Thomas-Hardy介绍教学讲解课件

ThomasHardy

托马斯·哈代

(1840~1928)AGreatestVictoriannovelist

ThomasHardy

托马斯·哈代

(11ThomasHardyislastimportantnovelistandpoetofthe19thcentury.Livingattheturnofthecentury.Hardyisoftenregardedasatransitionalwriter.Inhimweseetheinfluencefromboththepastandthemodern.Hisliterarygeniusisapparentinhispoemsandnovels.CurrentscholarsbelieveHardytobeoneofthegreatesttragicnovelistsofEnglishliterature.ThomasHardyislastimportant2June2,1840ThomasHardywasborntoThomasandJemimaHardyatHigherBockhamptonDorset.

June2,1840ThomasHardywas3ThomasandJemimaHardyThomasandJemimaHardy4ThomasHardy

(1840~1928)BornandbroughtupinDorset,anagriculturaldistrictinthesouthofEngland,whichhecalledWessex（韦塞克斯）inhisbook.Permeatedbyreligionandmusic,theseearly

yearsintheruralSouthWestweretohaveaprofoundinfluenceonHardyandtheimaginary'Wessex'ofhislaternovels.ThomasHardy

(1840~1928)Born5Hardy’sCottageHardy’sCottage6

7Thomas-Hardy介绍教学讲解课件8Thomas-Hardy介绍教学讲解课件91848-56Educatedondifferentschools–TheNationalSchool(ChurchofEngland)inLowerBockhampton,theBritishSchoolinDorchester.1848-56Educatedondifferent101856-62ApprenticedasanarchitectforfouryearstoJohnHicks.1856-62Apprenticedasan111962

StartedworkingforArthurBlomfieldinLondon.1863

Awardedacashprizeforarchitecture.Didnotacceptthecashprize.1962

StartedworkingforArthu12September17,1874MarriedEmmaGifford.

September17,1874MarriedEmm131912DeathofEmmaHardy.1912DeathofEmmaHardy.14February,6,1914MarriedFlorenceDugdale

February,6,1914MarriedFlor15ThehomethatHardybuiltinDorchester

ThehomethatHardybuiltin16

Hardydiesattheageof87onJanuary10,1928.HisbodywasburiedinWestminsterAbbey,whereashisheartwasburiedinStinsfordChurchyard.

Hardydiesattheageof87o17WestminsterAbbeyWestminsterAbbey18Poet’sCornerPoet’sCorner19NovelsHehimselfgroupedhisnovelsintothreeseries:romancesandfantasies“传奇和幻想作品”（罗曼史）

novelsofingenuity“机巧和实验小说”（爱情阴谋故事）

novelsofcharacterandenvironment.“性格和环境小说”

Novels20“novelsofcharacterandenvironment”isthemostoutstandingTheReturnoftheNative《还乡记》TheMayorofCasterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》

TessoftheD’urbervilles《苔丝》JudetheObscure《无名的裘德》UndertheGreenwoodTree《绿荫下》FarFromtheMaddingCrowd《远离尘嚣》“novelsofcharacterandenvir21ButTessandJudeweregivenahostilereceptionbythebourgeoispublic.

OutrageHardy’sskepticism:ThiswasparticularlytruewhenhebeganworkonJudetheObscure,aworkinwhichthereligiousdoubtsofthecentralcharacterwouldfinduncompromisingexpression.Hardywasnowturninghisbackonorthodoxreligion.HisliterarymessagewasnowalongwayfromconventionalVictorianmorality.ButTessandJudeweregive22

OutrageManyreadersofJudetheObscurereactedwithoutrage.TheBishopofWakefieldannouncedthathehadthrown"suchgarbage"ontohisfire.RetreatingtohisMaxGatefortress,HardywithstoodthecriticalonslaughtonJudewithasmuchstoicismashecouldmuster.Butittookitstollonhismarriage.AfterJudetheObscure,Hardyneverwroteanothernovel.OutrageManyreadersofJud23outrageSoonafterwardshebegantheprocessofdestroyingtheevidenceofhispast,longbeforehisexecutorsenthusiasticallycontinuedthetask.(WithindaysofthedeathofThomasHardyin1928,theexecutorsofhisestatemadeabonfireofhislettersandnotebooksathisDorchesterhome)

