The-Development-of-the-E教学讲解课件

Chapter2TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary英语词汇的发展Chapter2TheDevelopmentoft1Objectives:

IntroducethehistoryandthegeneralcharacteristicsofEnglish;LetstudentsknowthegrowthofcontemporaryEnglishvocabularyandthemodesofvocabularydevelopmentTeachingfocus:theIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilythreephasesofthehistoricaldevelopmentgeneralcharacteristicsofEnglishthreesourcesofcontemporaryEnglishvocabularymodesofvocabularydevelopmentObjectives:2INTRODUCTIONItappearsthattheuseoflanguagecameaboutindependentlyinanumberofplaces.Alllanguageschangewithtime.AcomparisonofChaucer'sEnglish,Shakespeare'sEnglishandModernEnglishshowshowalanguagecanchangeoverseveralhundredyears.ModernEnglishspokeninBritain,NorthAmericaandAustraliausesdifferentwordsandgrammar.Iftwogroupsofpeoplespeakingthesamelanguageareseparated,intimetheirlanguageswillchangealongdifferentpaths.Firsttheydevelopdifferentaccents;nextsomeofthevocabularywillchange(eitherduetoinfluencesofotherlanguagesorbynaturalprocesses).Whenthishappensadifferentdialectiscreated;thetwogroupscanstillunderstandeachother.Ifthedialectscontinuetodivergetherewillcomeatimewhentheyaremutuallyunintelligible.Atthisstagethepeoplearespeakingdifferentlanguages.INTRODUCTION3TenLanguageFamiliesTheIndo-EuropeanFamily印欧语系46%

Themostwidelystudiedfamilyoflanguagesandthefamilywiththelargestnumberofspeakers(about150languagesandaboutthreebillionspeakers).LanguagesincludeEnglish,Spanish,Portuguese,French,Italian,Russian,Greek,Hindi,Bengali;andtheclassicallanguagesofLatin,Sanskrit,andPersian.TheUralicFamily乌拉尔语系AfamilyfoundinEurope(Hungarian,Finnish)andSiberia(Mordvin)withcomplexnounstructures.TheAltaicFamily阿尔泰语系AfamilyspreadfromEurope(Turkish)throughCentraAsia(Uzbek),Mongolia(Mongolian),totheFarEast(Korean,Japanese).Theselanguageshavetheinterestingpropertyofvowelharmony.TheSino-TibetanFamily汉藏语系21%AnimportantAsianfamilyoflanguages(250languages)thatincludestheworld'smostspokenlanguage,Mandarin.Theselanguagesaremonosyllabicandtonal.TenLanguageFamiliesTheIndo-4TheMalayo-PolynesianFamily马来－玻里尼西亚语系Afamilyconsistingofover1000languagesspreadthroughouttheIndianandPacificOceansaswellSouthEastAsia.LanguagesincludeMalay,Indonesian,MaoriandHawaiian.TheAfro-AsiaticFamily亚非语系ThisfamilycontainslanguagesofnorthernAfricaandtheMiddleEast.ThedominantlanguagesareArabicandHebrew.TheCaucasianFamily高加索语系AfamilybasedaroundtheCaucasusMountainsbetweentheBlackSeaandtheCaspianSea.GeorgianandChechenarethemainlanguages.Theyareknownfortheirlargenumberofconsonants.TheMalayo-PolynesianFamily马来5TheDravidianFamily德拉维达语系又称达罗毗荼语系

ThelanguagesofsouthernIndia(incontrasttotheIndo-EuropeanlanguagesofnorthernIndia).Tamilisthebestknownoftheselanguages.Austro-AsiaticFamily南亚语系ThisfamilyareascatteredgroupoflanguagesinAsia.TheyarefoundfromeasternIndiatoVietnam.LanguagesincludeVietnameseandKhmer.Niger-CongoFamily尼日尔—刚果语系

