“少":

little,

few,

lack

,in

short

of/

be

in

shortage

of

etc.ﻫ

ﻫ×

表示“错误”、“失误”和“坏”的概念:wrong/incorrect,something

bad,notorious,negative,

etc.

〉ﻫ

表示“多于”概念:bigger/larger/greater/more

than/better

than,

etc.ﻫ

ﻫ表示“高”

概念:superior

to,surpass,

etc.ﻫ

表示“少于”概念:less/smaller,etc.

ﻫ表示“低"概念:inferior

to,etc.ﻫ

ﻫ=ﻫ

表示“同等”概念:means,that

is

to

say,

in

other

words,the

same

as,be

equal

to,

etc.ﻫ

ﻫ表示“对手”概念:a

match,

rival,

competitor,

counterpart,

etc。ﻫ

(

表示“在。.。...之间":among,

within,

etc.ﻫ

ﻫ≠ﻫ

表示“不同"概念:be

different

from,

etc.

ﻫ表示“无敌”概念:matchless,

peerless,

etc。

ﻫ~

表示“大约”概念:about/around,or

so,

approximately,

etc。ﻫ

ﻫ/ﻫ

表示“否定”,“消除"等概念:cross

out,

eliminate,

etc。ﻫ

ﻫﻫ

六、标点等ﻫ:ﻫ

表示各种各样“说”的动词:say,

speak,

talk,

marks,

announce,

declare,

etc.

?ﻫ

表示“问题”:question,issue,例如:台湾问题:tw?

ﻫ.

(dot)

这个“.”点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样

“.d"表示yesterday,

“.y”表示last

year,

“。2m”表示two

month

ago.Wk表示weekﻫ“y”表示this

year,

“y2."

two

year

laterﻫ“next

week”,

可以表示为“wk.”

∧ﻫ

表示转折but

yet

howeverﻫ

ﻫ√ﻫ

表示“好的”状态,right/good,famous/well—known,etc。

ﻫ表示“同意"状态,stand

up

for,support,

agree

with

sb,

certain/

affirmative,

etc.ﻫ

ﻫ☆ﻫ

表示“重要的”状态:important,exemplary(模范的)

best,outstanding,brilliant,etc.ﻫ

nﻫ

表示“交流”状态:exchange,mutual,

etc.ﻫ

ﻫ&

表示“和”,“与":and,together

with,along

with,

accompany,along

with,further

more,etc。ﻫ

ﻫ∥

表示“结束”:end,stop,halt,bring

sth

to

standstill/stop,

etc。ﻫ

ﻫﻫ

七、较长单词的处理办法ﻫ-ism

简写为

m

例如:socialism

Sm

ﻫ—tionﻫ

简写为

n

例如:standardization

(标准化)ﻫ

stdnﻫ

-cian

简写为

o

例如:technicianﻫ

techoﻫ

—ing

简写为

gﻫ

例如:marketing

(市场营销)

MKTg

—ed

简写为

d

例如:accepted

acptd

-ment

简写为

mtﻫ

例如:amendmentﻫ

amdmt

—able/ible/ble

简写为

blﻫ

例如:available

avblﻫ

ﻫ—fulﻫ

简写为

fl

例如:meaningfulﻫ

mnfl

出自:

ﻫ口译笔记符号(若干)ﻫ新东方听力口语部

龚学众ﻫ翻译笔记原则:ﻫ学会一字等于一句,看一字想一句,看一句知一句。ﻫ一。

以符号代文字ﻫ以下各符号均可在记录中代替文字

1.

数学符号ﻫequal:

=

boost,

improve,

enhance,

strengthen

:

plus:

+

minus:

-

times:

xﻫdivided

by:

÷ﻫdegree:

℃ﻫpercent:

%

per

thousand:

‰ﻫbetween:|。|ﻫbecause,

because

of,

due

to:

∵ﻫtherefore,

so,

as

a

result,

consequently:

plus

or

minus:

±

versus,

the

ratio

of,

divided

by

ﻫ:ﻫso

on,

etc,

and

so

forth

•••ﻫis

(much)

greater/bigger/larger/faster/quicker/heavier/older…

than;

superior

to,

surpass:>

is

(much)

less/smaller/lighter/younger/fewer/inferior

to/worse

than…:

not

equal

to

not

less

than:

ﻫvaries

as,

in

direct

proportion

to:

∝或∞

ﻫparallel,

is

parallel

to

:

‖ﻫright

angle:

∟ﻫperpendicular,

is

perpendicular

to:

⊥ﻫcircle,

circumference:

ellipse:

0ﻫdiameter:

θﻫtriangle,

delta

:

pressure,

influence:⊥(竖线为向下箭头)

approximately,

about,

nearly,

around,almost:

as

always,

一直,总是,

一贯:≡

into:

contact,

exchanges:∞

conflicts,

disputes,

contradictions:

〉〈ﻫ波折:<〈

belong

to,

is

of

,of:

victory,

ﻫwin,

success

V

by,

with,

%,

in:

/ﻫas

always,

hold

on,

persist,

insist

on

:

wonder,

miracle

!ﻫAbout:

@ﻫOn

the

one

hand:

On

the

other

hand:

∕ﻫRelation,

relationship:

ﻫFuture:

Not

agree:

ﻫNﻫAgree:

Y

Fine,

good:

+ﻫBetter,

much

better:ﻫ++

Bad,

weak:

-ﻫWorse,

weaker:

-

In

conclusion

=〉ﻫEmpty:

O

Representative,

delegation,

delegation:

△ﻫ2.

货币:ﻫsterling,

pound:

US

dollar:

US$

renminbi:

RMB:

Australian

dollars:

#AﻫAustrian

schillings:

Sch

Canadian

dollars:

Can$ﻫEurodollar:

New

Zealand

dollars:

NZ$ﻫJapanese

yen:

3.时间:

时:

hour:ﻫhrﻫminute:

ﻫ'ﻫsecond:

’’ﻫ早:d

中:d

晚:dﻫ日:ﻫthe

day

before

yesterday:

”d

ﻫyesterday:

’d

today:

dﻫtomorrow:

d’

the

day

after

tomorrow:

d’

day

by

day,

everyday:

dd

夜:

last

night:'nﻫtonight:

nﻫnext

night:

n’ﻫ周:

the

week

before

last:

"wﻫlast

week:

’wﻫthis

week:

wﻫnext

week:

w

'ﻫthe

week

after

next

:

w'’

周日:ﻫMonday:

1w

Tuesday:

2wﻫWednesday:

3w

Thursday:

4w

Friday:

5w

Saturday:

6w

Sunday:

7wﻫ月:

the

month

before

last:

”mﻫlast

month:

’m

this

month:

next

month:

m’ﻫthe

month

after

next:

m’'ﻫ月初:ﻫ月中:

12月上旬、中旬、月底/下旬:12、12、

12

ﻫ月份:

January:

1m

February:

2m

March:

3m

April:

4mﻫMay:

5mﻫJune:

6m

July:

7m

August:

8m

September:

9m

October:

10mﻫNovember:

11m

December:

12dmﻫ年:ﻫlast

year:

’yﻫthis

year:

next

year:

y’ﻫthe

year

after

next:

y’’

年初:yﻫ年中:y

年底:yﻫ1949年前:/49ﻫ1949年后:49/

1949年底:49ﻫ世纪:Cﻫuo

to

now,

until:

┫ﻫsince,ever

since:

山水之间:ω∕∽ﻫ国内外:

4.度量衡:ﻫmeter:

m

centimeter:

cm

minimeter:

mmﻫmile:

mi

nautical

mile:

nmﻫinch:

in.

foot:

ft

knot:

ktﻫacre:

A

5.数字:

①数字全用阿拉伯数字代替ﻫ②000:,

例如,65000:65,;

7000000:7,,

1978:

'78ﻫ(3)

00:ﻫ.

例如,700:

7。

6.介词、连词:

because,

because

of,

due

to:

therefore,

so,

as

a

result,

consequently:

∵ﻫabout:

around,:

above,

on,

over:某文字或符号上加一点•,如“河上:

after:

|,

例如,20年以后:

20y½ﻫagainst:

as:

at:ゝﻫbefore,

beyond,

in

front

of:

•|

例如,20年以:½

20y

below,

beneath,

under:

某文字或符号下加一点•,如“水下:~符号下加•”ﻫbetween:

|•|ﻫbut:/

ﻫfor:4

inside,

within,include

)ﻫout

of:

ﻫtherefore,

so,

as

a

result,

consequently:

∵ﻫto:

up:

with:

+ﻫ7.变化:ﻫ增,升,加,长,上:

arise,

ascend,

climb,

develop,

grow,

rise,

go

up,

get

up,

increase,

roar,

skyrocket,soar,

strengthen,

up:

↑ﻫ降,减,下:

down,

to,

decline,descend,

drop,fall,

go

down,

reduce,

shrink:

and,in

addition

to,

furthermore,

further,

more:

+

8.来往:ﻫarrive

in,

cause,

come

to,export

to,

give

to,

lead

to,

present

to,

result

to,

send

to,

submit

to:→

come

from,

import

from,

receive

from:

←ﻫ9.好坏、好恶:

bad,

wrong,

faulty,

false,

hate,

notorious,

incorrect:

accept,

agree,

certain,

correct,

famous,fine,

good,

like,

love,

right,

affirmative,

ﻫsatisfy,

sure,

want,

well—known:√

例如,“我赞成你的观点:I

ur

”ﻫﻫ10。辩论,说,观点、协议:

①comment,

say,

speak:

②观点viewpoint、看法、难点,point:•,如“我说几点:I

:几•",

③agreement,

accord,

treaty,

contract:

∪,例如:双边协议:2∪

11.公用标志:ﻫcopy

right:

registered

mark:ﻫﻫ12.会见、会议:ﻫconference,

discussion,

meet,

meeting,

negotiation,

seminar,

workshop:⊙,例如:三边圆桌会议:3⊙ﻫ13.国家、政治、民族:ﻫ①country,

state,

nation:

②政府:zf

③leader,

manager,

president,

schoolmaster,

director:∧ﻫ14。江河湖海水:

ocean,

sea,

river,

lake,

brook,

stream:

~

15:桌,椅,凳,几,床,楼,房:

︹,如:“在椅子上:︹(上加一短横)”,“在桌子下:︹

(下加一短横)”

16.all

in

all,

finally,

in

conclusion,

in

a

word,

totally:

ﻫΣ

17.hills,

mountain:ﻫω,

如“

山上:

“ω”上加一点;

“爬山:/ω”

18.look,

look

after,

look

into,

investigate,

witness:

横椭圆中间加一点,如“我今天来看看:I

d

(横椭圆中间加一点)

u”

19.

anger,

excited,

happy:

!

20.

why

when,

where,

which,

who,

how:ﻫ?

加最后一个字母

,例如,“你去哪:?

→"特殊符号:ﻫand,

with,

together

with,

accompany

:

+

too,

to,

two:

2ﻫinclude,

inclusive,

including,

among,

inside,

within

ﻫmaintaining

peace

and

stability:

◎ﻫ二.

以首字母代文字ﻫac:

aircraftﻫas

soon

as

possibly:

asap

as

early

as

possible:

aesp

at

least:

al

carbon

copy:

cc

care

of:

c/o

上海:SH

北京:BJ

联合国儿童基金会:UNICEFﻫ联合国教科文组织:UNESCOﻫ.。..。。ﻫ三.

中英(符号)混合代文字ﻫ资本主义:资’

四个现代化:4m

peace-keeping:

维pﻫoppose,

against,

disagree:

o反,

a反,

d反

第三世界:3w

三维:

3Dﻫ中国人:ch人

四.

以缩写代文字ﻫacknowledge:

ack

advice:

advﻫafter:

aft

extra:

x

……

五.

以汉字代英文ﻫsentence:

……ﻫ六.

以前三个字母代替长单词ﻫcor=

corporationﻫ……

七.特简符号:

for:

4

……ﻫ出自:

口译笔记速记符号归总

1。

Note-taking

symbols

and

abbreviations

for

your

reference:

Abbreviations

in

Note

taking

Use

only

the

abbreviations

that

fit

your

needs

and

that

you

will

remember

easily.

good

idea

is

to

introduce

only

a

few

abbreviations

into

your

note

taking

at

a

time.

Symbols

helpful

in

math

——

these

are

commonly

used

in

texts

and

references.

ﻫS

=

sum

f

=

frequency

ﻫLeave

out

periods

in

standard

abbreviations。

cf

compare

e。g。

=

example

dept

=

department

Use

only

the

first

syllable

of

a

word.

ﻫpol

=

politics

ﻫdem

=

democracy

lib

=

liberal

ﻫcap

=

capitalism

ﻫUse

entire

first

syllable

and

only

1st

letter

of

2nd

syllable.

ﻫpres

presentation

subj

=

subject

ind

=

individual

cons

=

conservative

Eliminate

final

letters.

Use

just

enough

of

the

word

to

form

a

recognizable

abbreviation.

assoc

=

associate

ﻫbiol

=

biology

info

=

information

ach

achievement

chem

=

chemistry

ﻫmax

=

maximum

intro

introduction

conc

=

concentration

ﻫmin

=

minimum

rep

=

repetition

Omit

vowels,

retain

only

enough

consonants

to

give

a

recognizable

skeleton

of

the

word.

ﻫppd

=

prepared

ﻫprblm

problem

ﻫestmt

=

estimate

ﻫbkgd

background

gvt

=

government

Use

an

apostrophe

in

place

of

letters.

ﻫam't

=

amount

cont'd

=

continued

ﻫgov’t

=

government

educat’l

=

educationalﻫ

Form

the

plural

of

a

symbol

or

abbreviated

word

by

adding

s。

chpts

=

chapters

egs

examples

fs

=

frequencies

ﻫintros

=

introductions

Use

to

represent

ing

endings.

ﻫckg

=

checking

ﻫestg

=

establishing

decrg

=

decreasing

ﻫexptg

=

experimenting

Spell

out

short

words

such

as

in,

at,

to,

but,

for,

and

key.