ManyofHardy'sbooksandletterswereburnt

outrageSoonafterwardshebega24APoet&ANovelistHewrotemuchpoetryinthelastthirtyyearsofhislifeandremainsahighlyregardedpoetandnovelist.APoet&ANovelistHewrotemu25Wessex

Wessex

26WessexWorks

Wessexnovels:novelsdescribingthecharactersandenvironmentofhisnativecountryside.TheirsettingistheagriculturalregionofthesoutherncountiesofEngland.HetruthfullydepictsthepovertyanddecayofsmallfarmerswhobecomehiredfieldhandsandroamofthetraditionalmodeoflifeinruralEngland.WessexWorks

Wessexnovels:n27

Itwasinthechaptersof"FarFromtheMaddingCrowd"…thatIfirstventuredtoadopttheword"Wessex"fromthepagesofearlyEnglishhistory,andgiveitafictitioussignificanceastheexistingnameofthedistrictonceincludedinthatextinctkingdom.TheseriesofnovelsIprojectedbeingmainlyofthekindcalledlocal,theyseemedtorequireaterritorialdefinitionofsomesorttolendunitytotheirscene.fromHardy'sPrefacetothenovel1895-1902ThomasHardyfirstusedtheterm"Wessex"inhis1874novel,FarFromtheMaddingCrowd.

Itwasinthechaptersof"Fa28Works:fatalisticmood

This,andhislossofreligiousfaithwhichwaspartoftheancienttradition,gavehisnovelsatragicandfatalisticvision.Hispessimisticphilosophyseemstoshowthatmankindissubjectedtotheruleofsomehostileandmysteriousfate,whichbringsmisfortunetohumanlife.

Works:fatalisticmood

This,29Hardydidnotrejectthesocialdevelopmentswhichwerechangingpeoplewiththeircircumstances,buthesawthelossaswellasthegain.Andthelosswasnotestimatedmerelyintheperishingofoldcustoms,butinthepassingawayofakindofhumanitywhichwouldneverbereplaced.Hardydidnotrejectthesocia30theideaoffateandthecriticalrealisticthoughtsinhisworksThomasHardyhasthebeliefthatman’sfateispredeterminedtragic,drivenbyacombinedforceof“nature”,bothinsideandoutside.InHardy’sworks,thereisalsobitterandsharpcriticismofthehypocriticalandunfairVictorianinstitutions,conventionsandmoralvalueswhichstrangletheindividualwillanddestroynaturalhumanemotionsandrelationships.theideaoffateandthecriti31HisArtisticFeaturesHardyisagreatpainterofnature.Inhishand,natureassumestheformoflifeandbecomesamostpowerful,forbiddingforcewithitsownlifeandwill.AndalltheworksofHardyarenotedfortherusticdialectandapoeticflavor,whichfitswellintotheirperfectlydesignedarchitecturalstructures.HisArtisticFeaturesHardyis32Hisnovelshadanindelibleimpactduringhistimeandalsotilldatemanyofhisnovelsinspiretheatreproductionsaswellasfilms.Hisnovels,whichreflecttheVictoriansocietywithallitsidiosyncrasies,wereperceivedasirreligious.Hisnovelshadanindelibleim33TessoftheD‘Urbervilles

