阅读gre讲义文章模式段落与句型结构

GRE阅读讲主讲：欢迎GREGRE阅句长文章类题GRE中高高中高GREVERBAL2sectionsection7道类比9道阅读17道题1411道长文章400-450字读2.5-3min,题7min=1min*7题短文章200-220字读1.5min, 题4min=1min*4题GRE文章的来源：学术期、著GRE文章的类型：physicalsciencesbiologicalsciencessocialsciencesGRE文章的三种模式（文章展开的方式 KW之间的关系;开篇套路 发展 态度 TS&

phenomenon,fact,problem,difficultypuzzle,questionTW=Phen

1stexplanation=kw1aw:--2ndSolution1=kw1Butaw-Otherway/solution=kw

TS:explain+现象;way+问题CS:新老对 hasbeen,untilrecently,long,once;[however,recently]frequently,widely,many,most,usually,dominant,[however,now

kwkw新(评价

唯一解释

TS:反驳或新观点→howeverrecent→二段段首或一段CS:

is,remain,prove+adj.can,may,should,mustattitudewords:+,--;recentstudy人名+

Thesis(TW)subthesis1=kw1subthesis2=kw2

TS=Thesis→首段CS:较短末段(=TS)无TSCS:综合各段→各段首句 abaw-xykw+αβγPhilopatry,thebehaviorreturningtoanindividual'sbirthplace,hasseveralOneproposedmechanismbywhichanimalscanrecognizeunfamiliarrelativesisphenotypematching,whichinvolveslearningthephenotypeoffamiliarrelatives,orofoneself,therebyformingaphenotypictemplateagainstwhichthephenotypesofunfamiliarindividualscanbecompared.Aproblemininvestigatingthe

ofsettlingclosetokinistoexcludethepossibilitythattheyarephilopatricbecauseofbenefitsofsettlinginthenatalarea,ratherthanbecauseofbenefitsofsettlingclosetoArecentstudyshowsthatthesettlingpatternofbarnaclegeeseBrantaleucopsisfemalesreturningtotheirnatalcolonyisnonrandomwithrespecttothenestsitesoftheirparentsandsisters.kw老ab xykw新aw+(-Earlyfeministliterarycriticsbelievedthatthetraditionalconceptofdomesticityasmanifestedinthedistinctionbetweenamasculinizedpublicsphereandaprivatizedfeminineonehas ‘misleading’andoversimplifiedasaframeworkforunderstandingtheconstructionofsocialspaceforwomeneveninthenineteenthcentury.

Incontrast,asecondwaveoffeministworkondomesticityenvisionstheideaof‘home’asaspecificracialandclasspositionforwhite,middle-classwomen,andthereforeasanextensionorevenasupplementtothecapitalistmarketplace,notanalternativetoit.However,thesesecond-wavecritiquesofdomesticityalsodependuponspatialmetaphors,totheextentthattheypresentdomesticityasaboundedpositionoccupiedbyaspecificraceandclassof

representationsofdomesticity,Iargue,onlystartedto eobviousinthemodernistperiod.Suchcontradictionsin此文结构：kw老→kw新1→however →kw新TSkw1+/-abckw2-/+xyzTherearethreeapproachestoculture:socialanthropology,ethology,andpsychology.(…Traditionally,socialanthropologistshaveunderstood‘culture’as…)