Abbreviations

or

symbols

for

short

words

will

make

the

notes

too

dense

with

shorthand.

Leave

out

unimportant

words。

Leave

out

the

words

a

and

the.

ﻫIf

a

term,

phrase,

or

name

is

written

out

in

full

during

the

lecture,

substitute

initials

whenever

the

term,

phrase,

or

name

is

used

again。

For

example,

Center

for

Aerospace

Sciences

becomes

CAS

thereafter.

ﻫUse

symbols

for

commonly

recurring

connective

or

transitional

words.

&

=

and

w/

=

with

w/o

without

ﻫvs

against

\

=

therefore

=

=

is

or

equal

ﻫUse

technical

symbols

where

applicable。

ﻫzb

German,

for

example

ﻫibid

=

Latin,

the

same

work

ﻫo

=

degrees

H2O

water

ﻫﻫMore

reference:

Use

standard

maths,

accounting,

and

science

symbols。

Examples:

plus

ﻫ//

parallel

Use

standard

abbreviations

and

leave

out

full

stops。

Examples:

eg

example

ﻫIT

dept

Information

Technology

department

ﻫUK

United

Kingdom

ﻫUse

only

the

first

syllable

of

a

word.

Examples:

mar

marketing

ﻫcus

customer

cli

client

Use

the

entire

first

syllable

and

the

first

letter

of

the

second

syllable。

Examples:

ﻫsubj

subject

ﻫbudg

budget

ind

individual

To

distinguish

among

various

forms

of

the

same

word,

use

the

first

syllable

of

the

word,

an

apostrophe,

and

the

ending

of

the

word.

Examples:

ﻫtech'gy

technology

gen'ion

generalisation

del’y

delivery

Use

just

enough

of

the

beginning

of

a

word

to

form

recognisable

abbreviation。

Examples:

assoc

associated

ﻫach

achievement

info

information

ﻫOmit

vowels

from

the

middle

of

words,

retaining

only

enough

consonants

to

provide

recognisable

skeleton

of

the

word。

Examples:

bkgd

background

ﻫmvmt

movement

ﻫprblm

problem

Form

the

plural

of

symbol

or

abbreviated

word

by

adding

's.'

Examples:

custs

customers

fs

frequencies

ﻫ/s

ratios

Use

'g'

to

represent

'ing'

endings.

Examples:

ﻫdecrg

decreasing

ﻫckg

checking

estblg

establishing

Spell

out,

rather

than

abbreviate

short

words.

Examples:

ﻫin

,but

,as

,key

ﻫLeave

out

unimportant

verbs.

Examples:

is

,was

,were

ﻫLeave

out

unnecessary

articles.

Examples:

,an

,the

ﻫIf

a

term,

phrase,

or

name

is

initially

written

out

in

full

during

the

talk

or

meeting,

initials

can

be

substituted

whenever

the

term,

phrase,

or

name

is

used

again.

Example:

January

Advertising

Campaign

Budget

JACB

ﻫUse

symbols

for

common

connective

or

transition

words.

Examples:

atﻫ2

to

for

and

ﻫw/

with

ﻫw/o

without

vs

against

ﻫCreate

your

own

set

of

abbreviations

and

symbols.

You

may

wish

to

develop

separate

sets

of

symbols

and

abbreviations

for

different

courses

or

subjects.

Other

Symbols

and

Abbreviations

as

result

of

/

consequences

of

〈—-->

ﻫresulting

in

--->

ﻫand

/

also

+

ﻫequal

to

/

same

as

=

following

ff

most

importantly

ﻫless

than

<

greater

than

especially

esp/

(后面重复的就不打了……英文版的相信各位考口译的有这个能力看明白^_^)

出自:ﻫ口译笔记技巧与符号

英文版ﻫ

ﻫ====

Ask

yourself

====

1.Did

I

use

complete

sentences?

They

are

generally

a

waste

of

time.

2.Did

I

use

any

form

at

all?

Are

my

notes

clear

or

confusing?

ﻫ3。Did

I

capture

main

points

and

all

subpoints?

ﻫ4。Did

streamline

using

abbreviations

and

shortcuts?

If

you

answered

no

to

any

of

these

questions,

you

may

need

to

develop

some

new

note-taking

skills!

====

Guidelines

for

Note-Taking

====ﻫ1.Concentrate

on

the

lecture

or

on

the

reading

material.

2.Take

notes

consistently.

ﻫ3。Take

notes

selectively。

Do

NOT

try

to

write

down

every

word.

Remember

that

the

average

lecturer

speaks

approximately

125—140

words

per

minute,

and

the

average

note—taker

writes

at

a

rate

of

about

25

words

per

minute.

ﻫ4.Translate

ideas

into

your

own

words。

ﻫ5。Or

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