ThisfamilyfeaturesthemanylanguagesofAfricasouthoftheSahara.ThelargenumberoflanguagesincludeSwahili,Shona绍纳语,Xhosa科萨语andZulu.Formoreinformation,pleasereferto/langfams.htmlTheDravidianFamily德拉维达语系又称达62.1TheIndo-EuropeanLanguagefamilyTheIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilyismadeupofmostlanguagesofEurope,theNearEast,andIndia.TheclassificationofIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily:Accordingtovariousdegreesofsimilarityandtheirgeographicaldistribution,thesurvivinglanguagesofIndo-Europeanlanguagefamilyfallinto10principalgroups,whichcanbegroupedintoanEasternsetandWesternset.2.1TheIndo-EuropeanLanguage7TheEasternset:Balto-Slavic波罗的斯拉夫语族(thebiggestone)Prussian普鲁士语Lithuanian立陶宛语Polish波兰语Czech捷克语Bulgarian保加利亚语Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语Russian俄罗斯语Indo-Iranian印伊语族Persian波斯语Bengali孟加拉语Hindi北印度语Romany罗曼尼语/吉普赛语Sanskrit梵文;梵语Armenian亚美尼亚语族ArmenianAlbanian阿尔巴尼语族Albanian

TheEasternset:Balto-Slavic波罗8TheWesternSetHellenic希腊语族GreekCeltic凯尔特语族Scotish苏格兰语Irish爱尔兰语Welsh威尔士Breton布列塔尼语Pictish皮克特语Hittite希泰语族Tocharian吐火罗语族Italic意大利语族（5romancelanguages）Portuguese葡萄牙语Spanish西班牙语French法语Latin

Italian意大利语Rumanian罗马尼亚语Germanic日耳曼族English英语German德语Dutch荷兰语Flemish弗来芒语ScandinavianlanguagesNorwegian挪威语Icelandic冰岛语Danish丹麦语Swedish瑞典语TheWesternSetHellenic希腊语族Ita9TheprehistoricIndo-Europeanparentlanguageisthoughttobeahighlyinflectedlanguage.Itwasalanguageinwhichthevariousformsofagivenwordshoweditsrelationshiptootherwordsinasentence.

Whengroupsofthislanguagemovedawayfromtheoriginalhomeland,believedtobesomewhereintheeasternmostpartofEurope,thelanguageofeachgroupgrewanddevelopedalongdifferentlinesinmuchthesamewaythatAmericanandAustralianEnglishnowshowdifferencesfromthelanguageofEngland.Oververylongperiodofcompleteisolationfromeachother,thesedialectsofasinglelanguagechangedsomuchthattheybecomeseparatelanguages.Speakersofonewerenotunderstoodbyspeakersofanother.WhereDidtheEnglishLanguageComeFromHowEnglishBecameaModernLanguageTheprehistoricIndo-European102.2ThreePhasesoftheHistoricalDevelopmentForeachphaseofthedevelopment,thefollowingpointsmustbemadeclear:TimerangeFeaturesofEnglishSocialandhistoricaleventsthatinfluencedEnglishgreatly2.2ThreePhasesoftheHistor11ThreeperiodsofdevelopmentOldEnglish/Anglo-SaxonEnglish(449-1100AD)MiddleEnglish(1100-1500AD)ModernEnglish(1500-present)ThreeperiodsofdevelopmentOl12TimeHistoricaleventsInfluencesCelts(theearliestinhabitants)TheCelts450TheconquestandsettlementoftheAngles,Saxons,andtheJutesAnglo-Saxon790theScandinavianortheDanishconquestsOldNorseborrowed1066TheNormanConquestFrenchborrowedTimeHistoricaleventsInfluenc13TimeHistoricaleventsInfluence16th-18thcenturyTheRenaissance(14thcentury)1.Latinborrowed2.OtherEuropeanlanguagesborrowedAttheturnofthe19thand20thcenturiesColonization1.Non-European2.languagesborrowed3.EnglishworldwideAfterWWIIAdvanceinscienceandtechnologyManynewwordscreatedTimeHistoricaleventsInfluence14TheOldEnglish(449-1100)ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguagebeginswiththeconquestandsettlementofwhatisnowEnglandbytheAngles,Saxons,andtheJutesfromabout450AD.ThelanguagetheyspokewasAnglo-Saxon,whichreplacedtheCelticspokenbytheformerinhabitantsCeltsTheOldEnglish(449-1100)The15OldEnglish(450-1150)Threequestionsfordiscussion:WhoweretheearliestinhabitantsontheBritishIsles?WhatareincludedinGermanictribes?WhatdoesEnglandmeanandwhywasthecountrycalledEnglandandthelanguageEnglish?WhatisthefeatureofOldEnglish?OldEnglish(450-1150)Threequ16ThefirstpeoplesknowntoinhabitthelandwereCelts.TheGermanictribesincludeAngles,Saxons,andJutes.TheywerefirstalliesofCeltstofightagainstPicts皮克特人

