直接引语和间接引语知识点 素材 高考英语语法总复习

直接引语和间接引语知识点高考英语语法总复习直接引语和间接引语（I）在英语中，引述某人的话一般采用两种形式：一种是直接引语（DirectSpeech），即原封不动地引用别人的原话，直接引语一般放在引号内；另一种是间接引语（IndirectSpeech），即用自己的话加以转述别人的话。间接引语前后不加引号，多数情况下是构成宾语从句。在将直接引语改为间接引语时，人称、时态、指示代词和时间状语、地点状语等方面也要做相应的变化。一、陈述句【基本形式】直接引语格式为：主语+谓语动词（+间接宾语），+“陈述句”或“陈述句”+主语+谓语动词（+间接宾语）。间接引语格式为：主语+谓语动词（+间接宾语）+宾语从句。【变化规则】直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，在多数情况下都构成一个由that引导的宾语从句，引述动词通常是say,tell等。例如：①Theforeignersaidtome,“IlikeBeijingverymuch.”那老外对我说：“我很喜欢北京。”→Theforeignertoldmethathe/shelikedBeijingverymuch.那老外告诉我说他（她）很喜欢北京。②Shesaidtome,"I'mstudyingJapanesethesedays."她对我说，“这几天我正在学习日语。”→Shetoldme(that)shewasstudyingJapanesethosedays.她告诉我她这几天正在学日语。③Tomsaid,"I'vereviewedmylessons."汤姆说，“我在复习功课。”→Tomsaidthathehadreviewedhislessons.汤姆说他已经复习了他的功课。【特别提醒】有时由陈述句改成的间接引语也不用引导词（即可省去that）。例如：“I’llgooverthegrammarlessononceagain,”hesaid.“我会在复习一遍语法，”他说。→Hesaidhewouldgooverthegrammarlessononceagain.他说他将要把语法再复习一遍。（that可省略）二、一般疑问句【基本形式】直接引语格式为：主语+谓语动词（+间接宾语），+“一般疑问句”或“一般疑问句”+主语+谓语动词（+间接宾语）。间接引语格式为：主语+谓语动词（+间接宾语）+宾语从句。【变化规则】在将一般疑问句改为间接引语时，往往要用陈述语序，并要加连词if或whether，其主句动词常用ask、wonder、wanttoknow、didn’tknow等。句末不用问号。例如：①Theteachersaidtome,“IsiteasytolearnEnglish?”老师问我：“英语容易学吗？”→Theteacheraskedmewhether/ifitwaseasytolearnEnglish.老师问我英语是否容易学。②Myteacheraskedme,“DoyoulikeAmericancountrymusic?”我的老师问我：“你喜欢美国乡村音乐吗？”→Myteacheraskedmeif/whetherIlikeAmericancountrymusic.老师问我是否喜欢美国乡村音乐。③“Youhaven’tbeentoBeijing,haven’tyou?”heasked.“你没有去过北京，是不是？”他问。→Heaskedmeif/whetherIhadbeentoBeijing.他问我是否去过北京。【思维拓展

】如果直接引语为否定的一般问句或选择疑问句时，用whether…ornot连接。例如：①Heaskedme,"WillyougoabroadorstayinBeijing?"他问我：“你出国或还是呆在北京？→HeaskedmewhetherIwouldgoabroadorstayinBeijing.他问我是出国呢还是呆在北京。②Shesaid,“Don’tyouknowmytelephonenumber?”→SheaskedmewhetherIknewhertelephonenumberornot.她问我是否知道她的电话号码。③“Doyoulikethisoneorthatone?”Tomasked.→TomaskedmewhetherIlikedthisoneorthatone.汤姆问我喜欢这个还是那个。三、特殊疑问句【基本形式】直接引语格式为：主语+谓语动词（+间接宾语），+“特殊疑问句”或“特殊疑问句”+主+谓语动词（+间接宾语）。间接引语格式为：主语+谓语动词（+间接宾语）+宾语从句。【变化规则】当直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语前仍然用特殊疑问词作为连词引导宾语从句的引导词，注意从句必须用陈述语序，主句谓语动词通常用ask。例如：①Heasked,“Howdoyoulikeit?”他问：“你觉得怎样？”→HeaskedmehowIlikedit.他问我觉得它怎样。②Heasked,"whatsizedressdoyouwear?"→HeaskedwhatsizedressI(you)wore.他问我穿什么型号的。③Heasked,"whichonedoyoulikebest?"→Heaskedwhichoneyou(I)likedbest.他问我最喜欢哪一个。【思维拓展