Ethologistshavetendedtoemphasizethephenomenonofculture–thebehavioritself.(…Psychologists,incontrast,haveconcentratedonthemechanismsbywhichcultureislearned….)例（评述InhisnewbookDoctorDolittle'sDelusion,StephenAndersonpourscoldwateronthewidespreadbeliefthatthecommunicationsystemsofanimals,frombeestobonobos,areessentiallysimilartohumanlanguage,arguingconvincinglycommunicativeabilitiesofawiderangeofcreatures:thedanceofhoneybees,thewarningcriesofmonkeys,andtheremarkablecognitiveabilitiesofchimpanzees.Beesfamouslyindicatethedirection,distanceandqualityofsourcesofpollentotheirfellowworkersbymeansofa'waggledance',whichisoftentakentoshowthattheyhavea'cognitivemap'ofthelocalterrain.WeareevolutionarilyclosertootherprimatesthantoTocomplementhiscritiqueof'animallanguage',Andersonalsooutlineswhatisspecialabouthumanlanguage:inaword,syntax.结构态度必考内容 最重要是KWAW→各段首句however/butyet首末句转折句态度句234段的主体论证内容，mainbodyoftheMainidea,supportingdetails(contrastandcomparison)[concession](Conclusion)→KW(ts)abc段落模 （KW展开的方式=abc句子之间的关系; 把握重 考(100-120字→2-3字/

首句名词复数=NPs/首句论点=A(hasproperties,causes)中间forexample,forinstance;InadditionMoreoveranother,

并列找(2-3个并列,4-5个并列,位置>内容

inorderto列举→并列内容之一

Aeffects/causes中间并列因果parallelcausation(A1→B1;A2→B2)serialcausationA→B(A→x→y→z→B)

果（正相关或负相关AincreasesasBincreases/Contrast&

首句differ,morethan(Avs.B:a1a2vs.b1b2)Onthecontraryhowever,ontheotherhand,different,Incontrast,alternative,other.首句change,contributeearlyvsrecentlynewnowmost,typicalvs.recent/newGranted,…[However,….]onemayarguethat….[But…]