andScots,butthentheybecamenewconquerors.Angles,SaxonsandJutesallhavetheirdialects.TheSaxonswerenumericallysuperiortotheAngles,whilethelatterwereinfluentialenoughtoimposetheirnameonthewhole.OldEnglisharealmostmonogeneous单能的andentirelyGermanicwithonlyafewborrowingsfromLatinandScandinavian.Itwasahighlyinflectedlanguage,ofwhichnouns,pronouns,adjectives,verbs,andadverbshadcomplexsystemsofendingsorvowelchangesorboth.Thefirstpeoplesknowntoinh17TheOldEnglish(449-1100)ThevocabularyofOldEnglishwaschieflyAnglo-SaxonwithasmallmixtureofOldNorsewordsasaresultoftheScandinavianortheDanishconquestsofEnglandintheninthcentury,suchas,cake,call,egg,knife,take,give,etc.TheEnglishcontinuedtoadoptwordsfromLatinduringtheOldEnglishperiodduetotheAnglesandSaxons’variouscontactswiththeRomans,suchas,candle,kettle,mountain,school,cup,etc.TheOldEnglish(449-1100)The18OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.ItwasahighlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodernGerman.Therefore,nouns,pronouns,adjectives,verbs,andadverbshadcomplexendingsorvowelchanges,orboth,whichdiffergreatlyfromthelanguagethatweusetoday.OldEnglishhasavocabularyo19TheMiddleEnglish(1100-1500)MiddleEnglishischaracterizedbythestronginfluenceofFrenchfollowingtheNormanConquestin1066.SincetheFrench-speakingNormansweretherulingclass,Frenchwasusedforallstateaffairsandformostsocialandculturalmatters;butthemassescontinuedtospeakEnglish.ThelanguagethatemergedatthattimeshowedvastandsignificantchangesintheEnglishvocabulary---thelossofalargepartoftheOldEnglishwordstockandtheadoptionofthousandsofFrenchwords.

TheMiddleEnglish(1100-1500)20TheMiddleEnglish(1100-1500)TheNormanConquest:William,theConqueror,theDukeofNormandy,invadedandconqueredEnglandandtheAnglo-Saxonsin1066AD.TheMiddleEnglish(1100-1500)21MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)TheNormanConquestanditsinfluenceonEnglandAnewandlargercontinentalculturewasbroughttoEngland.ItforcedonEngland“Thenationalidea”.Thesituationofthesimultaneousexistenceofthreelanguages:English----French-----Latin-----adespisedlanguageusedbyboorsandserfsThoseinpower,includingthosewhoheldpoliticalorsocialpowerandthoseinpowerfulChurchpositions.ThosewhowanttomakealivingasascribeandthoseinchurchesMiddleEnglish(1150-1500)The22TheMiddleEnglish(1100-1500)TheFrenchloanwordswerefoundineverysectionofthevocabulary:lawandgovernmentaladministration(judge,jury,justice,country,government,parliament,state…),militaryaffairs(conquer,sergeant,victory…),religion(baptism,confess,divine,sermon…),food(beef,pork,dinner,mutton…),art(beauty,image,design…),literature(chapter,poet,prose,rime…),andsoon.TheMiddleEnglish(1100-1500)23TheMiddleEnglish(1100-1500)TheMiddleEnglishliteraryculturewasmostlyanoralone,andliteracylevelswerestilllowatthistime.MiddleEnglishpoetryisaparticularlyoralgenre,andisoftenstructuredsoastomakeiteasytoremember,eitherthroughrhymeorthroughalliteration.GeoffreyChaucer(1343--1400),fatherofEnglishLiteratureThe