】英语中有些疑问句并非提出疑问，而是表示请求、劝告、建议等。在将这种疑问句变为间接引语时，往往采用suggestdoing、advisesbtodo等句式的形式。例如：①“Whatabouthavingadrink?”heasked.他问：“喝杯怎么样？”→Hesuggestedhavingadrink.他建议喝一杯。②"Shallwemeetatthetheatre?"hesaid→Hesuggestedthatweshouldmeetatthetheatre.→(Hesuggestedourmeetingatthetheatre).他建议我们在电影院见面。③Tomsaid,"I'vereviewedmylessons."汤姆说，“我在复习功课。”→Tomsaidthathehadreviewedhislessons.汤姆说他已经复习了他的功课。直接引语和间接引语（Ⅱ）直接引语为祈使句时，间接引语往往用复合宾语来表示，其结构为：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（动词不定式）。引述动词可根据口气选用tell,ask,order,command,request等词，句中please去掉。一、肯定祈使句【基本形式】直接引语格式为：Dosth.,(please).间接引语格式为：tell/ask/ordersb.todosth.例如：①“Tidythelabaftertheexperiment”,theteachersaid.→Theteacherasked/ordered/toldustotidythelabaftertheexperiment.老师叫我们做完实验后打扫实验室。②Hesaid,"Geteverythingreadyintwohour,please."→Heaskedustogeteverythingreadyintwohours.他要我们在两个小时做好一切准备。【思维拓展】1.有的祈使句含有please一词,以表示婉转的语气,将这类祈使句变为间接引语,通常将原句的say改为ask或beg。值得注意的是,please一词在改为间接引语时去掉。例如:①TomsaidtoAlice,“Comeheretomorrow,please."→TomaskedAlicetogotherethenextday.汤姆要求艾丽斯第二天去那里。②Hesaidtoher,Pleasedon'ttellJohnthenews.→HeaskedhernottotellJohnthenews.他要求她不要把那个消息告诉约翰。③Shesaid,“Pleasegivemesomemilk."→Shebeggedmetogivehersomemilk.她请求我给她一点儿牛奶。2.如果是上级对下级说的话,或者原句带有命令式的口气,一般用动词order或tell,也可用say＋that从句,从句的谓语用beto＋不定式或havegotto＋不定式表示。例如:①Hesaidtous,“Getitdoneatonce."→Heorderedustogetitdoneatonce.→Hesaidthatweweretogetitdoneatonce.他命令我们马上把它办好。②Thedoctorsaid,“Stayinbedforaweek."→Thedoctorordered／toldmetostayinbedforaweek.→ThedoctorsaidthatIhadgottostayinbedforaweek.大夫嘱咐我卧床静养一周。③Shesaid,“Don'tclosethewindows."→Shetoldmenottoclosethewindows.→ShesaidthatIwasn'ttoclosethewindows.她叫我不要关窗户。3.提醒对方有某种危险或不利的祈使句变为间接引语时,常用动词warn。例如:①Hesaid,“Becarefulwithfire."→Hewarnedustobecarefulwithfire.他提醒我们要注意火灾。②Hesaid,“Keepawayfromthefire,children."→Hewarned／orderedthechildrentokeepawayfromthefire.他提醒孩子们不要靠近火。二、否定祈使句【基本形式】直接引语格式为：Don'tdosth.,（please）.间接引语格式为：tell/ask/ordersb.nottodosth.例如：①Shesaidtous,"Don'tdrinkthiswater."→Shetoldusnottodrinkthatwater.她告诉我们不要喝这水。②Don'tallansweratonce,shesaidtothepupils.她对学生说：大家不要齐声回答。→Shetoldthepupilsnottoanswerallatonce.她叫学生不要齐声回答。【思维拓展】提醒他人别忘了做某事的祈使句,变为间接引语时,一般用remind。例如:Hesaid,“Don'tforgettobringyourumbrella."