雅思写作论证方法课件

雅思写作论证方法1.经济与就业原则如“是否要戒烟”Pros:

烟草行业促进经济发展（promotetheeconomicdevelopment），提高国家税收收入（enhancethetaxincomeofacountry）提供就业岗位（providetheopportunitiesofemployment）十大论证原则2.时间与效率原则如“是否限制飞机飞行”Pros:节省时间，提高效率（time-saving,enhancetheefficiency）3.空间与安全原则如“是否在社区里建工厂”Cons:

占据空间，社区变得拥堵（occupythespace,overcrowded）安全隐患（potentialsafetyhazard）5.

生理原则如“是否要戒烟”Cons:有害身体健康，有可能导致肺癌（bedetrimentaltohealth,leadtolungcancer）如“手机的优缺点”Cons:有可能导致脑癌（haveapotentialto…）6.教育原则如“旧楼是否被现代化楼房代替”Cons:一些旧楼是教育的绝好教材（atextbookofteaching）如“大学传授知识”Pros:奠定研究和就业的基础（layafoundationfor…）7.文化原则如“全球化的优缺点”Pros:促进文化的交流和传播（theculturalcommunication）Cons:导致文化个性的消失（theextinctofculturalidentity）产生文化的矛盾和冲突（culturalconflict）8.环境和能源原则如“是否限制使用汽车”Cons:空气、噪音污染（airpollutionandnoisecontamination）能源危机（energycrisis）9.道德原则如“是否拿动物做实验”Cons:不人道，太残忍（inhumane,cruel）Eg1.

Tourismisbelievedtobeagoodwayofimprovingasociety’sprogress.Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofexploringthisresource.

通过“十大论证原则”，我们分别将优缺点列举如下：Pros： 经济与就业原则（对国家和地区政府），心理原则（对旅游者），生理原则（对旅游者），文化原则Cons: 空间与安全原则（对个人），文化原则，环境原则However,onnoaccountcanwelosesightthatthegovernment,thelocalresidentsaswellasthetravelersthemselvesgainbenefitsfromthedevelopmentoftourism.Tobeginwith,themunicipalgovernmentiscertaintoincreasetherevenueincomefromthis.Besides,itisobviousthatexploitingthisresourcewouldprovidethelocalinhabitantswithalargenumberofemploymentopportunities.Lastbutnotleast,travelerscanalsobroadentheirhorizon,andrelievethepressureaccumulatedfromworkorstudy.正文结构安排如下：

Admittedly,thereisanopinionthattakinganimalsforthepurposeofexperimentationisunnecessary.Foronething,theybelievethatsuchactivitiesbringtheseanimalsunlimitedsuffering,whichisinhumaneandcruel.Foranother,arangeofanimalsrights’protectorsareworriedthatitisabehaviortodepriveanimals’rightsofliving.However,onnoaccountcanwelosesightthatanimalsusedforexperimentareofgreatcontributiontothedevelopmentofscience.Firstandforemost,itisbelievedthatcertainkindsofanimals,suchasmice,sharethesamefeatureswithhumanbeings.Besides,animalsusedforexperimentaremuchcheaperthanhumanbeings,whichreducesthecostonresearching.Lastbutnotleast,scientistswhouseanimalstoconductexperimentareinthehopetotestthesafetyandeffectivenessofnewlydevelopeddrugsbeforepilottestingonsmallgroupofpatients.1、解释说明（explanation）句型：Thisistosay,…Tobemoreprecise,…BythisImean,…扩展论据thereasonwhyitisdifficultforuniversitystudentstofindajobaftergraduationtheincreasingworldpopulation（离题）theincreasinglyfiercecompetition(有说服力）讲道理的时候只围绕topicsentence进行解释说明Theretiredpeopletendtoofferserviceforthebenefitsofthefamilyandthecommunity.Thisistosay,theelderlyalwaysspendtheirtimeintakingcareofthefamilyanddoinghouseholdchoresforthefamilyaswellasorganizingcharitableactivitiesforthecommunity.2.下定义(definition)Somepeoplethinkthatuniversitiesshouldprovidegraduateswiththeknowledgeandskillsneededintheworkplace.Othersthinkthatthetruefunctionofauniversityshouldbetogiveaccesstoknowledgeforitsownsake，regardlessofwhetherthecourseisusefultoanemployer.What，inyouropinion，shouldbethemainfunctionofauniversity?However,reachingtheconclusionthatotherfunctions，suchasgivingaccesstoknowledgeforitsownsake，arenolongerimportantisbiased.Forhundredsofyears，especiallyinthewest，theundergraduateeducationis，indeed，aliberaleducation，whichmeanstheundergraduateslearnawiderangeofcurriculumssuchaspsychology，economics，politicsthathasnodirectrelationstojobs.Theupsidesofthisisthatitfirstlyenablesstudentstobecomebroad-mindedandhelpthemlayasolidtheoreticalfoundation，thentheywillbeabletochoosethemostappropriatefieldbasedontheirowninterestsforfurtherstudies.Telephone/MobilephoneImagineusingsmokingsignals，carrierpigeonsorridersonhorsebacktosendanimportantmessage.Althoughthosemethodsmaysoundstrange，yearsagopeopleusedthemtocommunicate.Today，allapersonhastodoispickupatelephone/mobilephone.StudyingabroadEveryyear，studentsaroundtheworldleavebehindthecomfortsofhometopursueastudy-abroadexperienceinaforeigncountry.Whilemanywouldsaythatstudyingabroadisadvantageous，somewouldargueotherwise.3、举例子（exemplification）句型：Forexample,forinstance,toillustrate,…Take…forexample,…thestudentsinhighschoolsufferfromincreasingpressureEg.Mostparentstendtooverusepunishmentintheireducationofthekids.Forexample,onlybecauseofthebadperformanceinprimaryschool,thechildofmyneighbourwasinflictedcorporalpunishment.Inthiscase,itdoesnothingbutharmtothechild’sphysicalandmentaldevelopment.Althoughstickingtoone’sgoaliskeytosuccess,sometimesoneshouldbereadytogiveup.Napoleon’sstoryisacaseinpoint.AfterNapoleonsucceededinseizingthecrownofFrance,heshouldhavebeensatisfiedwithhisachievement.Buthedidnot.HewentontoconquerthewholeEurope.ThenafterhesucceededinrulingalmostthewholeEurope,heshouldhavegivenupthisambitiontoexpandinghisempire.Buthedidnot.HewentontoinvadeRussiaandtherehesufferedatotaldefeat.Laterhewassentintoexileanddiedinalonelyisland.