CanterburyTales

GeoffreyChaucerTheMiddleEnglish(1100-1500)24Features:Aperiodofgreatchanges,changesmoreextensiveandfundamentalthanthosethathadtakenplaceatanytimebeforeandsince.SteadyerosionoftheOldEnglishinflectionalsystems:endingsofnounsandadjectivesmarkingdistinctionofnumberandcaseandoftenofgenderlosttheirdistinctiveforms.Features:25MiddleEnglishretainedmuchfewerinflections.Endingsofnounsandadjectivesmarkingdistinction（区分）ofnumber,case,andoftenofgenderlosttheirdistinctiveforms（区分性的拼写形式）.Thesameistrueoftheverb.IfwesaythatOldEnglishwasalanguageoffullendings（词尾曲折变化非常繁多）,MiddleEnglishwasoneofleveledendings(基本没有词尾曲折变化).MiddleEnglishretainedmuchf26ModernEnglish(1500uptothepresent)ModernEnglishEarlyModern(1500-1700)LateModern(1700uptothepresent)BourgeoisandIndustrialRevolutionRenaissanceModernEnglish(1500uptothe27TheModernEnglish(1500-present)

Intheearlystagesofthisperiod,theRenaissancebroughtgreatchangestothevocabulary.Inthisperiod,thestudyofclassicswasstressedandtheresultwasthewholesaleborrowingfromLatin.Fromthesixteenthcenturyonward,Englishborrowedwordsfromanincreasingnumberoflanguages,themajoronesbeingthethreeRomancelanguages,French,Spanish,andItaly.EnglishalsoadoptedwordsfromotherEuropeanlanguages.Attheturnofthe19thand20thcenturies,asaresultofexploration,colonizationandtrade,manywordscameinfromnon-Europeanlanguages.TheModernEnglish(1500-prese28TheModernEnglish(1500-present)Sincethebeginningofthiscentury,particularlyafterWorldWarII,theworldhasseenbreathtakingadvancesinscienceandtechnology.Asaresult,thousandsandthousandsofnewwordshavebeencreatedtoexpressnewideas,inventions,andscientificachievements.Althoughborrowingremainedanimportantchannelofvocabularyexpansion,yetmorewordsarecreatedbymeansofword-formation.TheModernEnglish(1500-prese29

InmodernEnglish,wordsendingsweremostlylostwithjustafewexceptions.ItcanbeconcludedthatEnglishhasevolvedfromasynthetic(综合的)language(OldEnglish)tothepresentanalytic(分析的)language.Comparethefollowingexamples:OldMiddleModernleorn-ianlern-enlearnmon-amone-emoonstan-asston-esstonessun-nesun-nesunInmodernEnglish,wordsendi30CommentontheHistoricalDevelopmentInfactEnglishhasadoptedwordsfromalmosteveryknownlanguageinthecourseofitshistoricaldevelopment.ThishasmadetheEnglishvocabularyextremelyrichandheterogeneous多种多样的；混杂的.

Englishissupposedtohavethemostcopious丰富的vocabularyofallthelanguages,estimatedatmorethanamillionwords.Itisalsonotedforitswealthofsynonymsandidioms,afactnodoubtduetoitssharingsomanycommonwordswithotherlanguages.CommentontheHistoricalDeve31AcomparisonofthreephasesOldEnglishAperiodoffullendingsMiddleEnglishAperiodofleveledendingsModernEnglishAperiodoflostendingsAcomparisonofthreephasesOl322.3GeneralCharacteristicsReceptivity,adaptability适应性andheterogeneityVariety,heterogeneousnesswithforeignelementsSimplicityofinflection:OldEnglishisasyntheticlanguageModernEnglishisaanalyticlanguageRelativelyfixedword-order2.3GeneralCharacteristicsRec332.4ForeignElementsintheEnglishVocabularyThemajorcontributorstoEnglishareLatin,Greek,FrenchandScandinavian.2.4ForeignElementsintheEn342.5GrowthofContemporaryEnglishVocabularyThreemainsourcesofnewwords:RapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandlanguagesSocial,economicandpoliticalchangesTheinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages2.5GrowthofContemporaryEng352.6ModesofVocabularyDevelopmentCreationTheformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterialsSemanticchangeAnoldformtakesonanewmeaningBorrowing:Borrowedwordsconstitutesixtosevenpercentofallnewwords.2.6ModesofVocabularyDevelo36ConclusionAwordmaybedefinedasoneofthefundamentalunitsofspeechandashavingaminimumfreeform.Itisaunityofsoundandmeaning,capableofperformingagivensyntacticalfunction.Allthewordsinalanguagetogetherconstitutewhatisknownasitsvocabulary.ThehistoricaldevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguageshowsthatEnglishisaheavyborrower.Latin,French,andGreekarethreemainsources.ConclusionAwordmaybedefine37AfterWorldWarTwo,theEnglishvocabularyexpandedataratemuchfasterthaneverbefore.Thebasicreasonsfortherapidgrowthofthevocabularyofpresent-dayEnglisharemarkedprogressofscienceandtechnology,thesocio-economic,politicalandculturalchangestakingplaceintheEnglish-speakingcountries,andthestronginfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages.AfterWorldWarTwo,theEngli38Inspiteofthepreponderance数量上的优势oftheloanwordsoverthenativeones,thelattermakeupthemostfamiliar,mostusefulpartoftheEnglishvocabulary,whiletheformeraddstotheflexibility灵活性andresourcefulness资源丰富ofthelanguage.TheEnglishvocabularycomprisesdifferentkindsofwords,whichmaybeclassifiedaccordingtodifferentcriteria.Inspiteofthepreponderance数39