《德伯家的苔丝》(1891)TessoftheD‘Urbervilles

《德伯34PlotSummaryTesscomesfromafarmer’sfamily,theDurbeyfields.Shehaslivedapoorbutpeacefullife.However,God,“ThePresidentoftheImmoral”beginstoplayacrueljokeonthisinnocentgirl.Onedayherfather,JohnDurbeyfiedlearnsthattheyaredescendedfromtheD’Urbervilles,anancientfamilyoncerenownedinEngland.Tess’sparentsareinanecstasyofdelightoverthenews.HermotherurgesTesstoclaimkinshipwiththeremainingD’Urbervilles,sothatTesscouldmarryagentleman.Unwillingly,thegirlcomesincontactwiththeStoke,D’Urbervilles.ThereshemeetsAlecD’Urbervilles,whoshowsofftheestateandalwaysseducesher.Havingreceivedajoboftendingtochickens,TessstaysintheD’Urbervilles.Hertragiclifehasjustbegun.PlotSummaryTesscomesfroma35BeforelongtherichandguilefulAlecmanagestoseducethegirlandmakeherpregnant.Beinghumiliatedandresolute,Tessreturnshome.Despitetherumorsallaround,shegivesbirthtoachild,whoiscalledSorrowbutdiessoonbecauseofgraveillness.Forseveralweeks,Tessisoverwhelmedbygriefandsorrow.Nevertheless,withoutfinancialsupport,Tesshastoleavehomeandgoestoworkasadairymaidatadistantfarm,whereshemeetsAngelClaire.Theyhavemeteachotherbefore,andTesshasmadeafavorableimpressiononAngel.AfterAngelpersistentpursuitofTess,thetwofallinloveandbecomeengaged.Thencomestheweddingnight,toohonesttokeepanysecret,TessadmitsaboutAlecD’Urbervillesandthechild.Shebegsforforgiveness,butAngelleavesherindisgust.Beforelongtherichandguile36Tessagainreturnshomealone,onlyfindthatherfamilyremainsimpoverishedandsheevenhasnoplacetostay.Inthemeantime,AlecD’Urbervilles,theevilpersonappearsagain.HetakesadvantageoftheDurbeyfields’povertyandcontinuestotemptTess.Hepromisestosupportherfamily,onlyasameanstomakeTessdependent.Attheendofhope,thegirljumpsintothetrapoftheshamelessman.However,thetragedyhasnotfinishedyet.AngelClaire,whoisremorsefulforhismercilessness,comesback,buttofindthecruelreality.AndhisarrivalmakesTessevenmoredesperate.AfterAngelleaves,shestabsAlecintheheartandkillshim.ThenshefollowsAngelandescapewithhim.TheymanagetohideforawhileinawoodbeforetheycometoStonehenge,wheresheisarrested.Sheishangedlater.Tessagainreturnshomealone,37CommentonTessInTessoftheD'Urbervilles,althoughHardytoldastoryaboutaseducedwomanwhichwasatradionalone,hehadcreatedabrandnewimageofwoman.Inhispointofview,Tesswasaseducedwomanwithapureheart,avictimoftheoldfashionedmorals.Shewasbeautiful,simpleandunadorned.Withtheabilityoftoleration,shecansacrificeherselftoherfamily.Shetrustsedpeolpeandlovedpeoplewhichmadeherdifferentfromothers.Tesswasacombinationoftendernessandpassion.ShelovedAngelClaireheartandsoulwithallherintenseemotionsand100%turst.Eventhoughbeingdumped,shedidn’tchangehermind.Sheneverseekedfameandwealth.Whatshereallyvaluedwasself-respectationandfreedom.SheclaimedkinshipwiththefakeD’Urbervilleswastohelpherfamilygetoutofthepoverty.AfterseducedbyAlec,shewentbackhomedespiteofAlec’sretentioninsteadofmarryinghim.Tessisthevictimofthisfallacy.BythesadstoryofTess,Hardyannouncedthehypocrisyofthisethic.CommentonTessInTessofthe38

ThesoulofTesswaschastforsheownedsuchanoblemoralintegrity.“Nooneisperfectinthisworld,theperfectionofhumanbeingisrepresentonthetheunderstandoflife,theloveforliving,thedesireofdreamandtheloyaltytolove.But,unfortunately,themoralsofcapitalismareallbasedonegoism.Thismakesittotallyoppositetoallthefaireidealsofthepeople,andthechiefoffenderofthedeathofbeautyofhumannature.”

AngelClaire’slovewasidealized.Hislovewasidealismanddepartedfromthereality.ThechangeofhislovetoTesswasconcequenceoftheconflictonofdreamandreality.Hisdreamfailedfromthebattleandhecamebacktotraditionalmorals.“theso-calledopenmindedAngelClairewasnotonlyahypolcriticalguardbutalsoacompeletelySnobbishvillain.

