人体内脏的功能上课讲义

人体内脏的功能Exercise语言和语言学Exercise语言和语言学

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Exercise语言和语言学Exercise11LanguageandLinguistics语言和语言学1. AccordingtoF.deSaussure,_______referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity. A.parole B.PerformanceC.langue D.Language2. Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween_______andmeanings. A.sense B.sounds C.objects D.ideas3. Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_______, A.displacement B.duality C.flexibility D.culturaltransmission4. Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalled_______________. A.generallinguistics B.Sociolinguistics C.psycholiguistics D.aplliedlinguistics5. Thedescriptiongofalanguageatsomepointintimeisastudy___________ A.diachronic B.synchronic C.descrpitve D.prescriptive6. Findingsinlinguisticsstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesolutionsofsomepracticalproblems,thestudyofsuchapplicationsisknownas__________. A.anthropologicallinguistics B.computationallinguistics C.appliedlinguistics D.mathematicallinguistics7. Whichofthefollowingisn’tamajorbranchoflinguistics? A.Phonology B.Syntax C.Pragmatics D.Speech8. Asmodernlinguisticsaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,andnottolaydownrulesfor“correct”linguisticbehaviour,itissaidtobe____. A.prescriptive B.sociolinguistic C.descriptive D.Psycholinguistic9. ThefamousquotationfromShakespeare'splay“RomeoandJuliet”‘Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet’wellillustrates________.? A.theconventionalnatureoflanguage? B.thecreativenatureoflanguage? C.theuniversalityoflanguage? D.thebigdifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanimalcommunication10. Chomskyusestheterm_________torefertotheactualrealizationofalanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication. A.langue B.competence C.parole D.performance11. AccordingtoChomsky,whichistheidealuser'sinternalizedknowledgeofhislanguage? A.competence B.parole C.performance D.langue12. WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutlanguageisNOTtrue? A.Languageisasystem B.Languageissymbolic C.Animalsalsohavelanguage D.Languageisarbitrary13. Thefunctionofthesentence"Aniceday,isn'tit?"is________. A.informative B.phatic C.directive D.performative14. Whatisthemostimportantfunctionoflanguage? A.Interpersonal B.Phatic C.Informative D.Metalingual15. Thefunctionofthesentence“Whatabeautifulday!”is____________. A.performative B.emotive C.informative D.phatic16. Saussuretooka(n)_______viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma________pointofview. A.sociological…psychological B.psychological…sociological C.applied…pragmatic D.semantic…linguistic17. Thestudyof_________doesNOTformthecoreoflinguistics. A.semantics B.pragmatics C.computer-linguistics D.phonology18. __________isregardedasthe“fatherofmodernlinguistics”? A.Chomsky B.Saussure C.Halliday D.Whorf19. Whichwordistheabsolutearbitraryone? A.bang B.headache C.rose D.impolite20. _________aretwosub-branchesoflinguisticsthatstudytheunitsatthegrammaticallevel. A.Morphologyandsemantics B.Morphologyandsyntax C.Syntaxandsemantics D.Morphologyandphonology21. Theterm________linguisticsmaybedefinedasawayofreferringtotheapproachwhichstudieslanguagechangeovervariousperiodsoftimeandatvarioushistoricalstages. A.synchronic B.diachronic C.comparative D.historicalcomparative22. Childrencanspeakbeforetheycanreadorwriteshowsthat________. A.languageisarbitrary B.languageisusedforcommunication C.languageisbasicallyvocal D.languageisproductive23. Whichofthefollowingisoneofthetwocorebranchesoflinguistics. A.Morphology B.sociolinguictic C.psycholinguistics D.anthropology24. Thedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceisproposedby______. A.Saussure B.Chomsky C.Halliday D.thePragueSchool25. Whatarethedualstructuresoflanguage? A.soundsandletters B.soundsandmeanings C.lettersandmeaning D.soundsandsymbolsExercise12Phonetics语音学1. Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingare____sounds. A.voiceless B.voiced C.vowel D.consonant2. __________isavoicedalveolarstop. A.[z] B.[d] C.[k] D.[b]3. Thesound[f]is_________________. A.voicedpalatalaffricate B.voicedalveolarstop C.voicelessvelarfricative D.voicelesslabiodentalfricative4. A_______vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition. A.back B.central C.front D.middle5. Liquidsareclassicifiedinthelightof__________. A.mannersofarticulation B.placeofarticualtion C.placeoftongue D.nonoftheabove6. InEnglish,thereisonlyoneglottal,itis_________. A.[l] B.[h] C.[k] D.[f]7. Thedifferncebetween[u]abd[u:]uscausedby_________. A.theopenessofthemouth B.theshapeofthelips C.thelengthofthevowels D.noneoftheabove8. Ofallthespeechorgans,the____is/arethemostflexible. A.mouth B.lips C.tongue D.vocalcords9. AllthebackvowelsinEnglisharepronouncedwithrounded-lips,i.e.rounded,EXCEPT________. A.[a:] B.[u:] C.[?] D.[u]10. ____________isthestudyofallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguage. A.Morphology B.Phonetics C.Phonology D.Syntax11. Whichofthefollowingsoundsisabackvowel? A.[i] B.[w] C.[e] D.[u]12. [p]isdifferentfrom[k]in___________. A.themannerofarticulation B.theshapeoflips C.thevibrationofthevocalcord D.theplaceofarticulation13. Intermsoftheplaceofarticulation，thefollowingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]sharethefeatureof_______. A.palatal B.alveolar C.bilabial D.dental14. Voicingasaqualityofspeechsoundsiscausedbythevibrationof_______. A.thevelum B.thevocalcords C.theglottis D.theuvula15. [e]isdifferentfrom[a]in_________. A.theshapeofthelips B.theheightofthetongue C.thepartofthetonguethatisraised D.thepositionofthesoftplace16. Wherearethevocalcords? A.Inthemouth B.Inthenasalcavity C.Abovethetongue D.Insidethelarynx17. WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtothethreeresonatingcavities? A.thepharynx B.thenasalcavity C.thelarynx D.theoralcavity18. “TheAdam’sApple”is____________. A.akindofapple B.relatedtoAdam C.thefrontpartoflarynx D.onthetopoflarynx19. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueforvowels? A.Vowelsaresonorants. B.Intheproductionofvowels,thereisnoobstructionofair. C.Tongueheightisonecriteriontodistinguishvowels. D.Vowelsarealsocalledobstruents.20. WhichofthefollowingEnglishsoundsisNOTbilabial? A.[b] B.[m] C.[n] D.[p]Exercise13Phonology音位学1. Since/p/and/b/arephoneticallysimilar,occurinthesameenvironmentsandtheycandistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobe___________. A.inphonemiccontrast B.incomplementarydistribution C.theallophones D.minimalpair2. Distinctivefeaturescanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled_______. A.phoneticcomponents B.immediateconstituents C.suprasegmentalfeatures D.semanticfeatures3. A(n)___________isaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit,acollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures. A.phone B.sound C.allophone D.phoneme4. Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledthe____ofthatphoneme. A.phones B.sounds C.phonemes D.allophones5. Whichofthefollowingisatypicaltonelanguage? A.English B.Chinese C.French D.Alloftheabove6. Usually,suprasegmentalfeaturesinclude________,lengthandpitch. A.phoneme B.speechsounds C.syllables D.stress7. _________studiesthesoundsysteminacertainlanguage. A.Phonetics B.Semantics C.Pragmatics D.Phonology8. __________areusedtofindthephonemesofalanguage. A.Minimalpairs B.Freevariation C.Constrastivedistribution D.Complementarydistribution9. Ifthetwosimilarsoundsegmentsneveroccurinthesamephoneticenviornment,thentheyare________. A.twoseparatephonemes B.twoallophonesofaphoneme C.twofreevariationsofaphoneme D.aminimalpair10. Whichofthefollowingisnotasuprasegmentalfeature? A.Aspiration B.Intonation C.Stress D.Tone11. Whereistheprimarystressoftheword“phonology”? A.pho B.no C.lo D.gy12. Ofthefollowingsoundcombinations,only_______ispermissibleaccordingtothesequentialrulesinEnglish.(?????) A.kibl??????????? B.bkil??????????? C.ilkb?????????? D.ilbk13. Whichofthefollowinggroupsofwordsiaaminimalpair? A.but–pub B.wet–which C.pin-pen D.fail-find14. _______isanindispensiblepartofasyllable. A.Coda B.Onset C.Stem D.Peak15. Amongthefollowing,thepartsofspeechthatisnormallyunstressedinanEnglishsentenceare__________. A.Nouns B.Verbs C.Adverbs D.Prepositions16. WhichofthefollowingisNOTaminimalpair? A.cat/bat B.put/but C.jig/pig D.sit/bit17. Iftwosoundsareincomplenetraydistribution,theyare_______ofthesamephoneme. A.symbols B.allophones C.phones D.signs18. Intheproductionofaconsonantsatleast________articualtiorsareinvolved. A.two B.one C.three D.four19. _________involvemorethanonemannersofarticulation. A.Stops B.Fricatives C.Affricates D.Laterals20. Voicelesssoundsareproducedwhenthevocalfoldsare__________. A.closed B.apart C.totallyclosed D.completelyopenExercise14Morphology形态学1. _________isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed. A.Syntax B.Grammar C.Morphology D.Morpheme2. _________areoftenthoughttobethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguagebythelinguists. A.Words B.Morphemes C.Phonemes D.Sentences3. “-s”intheword“books”is_______. A.aderivativeaffix B.astem C.aninflectionalaffix D.aroot4. Theword“simplifications”has______morphemesinit. A.2 B.3 C.4 D.55. Thewordsthatcontainonlyonemorphemearecalled_________. A.boundmorphemes B.affixes C.freemorphemes D.roots6. WhichofthefollowingisNOTafreemorpheme? A.book B.boyish C.bet D.child7. Theword“sitcom”isa(n)______________. A.blendedword B.abbreviatedword C.compoundword D.clippedword8. Ofallthefollowingaffixes,whichisdifferentfromothers? A.–ful B.-ly C.-ed D.-ity9. WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword? A.gasstation B.town-planning C.headache D.medicare10. Theword“fridge”isformedthrough_________. A.compounding B.blending C.clipping D.backformation11. Whichofthefollowingisatypicalexampleofbackformation? A.edit B.write C.put D.cook12. WhichofthefollowingisNOTinventedbywayofacronym? A.NATO B.APEC C.AIDS D.smog13. WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtotheallomorphsoftheEnglishpluralmorpheme? A.[s] B.[z] C.[ei] D.[is]14. Ofallthefollowingfourwords,whichoneisdifferentfromtheotherthreeintermsofword-formation? A.National B.E-mail C.Brunch D.Medicare15. Howmanyboundmorphemesarethereintheword“internationalism”? A.2 B.4 C.3 