Wordsmaybeclassifiedbytheir

usefrequencyintoBasicwordstockandNon-basicvocabulary.Bynotion,wordsmaybeclassifiedintoContentwordsandFunctionalwords.Theformerhaveindependentlexicalmeaningswhilethelatter,inmostcases,havenolexicalmeaningsoftheirown,actingasgrammaticalsignalstoshowtheconnectionbetweencontentwords.Besides,functionwordsarefarfewerthancontentwordsyetaremuchmorefrequentlyused.Byorigin,wordsmaybeclassifiedintoNativewordsandLoanwords.Wordsmaybeclassifiedbyt40Assignment

Questions:WhyshouldstudentsofEnglishlexicologystudytheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily?WhatcharacteristicsofEnglishmaketheEnglishlanguageheterogeneous?AccountforthepopularityofEnglishinthepresentworldfromalinguisticperspective.Describethecharacteristicsofcontemporaryvocabulary.WhatarethemajormodesofvocabularydevelopmentincontemporaryEnglish?AssignmentQuestions:41Chapter2TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary英语词汇的发展Chapter2TheDevelopmentoft42Objectives:

IntroducethehistoryandthegeneralcharacteristicsofEnglish;LetstudentsknowthegrowthofcontemporaryEnglishvocabularyandthemodesofvocabularydevelopmentTeachingfocus:theIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilythreephasesofthehistoricaldevelopmentgeneralcharacteristicsofEnglishthreesourcesofcontemporaryEnglishvocabularymodesofvocabularydevelopmentObjectives:43INTRODUCTIONItappearsthattheuseoflanguagecameaboutindependentlyinanumberofplaces.Alllanguageschangewithtime.AcomparisonofChaucer'sEnglish,Shakespeare'sEnglishandModernEnglishshowshowalanguagecanchangeoverseveralhundredyears.ModernEnglishspokeninBritain,NorthAmericaandAustraliausesdifferentwordsandgrammar.Iftwogroupsofpeoplespeakingthesamelanguageareseparated,intimetheirlanguageswillchangealongdifferentpaths.Firsttheydevelopdifferentaccents;nextsomeofthevocabularywillchange(eitherduetoinfluencesofotherlanguagesorbynaturalprocesses).Whenthishappensadifferentdialectiscreated;thetwogroupscanstillunderstandeachother.Ifthedialectscontinuetodivergetherewillcomeatimewhentheyaremutuallyunintelligible.Atthisstagethepeoplearespeakingdifferentlanguages.INTRODUCTION44TenLanguageFamiliesTheIndo-EuropeanFamily印欧语系46%