→Heremindedmetobringmyumbrella.→Hetoldmenottoforgettobringmyumbrella.他提醒我／告诉我别忘了带雨伞。如果他人用祈使句劝告自己不要做某事,自己转述此话时,可用say＋that从句,从句的谓语用shouldn't＋动词原形表示。例如:Hesaid,“Don'trunsofastiftheroadissoslippery."→HesaidIshouldn'trunsofastiftheroadwassoslippery.他对我说如果道路很滑就不要跑得那么快。三、Let引起的祈使句带有let的祈使句（表示请求，建议或命令），可用suggest+v-ing或suggest+that从句来表示其意思。【基本形式】直接引语格式为：Letsb.dosth.间接引语格式为：主语+suggest＋doingsth.或suggest＋that从句句式,有时也用urgesb.todosth.表示。例如:①Hesaid,“Let'sgooutforawalk."→Hesuggestedthattheyshouldgooutforawalk.→Hesuggestedtheirgoingoutforawalk.他建议他们到外面去散步。②Mothersaid,“LetHenrytidythesittingroom."→MothersuggestedthatHenryshouldtidythesittingroom.→MothersuggestedHenry'stidyingthesittingroom.母亲提议由亨利来整理客厅。③Shesaid,“Let'snottellTomthebadnews."→ShesuggestednottellingTomthebadnews.→ShesuggestedthattheyshouldnottellTomthebadnews.她建议他们不要告诉汤姆那个不幸的消息。④Hesaid,“Let'snottellTomanythingaboutit."→HeurgedthemnottotellTomanythingaboutit.他让他们不要告诉汤姆关于那件事的任何情况。如果说话者提议或自愿为对方做某事,一般用offer＋不定式表示。例如:①Tomsaid,“Letmehelpyouwithyourwork."→Tomofferedtohelpmewithmywork.汤姆表示愿意帮助我工作。②Theysaid,“Letuspayforyourdinner."→Theyhaveofferedtopayforourdinner.他们已经表示愿意为我们付饭钱。感叹句直接引语为感叹句时，间接引语可用what或how引导的宾语从句，也可以用that引导的宾语从句，有时还可用其它适当的动词来转述。如：①"Howfastheruns!"hesaid.他说，他跑得多快呀！→Hesaidhowfastheran.他说他跑得多么快。→Hesaidthatheranveryfast.他说他跑得多么快。②Whatacleverboyyouare!myteachersaidtohim.老师对他说，你是个聪明的孩子啊！→Myteachertoldhimwhatacleverboyhewas.老师对他说他是一个多聪明的孩子啊。→Myteachertoldhimthathewasaverycleverboy.老师说他是一个非常聪明的孩子。【思维拓展】有些感叹句可以根据原句的意思，采用适当的动词变为陈述句，不需用间接宾语来转述。①Help!hecried.他喊到：救命啊！→Hecalledforhelp.他大声呼救。②Whatterribleweatheritis!hesaid.他说：多么糟糕的天气！→Hecomplainedabouttheterribleweather.他抱怨这糟糕的天气。③Shesaid,"HappyNewYear!"她说：新年快乐！→ShewishedmeahappyNewYear.她祝愿我新年愉快。直接引语中有"Yes"或"No"【基本形式】直接引语中有"yes"或"no"时，间接引可用“主语＋适当的动词或助动词”结构表示。如:①Hesaid,"Willyoudoit?"andIsaid,"No.→HeaskedifIwoulddoitandIsaidthatIwould.他问我是否做了，我说做了。②Shesaid,"Canyoudance?"andIsaid,"No."→Sheasked(me)ifIcoulddanceandIsaidthatIcouldn't.她问我是否会跳舞，我说不会。【妙法助记】祈使句变为间接引语的规律直接引语和间接引语（Ⅲ）直接引语转间接引语的变化规律一、时态的变化在将直接引语改为间接引语时，如果主句谓语为一般过去时，间接引语的时态要作相应的变化（即要用相对应的过去的某种时态）。一般的变化情况见下表：例如：①Thegirlsaid,"I'msorryforbeinglateforclass."→Thegirlsaidthatshe