AlecD’UrbervilleswasrepresenteroftheeviloftheBourgeoisclass.HetreatedTessasifshewasjustasexualpartner.WhenHardyshapedthischaracter,hetriedtomakeaconnectionbetweenthehypocrisyofmoralandreligion.Especially,inreligion,womanwasthesourceofallevilswhichgaveareasontotheBourgeoisclasstoinsultthem.AlecD’Urbervilleswasalsothesymbolofthereligion,fromwhichwecanseethelinkbetweenitandTess’sdeath.

ThesoulofTesswas39TessoftheD’UrbervillesTheheroineofHardy’snovelisTessDurbeyfield,ayoung,beautifulwoman.Inthecourseofthenovel,Tessmeetstwomenwhoarepossiblesuitors.HardycharacterizesAlecasanunsuitablematewhileAngelisrepresentativeoftheideal.Showclipsofmovieandtalkabouthoweachcharacterlivesuptoorfailstoliveuptostandardsofanidealmate.TessoftheD’UrbervillesTheh40CommentonTessTess’stragedyfiguredthatTesswasdistroyedbythesystemofthecapitalism.ThereforethemeaningofTess’stragedywasnotonlyapersonalfightbutrosetothelevelthatalltheworkersshouldaskforhumanrightandcomplaintthewholecapitalismsystem.ItisthecapitalistinvasionintothecountrysideanddestructionoftheEnglishpeasantryattheendofthe19thcentury.Naturalistictendencyisstronginthenovel.

CommentonTess41WhatMakesAlecaBadMate?Alecissexuallyaggressive.HepressuresTesstokisshim,threateningherwhensherefuses,andkissesherrandomlyandunexpectedlysothatshecan’tdefendherself.Accordingtoevolutionarypsychology,womendonotrespondfavorablytosexualaggressionbecausesexualcoercionreducestheirabilitytobeselectiveinmakingmatechoices.Alec’ssexualaggressiongoessofarthatheactuallyrapesTess.Alecisdescribedasphysicallyunattractivewitha“swarthycomplexion,”“fulllips,badlymoulded”with“touchesofbarbarisminhiscontours”(Hardy50).Hisunattractivenesshintsthathemaynotbeahealthyman,andthereforemaynotproducehealthyoffspringinadditiontosignalingade-evolvedstate.Alecisalsonotopentocommitment.Tessrealizesthisandmuses,“Hemarryher!Onmatrimonyhehadneveroncesaidaword”(102).Withoutawillingnesstocommittoher,Alecisnotasuitablematebecausehecanwithdrawhisresourcesatanytime,possiblywhensheisolderandlessreproductivelyvaluableandthereforewouldbeunabletoattractanothermatetotakehisplace.Alecalso,whileofahighersocialclassthanTess,doesnotshowanydesireorcapabilityofseekingoutresourcesonhisownaccount.WhileTesswouldvaluetheresourcesthatAlecalreadypossesses,shewouldalsolookforcuesthatwouldindicatethatiftheseresourceswerelost,he’dhavetheabilitytoseekoutnewones.WhatMakesAlecaBadMate?42WhatMakesAngelaGoodMate?Chapter8,milkmaidsAngelisofahigherclassthanTess,beingthesonofagentleman.Socialstatus,accordingtoevolutionarypsychologyresearch,waslinkedstronglytoamountofresources.HardydescribesAngelashavingthecapacityto“doanythinghetried”indicatingthatheiscapableofobtainingresourcesonhisown.Angelsignalshisresourcefulnessbytouringlocalfarmsto“acquire…practicalskillinthevariousprocessesoffarming”,includingdairyfarming(Hardy142).Angelishighlyintelligent,withTess“regard[ing]Angel…asanintelligenceratherthanasaman”(Hardy155).Intelligenceisaqualitywhichwasthoughttobeindicativeofhighersocialstatus,andthegreaterabilitytoobtainresources.HardyalsocreatesAngel’scharactersothatheshowsadefinitedesiretocommittoTess,asherepeatedlyaskshertomarryhim.ThissignalstoTessthat,unlikeAlecwhoseemstowantshort-termandnoncommittalpleasureoutofher,Angelwishesalong-termrelationshipandiswillingtocommithisresourcestoher.Angel,unlikeAlec,isgoodlooking,thereforehintingthattherearenotthesameconcernsaboutill-healthorunsuitability.AngelisalsoolderthanTess,thoughnotsubstantiallyso.ThisindicatesthatTess,aspredictedbyEvolutionarytheory,findsaslightlyolderandverypromisingmantheideal.WhatMakesAngelaGoodMate?C43WhatMakesTessaDesirableWoman?TessisdescribedbyHardyas“avisionaryessenceofwoman—awholesexcondensedintoonetypicalform”(160).Therefore,Tessseemstoepitomizefemininebeauty,meaningshepossessthecuestohealthandyouthwhichsignaltomenherreproductivevalue.ClareexplainstoTesswhysheistheonlywomanheloves,“Distinction…consist[s]in…beingnumberedamongthosewhoaretrue,chaste,