(anticipate

细节取非→对比内容（谁和谁比,比的什么AvsB→相互取非,(while,though,without,unlike,notthesame)20howeverbut,yet：1.在别人观点之后，表示否定，如howeverfail递进：abcManyfactorsbutX（纯语言现象；SENTENCE:长句展开方式（句子展开的方式=子句之间的关系,(with)np,(with)npS=np1ofnp2innp3duringnp4;O=S; SVO=np1-4Vnp1-4. 把握：np1Vnp1S=np1- V,(with)np,(with)npSVO=np1-4that…,which…,Vnp1-4,which…andwhich…,v-ed…,np1ofnp2that…,把握：np1VSVOif/becausewhen np1VAlthoughWhileWhereasSVO 把握：np1Vnp1vsnp1V7（60GRE常考的特殊语言或适当记住位置大写词→提炼首字母(initial段中人名HargraveandGeen:H.G;物种名claans: 句子蕴含对比→提炼一对反义词比较与对比△like,similar(=);unlike(=/=),ratherthan,morethan(>),differentfrom,contrast,*数字比较*时间比较(earlylaterbeforeafterinitially*语 firstmost 让步转折althoughthoughwhiledespiteinspiteof+NP主句转折did/does,has,may/might,may/mightseem,theremightbe,thereissomeevidence[But]ofcourse,certainly;undoubtedly,nodoubt,noproblem Itistruethat,tobesure,Granted;thisisnotto *否定肯定not*否定词withoutneverabsentfrom,foreigntofarfromawayfrom,notuntillittleunless(阅读提炼的重点文章howeveryetbut提炼信 (长文章1- 短文章1/4问或态度或结构。定位到TS,CS,KW,AW解题→各段首句;but,however题TheprimarypurposeofthepassageisWhichofthefollowingstatementsbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?Whichofthefollowingtitleswouldbestdescribethecontentofthepassage?有TS，定位TS，并特别注意TSNP无TS1)CSCS，2)综合各段ts，即综合各段首句（和首段的however句）注意：AW态度错误；NPKW错；行文顺序错误（前文and后文。TheauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithWhichofthefollowingisthemostaccuratedescriptionoftheWhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthelastparagraphofthe现象解释前负后正: –explanation(s)/theory(-新老观点相互对比:new/novel/alternativetheory;correct/revise/challenge/disputeantheory/along-heldbelief/awidelyaccepted总分结构展开论点:generalviewthesis–illustration/developed;evidencesupportsatheory.(*评述:reviewevaluate/summarizeandevaluate/assessarecentstudy/ascholarlyresearch/anewbook 选项为态度词。定位到AW：文章首末段、段落首末句、段中转折句、下段首句Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorconsidersthetheorydiscussedinthesecondparagraphtobebutthoughwithoutwhiledespite，不能用andtheauthordoeswhichofthefollowing?，按逻辑写作模式解题；（EXCEPT a+b+x 发问对象涉及多句或全文内容，无法精确定位单独某个句子（1/7,1/4）bNP再定位→KW?KW，确定段落。典型错误：新否定新比较most,only(词汇)Theauthorwouldbelikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthepressureofgrazersonphytoplanktonnumbers? 此处pressure本为某段，故全段定位Thepassagesinformationthatwouldanswerwhichofthefollowing题干全文定位=无法精确定位某句→定点 (4/7;2-题干往往出现accordingto（直接事实）,infer,imply,suggest（取非常见60%）等词，某句内3个选项；剩余2个选项相似成分，比较其差异，再以差异定位。5细节题=直接事实 (1-2/7,Mostdisruptionsandinterventionsthatoccurredduringthedevelopmentofculturevirtuallyhavelittleeffectonthelandscapesofcultureofanationsincethemindsetofpeoplewillonly“absorbandingest”thoseproven,steadyfactsandideasaccumulatedinthelongrun,withtransitoryandcapriciousideologiessiftedout.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutlandscapesofculturecanbeinferredfromtheTheyarecomposedofthesuccessiveperiodsofculturalTheyareinfluencedbylargechangesintheculturalTheyareslightlyadaptedeachtimeastheyareinterpretedbyTheyarenotreadilymodifiedbyinterferencesanddisturbancesasthecultureTheyare inthelibrariesandmuseumsthatareimmediayaccessibletothe，文字对应的解法对于任何题目都是合适的比如题的答案也必须与句的文字形成一一，Infact,thefruitsofstudiestolinkneuronalstructurestoconsciousnessandperceptionseemtobestillThepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithdiscussingviewsofanatomyoftheneuronalwaysinwhichneuronaltransmitterssignificanceofvariousneuronalareasinmentalmechanicalfoundationsofsensephysiologicalcorrelatesofsomekindsofpsychological6列举 (1/7,连续列举3-4个内容，问哪个有(或没有)提到mention/cite/referto/stateCivilrightsactivistsshouldconsiderconferringmaterialbenefitsonthedisadvantageousgroup,enhancingthemediaexposureoftheconditionsofminority,promotingtherealizationof“equalworkequalpay”principle,andurging ernmenttoopenofficialpositionstotheminoritieswhoareobviouslyqualified.Thepassagementionseachofthefollowingasanappropriatekindofcivilrightsactivists’actioncallingforernmentaljobstoacertaingroupofencouragingequitablepaybetweenminorityandfacilitatingtheaccessibilityofminorityconditionstothemandatingthepercentagegoalofminorityrepresentationinacertainsocialensuringthatdisadvantageousgroupsobtain取非 (2/7,1-题干出现would,might 或differfrom等词，常常(60%)取非原文明确表述的内容，可归入 NOTNOTA: NOTNOTAA加上或减去一个NOTA→B:NOTB–NOTA;A– NOTA–NOT原文存在正负评价，多在段落末尾或下段首句（有时因KW后的压缩，AW出现在段中。题干：if…,wouldhavebeenmoreconvincing/wouldbemorevalid/wouldbeimproved/mightnotuseful。would与AW一起，暗示发问对象其实是该态度的。态度的另一种考法。Tobeareliablesourceofinformation,thearchaeologicalmaterialmusthaveretainedthesignalunaffectedbythegeographicalandgeologicalchangesinthearea.ItcanbeinferredthatthesignalfoundinthearchaeologicalmaterialwouldbelessusefultoarchaeologistsifitcouldnotbedecipheredbymodernscientificreflectedachangeinthesurfaceofearthratherthanastableclimaticwaswrittenintothematerialasthematerialtookalsoreflectedthechangesingeologicalandgeographicalwasnotsubjecttogeographicalandgeologicalTheevidenceofgroupselectiondoesapparentlyexistinsomespecies,butonemustbecautiousaboutattributingsocialreciprocitytogroupselection.Forinstance,theblood-sharingbyregurgitationwithrelativesandevenoccasionallywithnon-relativesamongvampirebatsiscriticalforthesurvivalofyoungerindividualsinthegroup,therebyinadvertentlymakingthespeciesprosper.However,thiskindofbehaviorcannotbeviewedasbeingselectedforthegroupitselfbecausethefrequencyofthesharingbehaviorhighlydependsonthegeneticrelatednessofindividualvampirebatsandthebenefactoronlyhelpsthoseindividualsitmakesacquaintancewithinagroup,whothenareexpectedtoreciprocate.Thepassageimpliesthattheassertionthattheblood-sharingbyregurgitationwithrelativesandevenoccasionallywithnon-relativesamongvampirebatsisaninstanceofgroupselectionmightbemoreconvincingifwhichofthefollowingweretrue?Suchabehavioroccurredamongfamiliarnon-SuchabehavioroccurredregardlessofgeneticrelatednessandthepossibilityofSuchabehaviorcouldbeproventobeconducivetoreproductiveTheamountofbloodregurgitatedcouldberevealedtohaveincreasedoverThecognitivedevelopmentofvampirebatscouldbeshowntobeshapedbysucha7.2.题干虽然没有态度词，但有would,might将原文某句一部分内容取非，则答案将该句另一部分取Betweentheearly1910’sandthe1930’s,theincreasingeconomicdevelopmentinthegreatDeltaorganizationsofernment.economicgrowthintheDeltawouldhavedeclinedifthepowerdistributionofeconomicpolicymakingwould emuchsmallerin 7.3.原文有对比内容：differentdistinctioncomparedistinguish,unlikenotfound,absentfirstthemost;或者时间对比：earlylatertraditionallynowuntilrecently题干常有differfromdistinguishcomparerelativetocharacteristicfeatureA-B相反，相互取非，答案常有否定词。或者，原文说A>B，答案说B<AThevalueofgenepoolremainslargelyunexploredandunappreciated;unlikeeconomicandculturalwealth,whichweunderstandfortheyareindispensablepartsofoureverydaylives,geneticwealthishiddenfromthepopularperception.