Themostwidelystudiedfamilyoflanguagesandthefamilywiththelargestnumberofspeakers(about150languagesandaboutthreebillionspeakers).LanguagesincludeEnglish,Spanish,Portuguese,French,Italian,Russian,Greek,Hindi,Bengali;andtheclassicallanguagesofLatin,Sanskrit,andPersian.TheUralicFamily乌拉尔语系AfamilyfoundinEurope(Hungarian,Finnish)andSiberia(Mordvin)withcomplexnounstructures.TheAltaicFamily阿尔泰语系AfamilyspreadfromEurope(Turkish)throughCentraAsia(Uzbek),Mongolia(Mongolian),totheFarEast(Korean,Japanese).Theselanguageshavetheinterestingpropertyofvowelharmony.TheSino-TibetanFamily汉藏语系21%AnimportantAsianfamilyoflanguages(250languages)thatincludestheworld'smostspokenlanguage,Mandarin.Theselanguagesaremonosyllabicandtonal.TenLanguageFamiliesTheIndo-45TheMalayo-PolynesianFamily马来－玻里尼西亚语系Afamilyconsistingofover1000languagesspreadthroughouttheIndianandPacificOceansaswellSouthEastAsia.LanguagesincludeMalay,Indonesian,MaoriandHawaiian.TheAfro-AsiaticFamily亚非语系ThisfamilycontainslanguagesofnorthernAfricaandtheMiddleEast.ThedominantlanguagesareArabicandHebrew.TheCaucasianFamily高加索语系AfamilybasedaroundtheCaucasusMountainsbetweentheBlackSeaandtheCaspianSea.GeorgianandChechenarethemainlanguages.Theyareknownfortheirlargenumberofconsonants.TheMalayo-PolynesianFamily马来46TheDravidianFamily德拉维达语系又称达罗毗荼语系

ThelanguagesofsouthernIndia(incontrasttotheIndo-EuropeanlanguagesofnorthernIndia).Tamilisthebestknownoftheselanguages.Austro-AsiaticFamily南亚语系ThisfamilyareascatteredgroupoflanguagesinAsia.TheyarefoundfromeasternIndiatoVietnam.LanguagesincludeVietnameseandKhmer.Niger-CongoFamily尼日尔—刚果语系

ThisfamilyfeaturesthemanylanguagesofAfricasouthoftheSahara.ThelargenumberoflanguagesincludeSwahili,Shona绍纳语,Xhosa科萨语andZulu.Formoreinformation,pleasereferto/langfams.htmlTheDravidianFamily德拉维达语系又称达472.1TheIndo-EuropeanLanguagefamilyTheIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilyismadeupofmostlanguagesofEurope,theNearEast,andIndia.TheclassificationofIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily:Accordingtovariousdegreesofsimilarityandtheirgeographicaldistribution,thesurvivinglanguagesofIndo-Europeanlanguagefamilyfallinto10principalgroups,whichcanbegroupedintoanEasternsetandWesternset.2.1TheIndo-EuropeanLanguage48TheEasternset:Balto-Slavic波罗的斯拉夫语族(thebiggestone)Prussian普鲁士语Lithuanian立陶宛语Polish波兰语Czech捷克语Bulgarian保加利亚语Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语Russian俄罗斯语Indo-Iranian印伊语族Persian波斯语Bengali孟加拉语Hindi北印度语Romany罗曼尼语/吉普赛语Sanskrit梵文;梵语Armenian亚美尼亚语族ArmenianAlbanian阿尔巴尼语族Albanian

TheEasternset:Balto-Slavic波罗49TheWesternSetHellenic希腊语族GreekCeltic凯尔特语族Scotish苏格兰语Irish爱尔兰语Welsh威尔士Breton布列塔尼语Pictish皮克特语Hittite希泰语族Tocharian吐火罗语族Italic意大利语族（5romancelanguages）Portuguese葡萄牙语Spanish西班牙语French法语Latin

Italian意大利语Rumanian罗马尼亚语Germanic日耳曼族English英语German德语Dutch荷兰语Flemish弗来芒语ScandinavianlanguagesNorwegian挪威语Icelandic冰岛语Danish丹麦语Swedish瑞典语TheWesternSetHellenic希腊语族Ita50TheprehistoricIndo-Europeanparentlanguageisthoughttobeahighlyinflectedlanguage.Itwasalanguageinwhichthevariousformsofagivenwordshoweditsrelationshiptootherwordsinasentence.