D.116. Thetwoaspectstothemeaningofawordaredenotationand___________. A.?indication?????? B.?connotation??? C.conversation???????? D.implication17. A________wordisacombinationoftwoormorewordswhichfunctionsasasingleword. A.??compound???? B.blend???? C.shortened???????????? D.clipped18. Theword“typhoon”originatedin________.? A.?Japanese?????? B.French???? C.?Chinese?????????????? D.Spanish19. Intermsoflexicology,awordisacombinationofsoundand________. A.?spelling?????? B.writing???? C.?meaning??????????????????D.pronunciation20. Thedifferentformsofamorphemearecalled________.A.?morphs?????? B.?freeforms??? C.?allomorphs????????????D.roots21. ___________arewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedaswords. A.?clippedwords?????? B.compounds???? C.?blends?????????????????? D.acronyms22. Intheword“internationalism”,_________istheroot. A.inter B.nation C.al D.ism23. WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword? A.pencilbox B.friedliness C.deadline D.upstair24. Thebasicunitinthestudyofmorphologyis________. A.theinternalstrucutre B.word C.therulesbywhichwordsareformedD.morpheme25. Whenthesuffix________isaddedtoanoun,itusuallychangesthisnounintoanadjective.A.less B.ness C.fully D.erExercise15Syntax句法学1. ________mainlydealswithhowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences. A.Pragmatics B.Syntax C.Semantics D.Phonetics2. Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers. A.right B.wrong C.grammatical D.ungrammatical3. ________putforwardtheideathatsentencecanbedefinedasthemaximumfreeform. A.Halliday B.Chomsky C.Bloomfield D.Saussure4. WhatdoesLADstandfor? A.Languageassociativedistrict B.Languageassociativedevice C.Languageaquisiciondevice D.Languageaquisiciondistrict5. Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare______innumber. A.large B.small C.finite D.infinite6. Thetwoclausesina_______sentencearestructurallyequalpartsofthesentence. A.simple B.complex C.complete D.corordinate7. TransformationalGenerativeGrammarwasintroducedby____in1957. A.L.Bloomfield B.F.Saussure C.N.Chomsky D.M.A.K.Halliday8. Transformationalrulesdonotchangethebasic_______ofsentences. A.meaning B.form C.position D.structure9. AccordingtoICAnalysis,howmanyultimateconstituentsarethereinthesentence“Johnleftyesterday”? A.2 B.3 C.4 D.110. TGGrammarstudiestherelationshipbetweenlanguageand__________. A.society B.culture C.psychology D.acquisition11. WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtothekeyconceptsofTGGrammar? A.Deepandsurfacestructure B.Universalgrammar C.Languageacquisitiondevice D.Psychologicalfactors12. __________proposedthetheoryofSystemic-functionalGrammar. A.Chomsky B.Halliday C.Saussure D.Bloomfield13. DifferentfromChomsky,Hallidaystudieslanguagefroma________perspective. A.sociological B.psychological C.cultural D.conventional14. Chomskyholdstheviewthatlanguageisaformof_______;whileHallidayregardslanguageasaformof___________. A.knowing,thinking B.knowing,doing C.thinking,doing D.doing,knowing15. Aspeaker’sactualutteranceinChomsky’sterminologyiscalled___. A.deepstructure B.linguisticuniversals C.universalgrammar D.surfacestructure16. ChomskyarguesthatLADprobablyconsistof____________elements. A.2 B.3 C.4 D.517. Halliday’sSystemic-functionalGrammartakes_______astheobjectofstudy. A.actualusesoflanguage B.idealspeaker’slinguisticcompetence C.children’slanguage D.adult’slanguage18. IfweuseICAnalysistoanalyzethesentenceIboughtthebookatthepriceof25yuanyesterday,,whereisthefirstcut? A.Betweenyuanandyesterday B.BetweenIandbought C.Betweenbookandat D.Betweenboughtandthe19. __________isthedefiningpropertiesofunitslikenoun(number,gender,etc)andverb(tense,aspect,etc). A.Partsofspeech B.Wordclass C.Grammaticalcategories D.Functionsofwords20. Whatdoes“IC”standforasasyntaticnotionandanlyticaltechnique? A.InferntialConnective. B.ImmediateConstituent. C.InflexionalComponent. D.ImplecativeCommunication.Exercise16Semantics语义学1. Synonymsareclassifiedintoseveralkinds.Thekindtowhich“girl”and“lass”belongiscalled_____synonyms.A.stylistic B.dialectal C.emotive D.collocational2. Therelationshipbetween“fruit”and“apple”is______. A.homonymy B.hyponymy C.polysemy D.synonymy3. “Interviewer”and“interviewee”areapairof______opposites.A.complementary B.gradable C.complete D.relational4. “Alive”and“dead”are______________. A.gradableantonyms B.relationalopposites C.complementaryantonyms D.Noneoftheabove5. Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________. A.homonymsB.polysemyC.hyponymsD.synonyms6. _______isNOTapairofhomophones. A."Fair"(lovely)and"fare"(moneychargedforajourneybybus,ship,taxi,etc) B."Flea"(anyofvarioussmall,wingless,bloodsuckinginsects)and"flee"(toescape) C."Lead"(toguide)and"lead"(metalofadullbluish-greycolourthatmeltseasily)D."compliment"(anexpressionofpraise,admiration,orcongratulation)and"complement"(somethingthatcompletes,makesupawhole,orbringstoperfection)7. “Clear”and“Vague”areapairof_____. A.relativeantonyms B.derivativeantonyms C.rootantonyms D.freeantonyms8. Inthesentence:“Wehavecoursestomakegrownmanyoungandyoungmangroan.”________areusedtocreateanimpressiveeffect. A.homophones B.homographs C.perfecthomonyms D.polysemants9. Thegroupofwords_____makeupasemanticfield. A.rose,lily,tulipviolet B.shoes,socks,glasses,books C.red,white,rose,milk D.father,teacher,dog,son10. “Hopeful”and“hopeless”arecalled______onthebasisofmorphologicalstructure. A.absoluteantonyms B.rootantonyms C.derivativeantonyms D.contraries11. _______areusedinthesentence“WithIBMwehavethepowertomanagethepower”. A.homophones B.homographs C.fullhomonyms D.polysemants12. _________isthestudyofmeaning. A.Pragmatics B.Semantics C.Phonetics D.Phonology13. _________putforwardthefamousclassicsemantictriangleinsemantics. A.Chomsky&Halliday B.Ogden&Richards C.Austin&Labov D.Wittgenstein&Austin14. Inthesemantictriangle,“referent”refersto__________. A.concept B.thethought C.therealworld D.meaning15. “Woman”in“Thewomanintheroomispretty”refersto_______,accordingtosemantictriangle. A.thought B.reference C.referent D.linguisticform16. “Politician”and“statesman”areapairof_____________. A.collocationalsynonyms B.stylisticsynonyms C.emotivesynonyms D.dialectalsynonyms17. Thesemanticcomponentsoftheword“gentleman”canbeexpressedas__.A.+animate，+male，+human，-adult B.+animate，+male，+human，+adult C.+animate，-male，+human，-adult D.+animate，-male，+human，+adult18. Awordwithseveralmeaningsiscalled________. A.apolysemous B.asynonymous C.anabnormal D.amultiple19. “Dog”and“pig”are________. A.co-hyponymsB.superordinate C.hyponyms D.antonyms20. Thecolor“yellow”hasdifferentmeaningstoChineseortowesternpeople,thatisits__________. A.conceptualmeaning B.cognitivemeaning C.associativemeaning D.stylisticmeaning21. Homophonesareoftenemployedtocreatepunsfordesiredeffectsof________. A.humor B.sarcasm C.ridicule D.alloftheabove22. ________istherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenspecificandgenerallexicalterms,suchthattheformerisincludedinthelatter. A.Synonymy B.Homonymy C.Hyponymy D.Polysemy23. ________referstothesemanticphenomenonthatawordmayhavethanonemeaning. A.Hyponymy B.Homonymy C.Synonymy D.Polysemy24. “Surprise”and“amaze”areapairof____________. A.dialectalsynonyms B.emotivesynonyms C.semanticallydifferentsynonyms D.stylisticsynonyms25. Theambiguityin“passtheport”iscausedby_________. A.lexicalitems B.agrammaticalstructure C.homonymy