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingstatementistrueofeconomicandculturalwealth?Becausewecouldassessthevalueofeconomicandculturalwealth,itisnothiddenfromtheJustasthegenepoolisasourceofpotentialeconomicwealth,itisanunexploredsourceofculturalwealthaswell.Therelativeignoranceofthevalueofgenepoolisinevitablegivenacertainknowledgeeconomicandculturalwealthareoflessvaluethangeneticwealthbecausetheyhavebeenalmosteconomicwealthandgeneticwealthareinterrelatedinawaythateconomicwealthandculturalwealtharenot.8Inorderto/作用 (1-2/7,,illustrategiveanexampleof。→句子(ab→观点→Thedevelopmentofwrittenliteratureinancienthistorywasallegedlyclaimedtoplayacrucialroleinenhancingthewell-beingofvarioussocialclasses.Butaclosestudyofthehistoryofancientliteraturerevealsthatmuchofliteraturewasprimarilyintendedtojustifythepowermonopolyofeliteswhilemanipulatinganddomesticatingtherestofthesociety.Theword“allegedly”usedintheauthor’sdiscussionoftheclaimisintendedcontrastwiththeplausibilityofrecentstudyofancientemphasizethehistoricalsignificanceofthedevelopmentofwrittenshowthehighregardofthescholarstowardsthedevelopmentofwrittenindicatethatthedevelopmentofwrittenliteraturedidnotnecessarilycontributetohappinessofsuggestthatthedevelopmentofwrittenliteratureshouldbeinterpretedintermsofthebenefitsofelites.Receptivitytoelectronicwasteonthecommunity’spartwasstillaconsideration,butwhentherewasenoughprofitinvolved,thelocalernmentwouldinvitetheelectroniccompaniesregardlessofthecommunity’sreceptivity.Thepolicyispredicated,first,ontheassumptionthatthecostofenvironmentalsuffercanbeoffsetbythebenefitofeconomicgain,and,second,onthebeliefthattherisksofrecyclinganddisposalofelectronictrashcanbeminimizedwithadequateanti-exposureTheauthormentionsernment’sassumptionandbeliefaboutthedevelopmentofelectronicindustryinanareainordertoaccountforwhyenvironmentalistswouldabandontheirinitialopponentenvironmentalpreservationshouldbegivenawaytoeconomicworkerswithfullprotectionwouldnotsufferfromtheelectronicernmentssometimesattempttodevelopeconomywithoutregardtothecommunity’sthecommunitysometimesshouldconsiderthefeasibilityofeconomicdevelopmentatthecostofthelocalenvironment.inordertoAvs. contrastwith (element?→e.gAHowever 出现however,Friedmanhaspainstakinglyshownthattheinvestigatorswerequalifiedprofessionalswithindubitablerecordofacademichonestyandwereunlikelytogivedistortedtranscriptionoftheinformants.Fromatextual,however,itisnottheethicalintegrityoftheresearchersthatisthemainissuebutthelinguistic,literal,andculturalintegrityofthetranscriptiontheyproduce.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor’sdiscussionofFriedman’sworkprimarilyserveswhichoneofthefollowingpurposes?ItoffersanexamplethatdeviatesfromthecentralthemeinthestudyoftheItemphasizestheacademichonestyisindispensableforthestudyofthetranscriptionafterItintroducesanewapproachtothetranscriptionthatcontrastssharplywiththetraditionalItexposestheinsufficiencyofpreviousapproachesto ysisoftheItstressesthesignificantroleoftextualintegrityininterpretingthe推理题 逻辑题干:iftrue,wouldweaken/undermine/castdoubtonacertaintheoryinthei)原因；论据；关 Theopponentwarnsaboutthepossibilitythatmicroorganismswith binantDNAmightescapefromthelaboratory.Foreigntothenature,thenewly-createdmicrobesmayinhabithumansandefixedthere,withunpredictableconsequences.Similarly,thenewstrainsofmicroorganismthatparasiteontheirnewhostslivingonnaturalenvironmentsmaywreckhavocinthefragileecologicalbalance.Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldcastthemostdoubtontheclaimofcriticsof DNAtechnology?Thenewly-createdmicroorganismsareunlikelytoescapefromlaboratoriesduetothedevelopmentofstate-of-the-artsafetydevices.Anewly-createdmicroorganismaccidentallyescafromalaboratoryissuccessfullyAparticularmicroorganismwithnewlyinsertedgenesencountersitsenemyspeciesthatdevoursitquickly.Anumberofmicroorganismswithnewlyinsertedgenescannotsurviveoutsidethebodiesofmanyanimals.AparticularhumangeneticdiseasehasbeentreatedbyakindofmicroorganismwithbinantDNA.