Whengroupsofthislanguagemovedawayfromtheoriginalhomeland,believedtobesomewhereintheeasternmostpartofEurope,thelanguageofeachgroupgrewanddevelopedalongdifferentlinesinmuchthesamewaythatAmericanandAustralianEnglishnowshowdifferencesfromthelanguageofEngland.Oververylongperiodofcompleteisolationfromeachother,thesedialectsofasinglelanguagechangedsomuchthattheybecomeseparatelanguages.Speakersofonewerenotunderstoodbyspeakersofanother.WhereDidtheEnglishLanguageComeFromHowEnglishBecameaModernLanguageTheprehistoricIndo-European512.2ThreePhasesoftheHistoricalDevelopmentForeachphaseofthedevelopment,thefollowingpointsmustbemadeclear:TimerangeFeaturesofEnglishSocialandhistoricaleventsthatinfluencedEnglishgreatly2.2ThreePhasesoftheHistor52ThreeperiodsofdevelopmentOldEnglish/Anglo-SaxonEnglish(449-1100AD)MiddleEnglish(1100-1500AD)ModernEnglish(1500-present)ThreeperiodsofdevelopmentOl53TimeHistoricaleventsInfluencesCelts(theearliestinhabitants)TheCelts450TheconquestandsettlementoftheAngles,Saxons,andtheJutesAnglo-Saxon790theScandinavianortheDanishconquestsOldNorseborrowed1066TheNormanConquestFrenchborrowedTimeHistoricaleventsInfluenc54TimeHistoricaleventsInfluence16th-18thcenturyTheRenaissance(14thcentury)1.Latinborrowed2.OtherEuropeanlanguagesborrowedAttheturnofthe19thand20thcenturiesColonization1.Non-European2.languagesborrowed3.EnglishworldwideAfterWWIIAdvanceinscienceandtechnologyManynewwordscreatedTimeHistoricaleventsInfluence55TheOldEnglish(449-1100)ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguagebeginswiththeconquestandsettlementofwhatisnowEnglandbytheAngles,Saxons,andtheJutesfromabout450AD.ThelanguagetheyspokewasAnglo-Saxon,whichreplacedtheCelticspokenbytheformerinhabitantsCeltsTheOldEnglish(449-1100)The56OldEnglish(450-1150)Threequestionsfordiscussion:WhoweretheearliestinhabitantsontheBritishIsles?WhatareincludedinGermanictribes?WhatdoesEnglandmeanandwhywasthecountrycalledEnglandandthelanguageEnglish?WhatisthefeatureofOldEnglish?OldEnglish(450-1150)Threequ57ThefirstpeoplesknowntoinhabitthelandwereCelts.TheGermanictribesincludeAngles,Saxons,andJutes.TheywerefirstalliesofCeltstofightagainstPicts皮克特人

andScots,butthentheybecamenewconquerors.Angles,SaxonsandJutesallhavetheirdialects.TheSaxonswerenumericallysuperiortotheAngles,whilethelatterwereinfluentialenoughtoimposetheirnameonthewhole.OldEnglisharealmostmonogeneous单能的andentirelyGermanicwithonlyafewborrowingsfromLatinandScandinavian.Itwasahighlyinflectedlanguage,ofwhichnouns,pronouns,adjectives,verbs,andadverbshadcomplexsystemsofendingsorvowelchangesorboth.Thefirstpeoplesknowntoinh58TheOldEnglish(449-1100)ThevocabularyofOldEnglishwaschieflyAnglo-SaxonwithasmallmixtureofOldNorsewordsasaresultoftheScandinavianortheDanishconquestsofEnglandintheninthcentury,suchas,cake,call,egg,knife,take,give,etc.TheEnglishcontinuedtoadoptwordsfromLatinduringtheOldEnglishperiodduetotheAnglesandSaxons’variouscontactswiththeRomans,suchas,candle,kettle,mountain,school,cup,etc.TheOldEnglish(449-1100)The59OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.ItwasahighlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodernGerman.Therefore,nouns,pronouns,adjectives,verbs,andadverbshadcomplexendingsorvowelchanges,orboth,whichdiffergreatlyfromthelanguagethatweusetoday.OldEnglishhasavocabularyo60TheMiddleEnglish(1100-1500)MiddleEnglishischaracterizedbythestronginfluenceofFrenchfollowingtheNormanConquestin1066.SincetheFrench-speakingNormansweretherulingclass,Frenchwasusedforallstateaffairsandformostsocialandculturalmatters;butthemassescontinuedtospeakEnglish.ThelanguagethatemergedatthattimeshowedvastandsignificantchangesintheEnglishvocabulary---thelossofalargepartoftheOldEnglishwordstockand