honest,andpure.WhatMakesTessaDesirableWo44WhatWomenWantPictureyouridealpartner.WhatWomenWant?WhatMenWant?WhatWomenWant45Resources

(money,skills,goods)orthepotentialtogetthem.Inourpast,theabilitytogetfoodorprovideshelter,meantthedifferencebetweendeathorsurvival.Socialstatusinourhunter-gatherertimeswasindicativeoftheownershipofvaluableresources,thereforewomenprefermenofhighersocialstatus.Womenalsovalueeducationinamatebecauseeducationis,accordingtoBuss,“stronglylinkedwithsocialstatus”.Becausebothstatusandwealth“accumulatewithincreasingage”womenprefermenwhoareolderthanthem.Inastudyof37cultures,womenpreferredamanwhowasanaverageof3.5yearsolder.Whiletheypreferoldermen,womenprefermenshowing“considerablepromise”ratherthansubstantiallyoldermenwhohavealreadyreachedthepeakoftheirproductivity。Menwillingtocommit.Awomanseeksoutmenwillingtocommitandmarrybecausethismeansthathisresourceswillbehersexclusively,andwillremainwithherandheroffspringandnotbedivertedtoanotherwoman.Menwhoarephysicallystrongenoughorimposingenough(tall)toofferprotectionfromsexualaggressors,thismayhavebeenparticularlyrelevantinourpast.Probablywhyyoudon’tseemanywomendatingsubstantiallyshortermen.WhatWomenWantResources(money,skills,good46WhatMenWantYouth.“Youthisacriticalcue,sincewomen’sreproductivevaluedeclinessteadilywithincreasingageaftertwenty.Bytheageofforty,awoman’sreproductivecapacityislow,andbyfiftyitisclosetozero.”Averagedacross37cultures,menpreferwomen“approximately2.5yearsyounger”.Featuresofphysicalappearance,suchasfulllips,sexyfigure,smoothskin,cleareyes,andlustroushair”wereobservablecuesofawoman’syouth.Thesecharacteristicsessentiallyreflectideasoffemininebeauty.Mendon’thaveawoman’sassurancethatachildistheirown.Consequently,theyfacethe“adaptiveproblem”ofguaranteeingpaternity.Asawayofguaranteeingpaternity,menseekoutwomenwhohavedemonstrated“premaritalchastity”orsexualinexperience.sexuallyexperiencedorpromiscuousbeforemarriage=sexuallypromiscuouswhenmarriedanduncertainpaternity=meansthey’reonlygoodfortheshort-term,notcommitment.chasteorveryinexperiencedbeforemarriage=sexuallyloyalduringmarriageandgreatercertaintyofpaternity=suitableforlong-termcommitmentWhatMenWantYouth.“Youthis47StoneHedgeStoneHedge48Thomas-Hardy介绍教学讲解课件49Talbothays,thedairyfarm/AngelClareFlintcomb-Ash,inthenorthAlec,Tess,thelastfloweroftheancientruralityWhoisresponsibleforTess’sdeath?