4列数据(raisingfigures)句型:Asisreported/investigated/researched,…Itisreportedthat…Arecentresearchconductedby…Bureaurevealsthat…有科学依据的,明确记载的数据一些调查报告的数据Eg.Theretiredpeopletendtoofferserviceforthebenefitsofthefamilyandthecommunity.Asisreported,theaveragetimethattheretiredwithintheagegroupabove65spendonthefamilyandthecommunityisatitslengthofabout5hoursperday.Ifpeoplemovetoliveindifferentplaces,theywillhavemoreopportunityforimprovingtheirlives.AccordingtoasurveyconductedbytheChineseAcademyofSocialSciences,55%ofurbanChinesehadchangedtheirlivingplaceatleastonceintheirlifetimeby2000,anincreaseof30percentascomparedwiththatof2decadesago.Chinesesociologistsagreethatthistrendismostlikelytocontinuewiththedevelopmentsociety.Statisticsindicatethatpeoplewhomovedatleastonceintheirlifetimeenjoyamuchhigherlivingstandardthanthosewhonevermoved.5.比较(contrast&comparison)对比对照关系的连词:Incontrast,bycontrast,onthecontrary,while,whereasLikewise,similarlyThosewhobelieveinthemeasuresaythatstudentsbenefitalotfromtravelingorworkingforayearbeforetheirformaluniversityeducation.First,theycanmorebroadlybeacquaintedthemselveswiththesociety,deepentheirunderstandingoftheoutsideworld,andthusbettercoordinatetheirobjectivesoflearningwiththeneedsofthesociety.Incontrast,byimmediateentrancetouniversitytheycannotsteerthedirectionoftheirstudywellandmaydisplayapoorcombinationofthetheorywithpractice.Second,studyathighschoolisreallyexhausting,especiallywhentowincollegeadmission.Soitisnecessarytograntthesechildrenarelativelylongperiodofrelaxationorbuffer,say,travelingorworkingforayear,toloosenthechordsoftheirbrain,sothatwhentheygobacktoschoollateragain,theycanbecomecompletelyrefreshedandrejuvenated.6.让步(makingconcession)句型如下:Although/though/inspiteofthefactthat…Asisgranted/Admittedly,…Opponentswouldarguethat…Eg.Peopledonnotbelievethatsavingmoneyisagoodideainmodernsociety.Asisgranted,savingmoneyofferspeopleasenseofsecurityincaseofemergency.However,peopletendtobelievethatwiseinvestmentcangetmoreprofits.7.假设论证(assumption)The