逻辑支持题干iftrue,wouldsupportstrengthenacertaintheoryinthei)支持论据；举例或重复；取非论 ii)无它WhereasneitherfarmersnorthepotentialurbanpurchasersbenefitedfromtherestrictiononthefreealienationofrurallandsdelineatedintheRuralLandAct,therewasonegroupthatwouldbenefit:thebureaucratswhoimplementandadministerthelandsystemof pletepropertyrights.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldsupporttheauthor’sassertionaboutthetruemotivationforpassageoftheRuralLandThelegislatorswhovotedfortheRuralLandActownedlandinruralThemajorityoffarmerswhoowntheirlanddidnotselltheirlandtopotentialurbanThelegislatorswhovotedforRuralLandActwereheavilyinfluencedbytheFarmerstookpainstopreservetheircustomandculturedespitetheimpactofUrbanpurchaserswhoboughtalotofplotsofrurallandconsolidatedthemintohuge题干 ogousto,similarto,parallel,comparableNP,保留关系与态度（vadj.抽象名词Paradoxically,RobertRogersconcludesbyexpressing approvalfortheemergencetheoryinarecentliteraturereviewinwhichheadamantlyrejectsthepossibilityofitsapplicationtoanysignificantresearchareas.Rogers’spronouncedpositionwithregardtotheemergencetheoryismostsimilartowhichoneofthefollowing?aliteraryhistorianwhoistrainedintheclassicalliteraturenowturnstothestudyofpopularanactivistwhoisadevoteeofenvironmentalprotectionrecentlyrecantsanddecidesthateconomicdevelopmentshouldbeprioritizedinthepoorestareas.aprincipalwhoadmitstheweaknessoftheteachingoftheschoolwhilepublicizingitssuccessinstrengtheningthecriticalthinkingofchildren.amanagerwhowashighlyregardedbythestaffhasbeendefeatedbyanairbornemanagerintheateammemberremainsloyaltotheteamleaderdespitethegrandfailureoftheTheamountofserotonininhumanbraincorrelateswithratesofpsychologicalprocesses--increasingordecreasingtherateofsystemizingthinking,forexample.Thepassageimpliesthatwhichoneofthefollowingisanexampleofpsychologicalprocessthatcanbeinfluencedbytheamountofserotonin?concentratedthinkingwhenincreaseinthespeedofconsciousresponsetoanfamiliarfullunderstandingofaprofoundtheabnormityofchildcognitivetheregularpatternsinhumanawarenessofanunfamiliarInhisnewbookDoctorDolittle'sDelusion,StephenAndersonpourscoldwateronthewidespreadbeliefthatthecommunicationsystemsofanimals,frombeestobonobos,are(5)similartohumanlanguage,arguingconvincinglycommunicativeabilitiesofarangeofcreatures:thedanceofhoneybees,thewarningcriesofmonkeys,andtheremarkablecognitiveabilitiesofchimpanzees.Muchofthisis(10)superficiallyfamiliarfromotherpopularaccounts,butAnderson'ssynthesisprovidesilluminatingcomparisonswiththeinfiniymoresophisticatedresourcesofhumanlanguage,whetherspokenorsigned.Thereareundeniableparallelsbetween(15)humansandotheranimals,butthedifferencesareequallystrikingandconfirmtheviewthatourlanguageisqualitativelydifferentfromtheirs.A:differentvs.other:Beesfamouslyindicatethedirection,distanceandqualityofsourcesofpollentotheirfellow(20)workersbymeansofa'waggledance',whichisoftentakentoshowthattheyhavea'cognitivemap'ofthelocalterrain.Inameticulousdissectionofthepropertiesofthisdance,Andersonunderminesthisclaim,showingthatthebees'(25)perceptionofdistanceislargelyafunctionofdifferencesintheirvisualexperience.Whenbeesaremadetoflythroughtunnelswithvisualpatternsonthewalls,thedistancetheyindicatecorrespondstothecomplexityofthepattern(30)towhichtheyhavebeenexposed.Thedance,then,reflectsthebees'subjectiveexperience,ratherthanamapoftheexternalworld.Bees:subjectivevs.Weareevolutionarilyclosertootherprimatesthantobees.Onceagain,theirsystemsof(35)communicationarelesssimilartohumanlanguagethanispopularlysupposed.Vervetmonkeyshavedistinctalarmcallsforleopards,eaglesandsnakes.Thesecallscanbeextendedtonewtypesofthreat—humans,forinstance—andtheyareunder(40)somedegreeofvoluntarycontrol,yettheydonotseemto'refer'totherespectiveanimalsinthewaywereferwithourlanguage.Thecallscanaffectbehaviourbutnotknowledge.Similarly,attemptstoteachAmericanSignLanguageto(45)havemadeitclearthat,althoughhumaninfantsreadintentionsintotheactionsofothers,chimpsneverdo.Primates:v.monkeys+Tocomplementhiscritiqueof'animallanguage',Andersonalsooutlineswhatisspecialabout(50)humanlanguage:inaword,syntax.Ourvocabulariesaredramaticallylargerthanthoseofotheranimals,andoursoundsystemsaremorecomplex,buttheessentialdesignpropertyofhumanlanguageissyntax—thewayweuse(55)combinationsofwordstoconveymeaning.Thisconceptisalientothecommunicationsystemsofotherspecies.Thus,itistruethatwhatanimalslearnisimpressiveandtheircognitiveabilitiesmayberemarkable,buttheynevermaster(60)anythinglikeahumanlanguageandincapableofngso:thecomplexityoftheirgrammarisnotremoycomparabletoWithexamplesofputativeandactualformsoflanguagesdrawnfromavarietyof(65)suchaslinguistics,ecology,andanthropology,Andersonablyprovesthatthereexistssomepropertyonlyhumanshavetheprivilegeandhonortopossess,thoughonemaystillwonderwhatconstitutestheverysyntaxofhuman(70)languageandotherformsofsocialcommunicationwhichsupposedlylargelydistinguishhumansfromtheirecologicalneighbors.Human:…ably/A: vsother: (对比beesmapvsA. (对比primatesvmonkeychimpsASL并列human:syntaxbutsyntax.truebutablywonder(递进让步转折)Accordingtothepassage,Anderson’sbookaddressinglanguagesinhumanbeingsandanimalsdiffersfromotheraccountsinthatitprovidesanilluminatingaccountofcommunicativecognitivepowersofavarietyofanimalsaswellasofhumans.offersaseriesofcomparisonsofanimals’informationprocessingsystemswiththoseofhumanbeings.highlightsthedifferencesbetweenthecommunicationdevicesanimalsareequippedwithandtheirmuchmorerefinedcounterpartsinhumans.emphasizesouruniquenessasaculturalbeingderivedfromourcharacteristiclanguageexplainswhyspokenlanguagedominatesoversignedlanguageinhumansocietyaswellasinanimalswiththesamebizarrelycommunicativedesigns.(对比)Theauthor’sreferencetothefailureofteachingchimpanzeesAmericanSignLanguageismostlikelyintendedtoaffirmthatchimpsaredesignedtolearnspokenlanguageratherthansignedillustratethatthesignedlanguagecannotbelearntsinceitisnotgenuinelanguage,lackinganygenuineparetheabilitiestoacquirelanguageinchimpswiththoseinvervetpinpointwherethechimpsandvervetmonkeysdifferfromhumaninfantswithrespecttotheirsocialbehavior.makeacaseforthedissimilaritiesbetweenanimal’scommunicationsystemsandhumaninorderto→3(→论点Accordingtotheinformationinthelastpassage,whichofthefollowingfeatureisNOTessentiallyuniquetohumanlanguageand