Talbothays,thedairyfarm/A50结束语当你尽了自己的最大努力时，失败也是伟大的，所以不要放弃，坚持就是正确的。WhenYouDoYourBest,FailureIsGreat,SoDon'TGiveUp,StickToTheEnd结束语51谢谢大家荣幸这一路，与你同行It'SAnHonorToWalkWithYouAllTheWay演讲人：XXXXXX时间：XX年XX月XX日

谢谢大家演讲人：XXXXXX52

ThomasHardy

托马斯·哈代

(1840~1928)AGreatestVictoriannovelist

ThomasHardy

托马斯·哈代

(153ThomasHardyislastimportantnovelistandpoetofthe19thcentury.Livingattheturnofthecentury.Hardyisoftenregardedasatransitionalwriter.Inhimweseetheinfluencefromboththepastandthemodern.Hisliterarygeniusisapparentinhispoemsandnovels.CurrentscholarsbelieveHardytobeoneofthegreatesttragicnovelistsofEnglishliterature.ThomasHardyislastimportant54June2,1840ThomasHardywasborntoThomasandJemimaHardyatHigherBockhamptonDorset.

June2,1840ThomasHardywas55ThomasandJemimaHardyThomasandJemimaHardy56ThomasHardy

(1840~1928)BornandbroughtupinDorset,anagriculturaldistrictinthesouthofEngland,whichhecalledWessex（韦塞克斯）inhisbook.Permeatedbyreligionandmusic,theseearly

yearsintheruralSouthWestweretohaveaprofoundinfluenceonHardyandtheimaginary'Wessex'ofhislaternovels.ThomasHardy

(1840~1928)Born57Hardy’sCottageHardy’sCottage58

59Thomas-Hardy介绍教学讲解课件60Thomas-Hardy介绍教学讲解课件611848-56Educatedondifferentschools–TheNationalSchool(ChurchofEngland)inLowerBockhampton,theBritishSchoolinDorchester.1848-56Educatedondifferent621856-62ApprenticedasanarchitectforfouryearstoJohnHicks.1856-62Apprenticedasan631962

StartedworkingforArthurBlomfieldinLondon.1863

Awardedacashprizeforarchitecture.Didnotacceptthecashprize.1962

StartedworkingforArthu64September17,1874MarriedEmmaGifford.

September17,1874MarriedEmm651912DeathofEmmaHardy.1912DeathofEmmaHardy.66February,6,1914MarriedFlorenceDugdale

February,6,1914MarriedFlor67ThehomethatHardybuiltinDorchester

ThehomethatHardybuiltin68

Hardydiesattheageof87onJanuary10,1928.HisbodywasburiedinWestminsterAbbey,whereashisheartwasburiedinStinsfordChurchyard.

Hardydiesattheageof87o69WestminsterAbbeyWestminsterAbbey70Poet’sCornerPoet’sCorner71NovelsHehimselfgroupedhisnovelsintothreeseries:romancesandfantasies“传奇和幻想作品”（罗曼史）

novelsofingenuity“机巧和实验小说”（爱情阴谋故事）

novelsofcharacterandenvironment.“性格和环境小说”

Novels72“novelsofcharacterandenvironment”isthemostoutstandingTheReturnoftheNative《还乡记》TheMayorofCasterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》

TessoftheD’urbervilles《苔丝》JudetheObscure《无名的裘德》UndertheGreenwoodTree《绿荫下》FarFromtheMaddingCrowd《远离尘嚣》“novelsofcharacterandenvir73ButTessandJudeweregivenahostilereceptionbythebourgeoispublic.

OutrageHardy’sskepticism:ThiswasparticularlytruewhenhebeganworkonJudetheObscure,aworkinwhichthereligiousdoubtsofthecentralcharacterwouldfinduncompromisingexpression.Hardywasnowturninghisbackonorthodoxreligion.HisliterarymessagewasnowalongwayfromconventionalVictorianmorality.ButTessandJudeweregive74

OutrageManyreadersofJudetheObscurereactedwithoutrage.TheBishopofWakefieldannouncedthathehadthrown"suchgarbage"ontohisfire.RetreatingtohisMaxGatefortress,HardywithstoodthecriticalonslaughtonJudewithasmuchstoicismashecouldmuster.Butittookitstollonhismarriage.AfterJudetheObscure,Hardyneverwroteanothernovel.OutrageManyreadersofJud75outrageSoonafterwardshebegantheprocessofdestroyingtheevidenceofhispast,longbeforehisexecutorsenthusiasticallycontinuedthetask.(WithindaysofthedeathofThomasHardyin1928,theexecutorsofhisestatemadeabonfireofhislettersandnotebooksathisDorchesterhome)