D.polysemy26. ________areusedin“Thereisabeautifulsightatoursite”. A.?homographs?????? B.?homophones??? C.?antonyms??? D.synonyms27. Whichofthefollowingisdifferentfromtheotherthreeaccordingtotheclassificationofantonymsonthebasisofmorphologicalstructure?A.?large&small?????? B.clear&vague???? C.?buy&sell??? D.useful&useless28. Antonymsareusedtomakea(n)____inthesaying“Easycome,easygo”. A.contrast B.cohesion C.irony D.emphasis29. Sourcesofhomonymsinclude_____. A.changesinsoundandspelling B.borrowing C.shortening D.alloftheabove30. Whichofthefollowingarecontraries? A.oldandyoung B.deadandalive C.buyandsell D.westandeastExercise17Pragmatics语用学1. A_____analysisofanutterancewillrevealwhatthespeakerintendstodowithit. A.semantic B.syntactic C.pragmatic D.grammatical2. _________doesnotstudymeaninginisolation,butincontext. A.Pragmatics B.Semantics C.Senserelation D.Concept3. Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaning_________isconsidered. A.reference B.speechact C.practicalusage D.context4. __________istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance. A.Alocutionaryact B.Anillocutionaryact C.Aperlocutionaryact D.Aperformativeact5. AccordingtoSearle,theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativeis________. A.togetthehearertodosomething B.tocommitthespeakertosomething’sbeingthecase C.tocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction D.toexpressthefeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairs6. Whenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted,_______mightarise. A.impoliteness B.contradictions C.mutualunderstanding D.conversationalimplicatures7. Speechacttheorydidnotcomeintobeinguntil__________. A.inthelate50’softhe20thcentury B.intheearly1950’s C.inthelate1960’s D.intheearly21stcentury8. __________isadvancedbyPaulGrice A.CooperativePrinciple B.PolitenessPrinciple C.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammarD.AdjacencyPrinciple9. Themaximof______requiresthataparticipant’scontributionberelevanttothe conversation. A.quantity B.quality C.relation D.manner10. Ifasentenceisregradedaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomes________. A.asentence B.anact C.aunit D.anutterance11. A:Howareyoutoday? B:Fine,andmyfamilyisalsofine. Thisconversationfloutsthemaximof__________. A.quality B.quantity C.relation D.maxim12. Theutterance“We’realreadyworking25hoursaday,eightdaysaweek.”Obviouslyviolatesthemaximof________ A.quality B.quantity C.relation D.manner13. WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtothefivetypesofillocutionaryactsclassifiedbySearle? A.representative B.directive C.expressive D.initiative14. “Wouldyouliketogotothecinemawithme?”isa(n)____________. A.representative B.directive C.expressive D.commissive15. “Inowdeclarethemeetingopen”isa(n)__________. A.declaration B.directive C.expressive D.commissive16. “Ipromisetocome.”isa(n)_________. A.expressive B.directive C.declaration D.commissive17. “Ihaveneverseenthemanbefore.”isa(n)_________. A.directive B.declaration C.representative D.commissive18. Locutionaryactis___________. A.theactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention B.theactofconveyingliteralmeaning C.theactofresultingfromtheutterance D.theeffectofthespeech19. AccordingtoAustin,whichofthefollowingcanbeconsideredasaperformative? A.Theearthisround. B.Iclaimthatismywatch. C.Heisn’there. D.It’sWednesday.20. Themeaningofanutteranceisconsideredas__________. A.abstarctB.context-dependent C.decontextualized D.concrete21. “Wedothingswithwords”—thisisthemainideaof__________. A.theSpeechActtheory B.theCo-operativeprinciples C.thePoliteprinciples D.pragmatics22. __________maybeusedasanexampleofindirectspeech