panyinghumancognitivepowers?extraordinarycomplexityofcombinatorywaystoexpressacomplicatedvocalprocessingremarkableacquisitiononlyIandIIandIIIandII,III,and(NOT)，考4段中心段落细TheauthorwouldmostlikelyregardtheideathatAnderson’sworkhavesaidthelastwordontheissueofthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguagesandanimalcounterpartswithmildcompleterelentlessenthusiasticpromisingItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatAndersonwoulddownplayhiscriticismofthestandardviewifwhichofthefollowingweretrue?forhundredsofyears,humanshavebeensoaccustomedtoexploitvariousformsoflanguagetocommunicatethattheywouldfailtointeractwithouttheaidofit.inpost-industrializedsociety,humansusemoreelectronictechniquestointeractthantheydidinagriculturesocietyandhunter-gatherersociety.inrecentyears,hefurtherstudy,itcouldbeprovedthathumansalsohaveaninherentabilitytoreadthemindintotheircognitiveconceptionofandemotionalinteractionwiththefriendlyanimals.forseveralyears,anintriguingstudyhasemergedwhichshowsthatsomedomesticatedanimalscoulddisplayspecificbehaviorscoincidentwith,thoughsometimesatoddswith,thedirectionsofhumanswhofeedthem.观点取非4段观点取Inwhichofthefollowingsituations,Andersonwouldreconsiderhisconclusionthatthedanceofbeesreflectsthesubjectexperienceratherthantheobjectivereality?beesassubjectsflyingthroughthetunnelswithpicturesonthewallindicatetheamountofdistancebytheirvariousformsofdances.beesassubjectsflyingthroughthetunnelswithpicturesonthewalldonotvarytheirindicationsofthedistancewithdifferentvisualpatterns.beesintheexperimentfailtorespondtothedirectionsofthevisualimagesonthewallsincethoseimagesaretooambiguousand,insomecases,tarnished.beesintheexperimentstumbleuponthewallwhenthemapshowsthereislightonthestrikingpoint.beesinsomeotherexperimentshowacertainsimilarbehaviorpatternbut,toresearchers’dismay,theystopflyingwheneverexternalinterventioniswithdrawn.wouldreconsider/reinterpret/reevaluate/观点取非2ThemainpurposeofthepassageisexplainthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanimalofferanobjectiveevaluationforonerecentemphasizetheuniquestyleofQuestions1-4arebasedonthefollowingTherearethreeapproachestoculture:socialanthropology,ethology,andpsychology.Traditionally,socialanthropologistshaveLineunderstood‘culture’asthoseaspectshumanbehaviorlearnedfromothermembersofsociety.However,asurveyinthe1950sfoundthatanthropologistshaveusedthetermtorefertomorethan140differentkindsofphenomenaandthatitwasallbutimpossible10toidentifyanyoneoftheseasbeing1threea:learnedEthologistshavetendedtoemphasizethephenomenonofculture–thebehaviorTheynotethatbehaviorpatternslearned otherscanleadnaturallyto15inneighboringpopulations.Tobuttressthisargument,theyinvokethedifferencebetweenneighboringpopulationsinanimalcultureasanapproximationtohumanculture.Somepopulationsdifferintheirstylesofbehavior20inwaysthatarenotobviouslyandcompleyasimpleconsequenceoftheirlocalenvironments:chimpanzeesinonepopulationusegrassstemstofishfortermitesbutanotherpopulationusestwigs.Psychologists,25incontrast,haveconcentratedonthemechanismsbywhichcultureislearned.Theyarguethatbehavioraldifferencescanarisethroughlearningprocesses,someofwhichwewouldnotwanttocallcultural.The30termculturalshouldbeonlyforthosecaseswhereanindividualistrulyimitatingwhatanotherdoes,understandingboththeobjectoftheactandthemeansusedtoachieveit,sothatitdoesn’tneedtoengageinanytrialanderrorlearning.2段提炼：ebehavioranimalhuman)vs.p:mechanism:imitatinga: e:behavior (animal=human)vs.p:mechanism:imitateThemainobjectiveofthepassageissummarizethreemethodstostudyingsummarizeandevaluatethreeapproachestostudyingcompareandcontrastthreeapproachestostudyingpresentthreeapproachestocultureandemphasizingoneovertheotherprovideathesisandthensubstantiateitbythree Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatalearningprocessoftrialanderrornotoccurindifferentpopulationsofchimpanzeesi