ManyofHardy'sbooksandletterswereburnt

outrageSoonafterwardshebega76APoet&ANovelistHewrotemuchpoetryinthelastthirtyyearsofhislifeandremainsahighlyregardedpoetandnovelist.APoet&ANovelistHewrotemu77Wessex

Wessex

78WessexWorks

Wessexnovels:novelsdescribingthecharactersandenvironmentofhisnativecountryside.TheirsettingistheagriculturalregionofthesoutherncountiesofEngland.HetruthfullydepictsthepovertyanddecayofsmallfarmerswhobecomehiredfieldhandsandroamofthetraditionalmodeoflifeinruralEngland.WessexWorks

Wessexnovels:n79

Itwasinthechaptersof"FarFromtheMaddingCrowd"…thatIfirstventuredtoadopttheword"Wessex"fromthepagesofearlyEnglishhistory,andgiveitafictitioussignificanceastheexistingnameofthedistrictonceincludedinthatextinctkingdom.TheseriesofnovelsIprojectedbeingmainlyofthekindcalledlocal,theyseemedtorequireaterritorialdefinitionofsomesorttolendunitytotheirscene.fromHardy'sPrefacetothenovel1895-1902ThomasHardyfirstusedtheterm"Wessex"inhis1874novel,FarFromtheMaddingCrowd.

Itwasinthechaptersof"Fa80Works:fatalisticmood

This,andhislossofreligiousfaithwhichwaspartoftheancienttradition,gavehisnovelsatragicandfatalisticvision.Hispessimisticphilosophyseemstoshowthatmankindissubjectedtotheruleofsomehostileandmysteriousfate,whichbringsmisfortunetohumanlife.

Works:fatalisticmood

This,81Hardydidnotrejectthesocialdevelopmentswhichwerechangingpeoplewiththeircircumstances,buthesawthelossaswellasthegain.Andthelosswasnotestimatedmerelyintheperishingofoldcustoms,butinthepassingawayofakindofhumanitywhichwouldneverbereplaced.Hardydidnotrejectthesocia82theideaoffateandthecriticalrealisticthoughtsinhisworksThomasHardyhasthebeliefthatman’sfateispredeterminedtragic,drivenbyacombinedforceof“nature”,bothinsideandoutside.InHardy’sworks,thereisalsobitterandsharpcriticismofthehypocriticalandunfairVictorianinstitutions,conventionsandmoralvalueswhichstrangletheindividualwillanddestroynaturalhumanemotionsandrelationships.theideaoffateandthecriti83HisArtisticFeaturesHardyisagreatpainterofnature.Inhishand,natureassumestheformoflifeandbecomesamostpowerful,forbiddingforcewithitsownlifeandwill.AndalltheworksofHardyarenotedfortherusticdialectandapoeticflavor,whichfitswellintotheirperfectlydesignedarchitecturalstructures.HisArtisticFeaturesHardyis84Hisnovelshadanindelibleimpactduringhistimeandalsotilldatemanyofhisnovelsinspiretheatreproductionsaswellasfilms.Hisnovels,whichreflecttheVictoriansocietywithallitsidiosyncrasies,wereperceivedasirreligious.Hisnovelshadanindelibleim85TessoftheD‘Urbervilles

《德伯家的苔丝》(1891)TessoftheD‘Urbervilles

《德伯86PlotSummaryTesscomesfromafarmer’sfamily,theDurbeyfields.Shehaslivedapoorbutpeacefullife.However,God,“ThePresidentoftheImmoral”beginstoplayacrueljokeonthisinnocentgirl.Onedayherfather,JohnDurbeyfiedlearnsthattheyaredescendedfromtheD’Urbervilles,anancientfamilyoncerenownedinEngland.Tess’sparentsareinanecstasyofdelightoverthenews.HermotherurgesTesstoclaimkinshipwiththeremainingD’Urbervilles,sothatTesscouldmarryagentleman.Unwillingly,thegirlcomesincontactwiththeStoke,D’Urbervilles.ThereshemeetsAlecD’Urbervilles,whoshowsofftheestateandalwaysseducesher.Havingreceived