OceanographyChapter4-大连海事大学海洋生物学英文讲义

Chapter4 ThePropertiesofSeawater4.1TheWaterMoleculepreservativen.防腐剂philosophern.哲学家,哲人HenryCavendish亨利•卡文迪许

HumphreyDavey亨福瑞•戴维

deceptivelyadj.骗人的,靠不住的,虚伪的envisionvt.想象,预想nucleusn.核子,nuclear的复数neutronn.中子protonn.质子outermostadj.最外面的,最远的covalentadj.共价的hydrogenn.氢three-dimensionaladj.三维的,立体的Fig.4.1Thewatermolecule.(a)Thehydrogenatomsshareelectronswiththeouterringoftheoxygenatoms.(b)Theangleatwhichthehydrogenatomsformcovalentbondswiththeoxygenatomresultsinapolarmolecule.(c)Thepositiveandnegativechargesalloweachwatermoleculetoformhydrogenbondswithotherwatermolecules.4.2 ThepHofSeawatercationn.阳离子anionn.阴离子hydroxiden.氢氧化物,羟化物fractionn.小部分,片断,分数spontaneouslyadv.自然地,本能地alkalineadj.碱的,碱性的chemicalweathering化学风化作用agent化学制剂bufferv.减轻;缓冲;保护carbonicacid碳酸equilibriumn.平衡,均衡respirationn.呼吸,呼吸作用Fig.4.2ThepHscaleisameasureoftheconcentrationofhydrogenionsinasolution.AneutralsolutionhasapHof7.AcidicsolutionshaveapHlessthan7,andalkaline,orbasic,solutionshaveapHgreaterthan7.4.3Salts4.3.1OceanSalinitiesdipv.浸,蘸,沾AmazonRiver亚马孙河RedSea红海(印度洋西北的长形内海)PersianGulf波斯湾freshwatern.淡水Fig.4.3Mid-oceanaveragesurfacesalinityvaluesmatchtheaveragechangesinevaporationminusprecipitationvaluesthatoccurwithlatitude.Fig.4.4AverageseasurfacesalinitiesintheNorthernHemispheresummer,giveninpartsperthousand(‰).(Highsalinitiesarefoundinareasofhighevaporation;lowsalinitiesarecommonincoastalareasandregionsofhighprecipitation.)4.3.2DissolvedSaltssodiumn.钠chloriden.氯化物ionicadj.离子的potassiumn.钾traceelementn.痕量元素,微量元素iodinen.碘,碘酒conservativeadj.保守性的，保守的ConstituentSymbolConcentrationinSeawaterPercentagebyWeightg/kg

g/lmole/lChlorideCl-19.3519.870.56055.07SodiumThesixmostabundantionsNa+10.7611.050.48130.62SulfateSO42-2.7134.912.8735.840.0291.1457.7299.36MagnesiumMg2+1.291.320.0543.68CalciumCa2+0.410.420.01051.17PotassiumK+0.390.400.01021.10BicarbonateHCO3-0.140.1440.00240.40BromideBr-0.6670.0690.000860.19StrontiumSr2+0.0080.0080.000090.02BoronB3+0.0040.0040.000370.01FluorideF-0.0010.0010.000050.02Total35.1336.071.148599.99Table4.1MajorConstituentsofSeawater11Nutrientsanddissolvedgasesarenotincluded.

ElementSymbolConcentration2ElementSymbolConcentration2AluminumAl5.4×10-1ManganeseMn3×10-2AntimonySb1.5×10-1MercuryHg1×10-3ArsenicAs1.7MolybdenumMo1.1×101BariumBa1.37×101NickelNi5×10-1BismuthBi≤4.2×10-5NiobiumNb≤4.6×10-3CadmiumCd8×10-2ProtactiniumPa5×10-8CeriumCe2.8×10-3RadiumRa7×10-8CesiumCs2.9×10-1RubidiumRb1.2×102ChromiumCr2×10-1ScandiumSc6.7×10-4CobaltCo1×10-3SeleniumSe1.3×10-1CopperCu2.5×10-1SilverAg2.7×10-3GalliumGa2×10-2ThalliumTl1.2×10-2GermaniumGe5.1×10-3ThoriumTh1×10-2GoldAu4.9×10-3TinSn5×10-4IndiumIn1×10-4TitaniumTi＜9.6×10-1IodineI5×101TungstenW9×10-2IronFe6×10-6UraniumU3.2LanthanumLa4.2×10-3VanadiumV1.58LeadPb2.1×10-3YttriumY1.3×10-2LithiumLi1.7×102ZincZn4×10-1Rareearths(0.5-3.0)×10-3Table4.2ConcentrationsofTraceElementsinSeawater11Nutrientsanddissolvedgasesarenotincluded.2.Partsperbillion,orμg/kg.4.3.3SourcesofSaltcrystallizationn.结晶化magman.(有机物或矿物的)稀糊,岩浆moltenadj.熔化的mantlen.地幔irrigationn.灌溉,冲洗down-riveradv.向下游Colorado美国科罗拉多州crackn.裂缝

&v.(使)破裂,裂纹permeableadj.有浸透性的,能透过的voidn.空间,

空处4.3.4RegulatingtheSaltBalancegeologicaltime地质时代地质时期excretionn.(动植物的)排泄,排泄物silican.硅石,硅土radiolarian放射虫ionexchange离子交换metallicadj.金属(性)的fracturev.(使)破碎,(使)破裂salineadj.盐的,苦涩的upliftvi.上升,升起&n.举起;提高;elevatevt.举起,提拔Fig.4.5Processesthatdistributeandregulatethemajorconstituentsinseawater.Saltionsareaddedtoseawaterfromrivers,volcanicevents,ridgesystem,anddecayprocesses.Saltionsareremovedfromseawaterbyadsorptionandionexchange,spray,chemicalprecipitation,biologicaluptake,andadditiontocrustalrocksatridgesystems.4.4Gasesargonn.氩heliumn.氦neonn.氖inertadj.无活动的,惰性的inhabitantn.居民,居住者saturationn.饱和(状态),饱和度

Table4.4AbundanceofGasesinAirandSeawaterGasSymbolPercentagebyVolumeinAtmospherePercentagebyVolumeinSurfaceSeawater1PercentagebyVolumeinTotalOceansNitrogenN278.034811OxygenO220.99366CarbondioxideCO20.031583Argon,helium,neon,etc.Ar,He,Ne0.951Totals100.001001001Salinity=36‰,temperature=20℃4.4.1 DistributionwithDepthphotosynthesisn.光合作用photosynthetic

adj.光合的，促进光合作用的decompositionn.分解,腐烂compensationdepth补偿深度trenchn.海沟,沟渠,堑壕silln.基石,门槛,岩床fjordn.海湾,峡湾stagnantadj.停滞的,迟钝的anoxicadj.缺氧的supersaturatedadj.过饱和的primaryproduction初级生产Fig.4.6Highdensityoceanwateristrappedbehindthesill.Thetrappedwaterbecomesanoxicatdepthowingtocontinualrespirationanddecomposition.Atthesurface,sunlightenhancesphotosynthesisandtheproductionofoxygen.Fig.4.7ThedistributionofO2andCO2withdepth.ChangesinO2concentrationmayexceed400%fromthesurfacetodepth,whereasCO2concentrationschangebylessthan15%.4.4.2 TheCarbonDioxideCyclebiologicalpump生物泵remaindern.残余,剩余物Fig.4.8MajorcarbondioxidepathwaysthroughEarth’senvironment.Allnumbersaregiveninbillionsofmetrictons(1metricton=106g,1metrictons