wassorryforbeinglateforclass.那姑娘说对不起她上课迟到了②Mymothersaidtome,"Yourclassmateiswaitingforyouinthesittingroom."→Mymothertoldmethatmyclassmate

waswaitingformeinthesittingroom.我母亲告诉我，我的同学正在客厅等我。③Shesaid,"IhaveseenthefilmTitanic."→Shesaidthatshe

hadseenthefilmTitanic.她说她看过了电影《泰坦尼克号》④LiHuasaidtome,"Yourparentshavebeenlookingforyou."→LiHuatoldmethatmyparents

hadbeenlookingforme.李华告诉我，我的父母正在找我。⑤Hesaid,"Imadesomespellingmistakesyesterday."→Hesaidthathehadmadesomespellingmistakesthedaybefore.他说他前一天出了一些拼写错误。⑥Thestudentsaid,"Ihadlearntabout5,000Englishwordsbytheendoflastyear."→Thestudentsaidthathe

hadlearntabout5,000Englishwordsbytheendoftheyearbefore.那个学生说到去年年底他已经学了5，000个单词。⑦Heaskedme,"Whatwereyoudoingatthattime?"→HeaskedmewhatI

wasdoing

atthattime.他问我那时我在干什么？⑧Shesaid,"Iwillgotherethisafternoon."→Shesaid(that)shewouldgotherethatafternoon.她说她那天下午将去那里。【特别提醒】如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，则间接引语的时态可不必改变（即用所需要的任何时态。例如：Hesays,"I'llneverforgetthelecturegivenbyProfessorLi."→Hesaysthathe'llneverforgetthelecturegivenbyProfessorLi.他说他将永远不会忘记李教授的演讲。二、人称的变化在将直接引语改为间接引语时，人称（物主）代词的变化规律有如下几种：（1）当主句的主语是第一人称时，引语中的人称（物主）代词不变。例如：Isaid,“Youdidquitewellintheexamyesterday”.我说：“你昨天考得不错。”→Isaidthat

youhaddonequitewellintheexamthedaybefore.我说你那天考得不错。（2）直接引语中主语是第一人称时，在改为间接引语时，其人称与主句中的主语的人称一致。例如：HesaidtoTom,I'lldomybesttocatchupwithothers.他对汤姆说：“我将尽力赶上其他人。”（3）直接引语中主语是第二人称时，在改为间接引语时，其人称和主句的宾语相一致。例如：Hesaidtoher,“Wheredidyouputtheglasses?”他对她说：“你把杯子放哪了？→Heaskedherwhereshehadputtheglasses.他问她把杯子放哪儿了。【特别提醒】如果主句中没有宾语，应根据语境或想象，自添一个适当的宾语；如果直接引语中有呼语，则将其改为间接引语的宾语。例如：Motherasked,“Wherehaveyoubeen?”母亲问：“你去哪了？”→MotheraskedmewhereIhadbeen.母亲问我去哪儿了。（4）直接引语中主语是第三人称时，在改为间接引语时不发生变化。例如：HesaidtoTom,“Shecanhelpthem.”他对汤姆说：“她能够帮助他们。”→HetoldTomthatshecouldhelpthem.他告诉汤姆她能够帮助他们。三、词语的变化在将直接引语改为间接引语时，词语的变化规律有下列几种情况：（1）指示代词this往往改为that，these改为those。例如：①Shesaid,ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.→ShesaidthatthatwasthehouseinwhichLuXunhadoncelived.她说那是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。②Iboughttheseflowersforyou,Janesaid.→Janesaidthatshehadboughtthoseflowersforme.简说那些花是她为我买的。（2）在将直接引语改为间接引语时，表示时间的副词经常要随之变化，其变化的规则见下表：例如：①Hesaid,"Iw