English-Literature教学讲解课件1

EnglishLiterature张兰珍EnglishLiterature1Whatisliterature?LoveHappinessTheplaintruthisthatliteraturemaynevermakeyouricherinthepocket,butitwillcertainlymakeyouricherinthemind.Foritmultipliesthenecessarilylimitedexperienceoftheindividuallife,anditdeepensunderstandingofothersandofself.Itisasourceofinterestandpleasurewhenothersourcesfail.Anditcreatesastoreofwisdomwhichcanbecomeareservoirofstrength.Whatisliterature?Love2Whatisliterature?writingGoodwritingSomethinghasatruthtotellaboutpeopleandtheirworld,andtellsthattruthinawaywhichcompelsthesensitivereadertorelivethewriter’sexperiencewithhisownmindandemotions.Whatisliterature?writing3Whatisliterature?1.Content:meaningderivedfromawriter’sexperienceandobservationandthethoughtsandfeelinghehasaboutthem.2.Form:theshapeofthethought,thefeeling,ortheaction---oftheprincipalcontent.(selection)Whatisliterature?1.Content4Whatisliterature?3.Style:thewriter’swayofsayingthings,andishardlyseparablefromeitherformorcontent.Styleisrestraintorebullience.Sostyleismanspeaking.4.Tone:thereflectionofmoodorattitudetosubject.Whatisliterature?3.Style:5AppreciaitingPoetrynovelnovelistchapterdramadramatist/playwrightact/sceneprose/essayessayistparagraphpoem/poetry/versepoetstanzaAppreciaitingPoetrynovel6Amongthefourformswhichonewillhavetobelearntfirst?Why?

Poetryfirst.Reasons:(1).Poetryisalmostasoldaslanguageitself,inanotherword,poetryistheoldestformofliterature.

Amongthefourformswhichone7Amongthefourformswhichonewillhavetobelearntfirst?Why?(2)Poetryhassometimesbeentheforminwhichthehistorywaspreservedtheearliestwrittenrecordofhistory-750BCword-to-wordororalhistoryinabout1250BC,theTrojanWarHomer“TheIliad”“TheOdyssey”Amongthefourformswhichone8Amongthefourformswhichonewillhavetobelearntfirst?Why?(3).ThetimethefourformsappearedinEnglishhistoryA)PoetryB)Drama(the14thcentury)(Miracleplay;Moralityplay;Interlude;Classicaldrama)C)Prose(the16thcentury)D)Novel(the18thcentury)Amongthefourformswhichone9Whyispoetryfeltandbelievedtobehardtounderstand?Ithasitsownuniqueness(1).Itsabilitytosayagreatdealinashortspace.(2).Itsabilitytomakewordsmeanmorethantheydoinordinarycommunication.Whyispoetryfeltandbelieve10Thetechniqueofapoem

(1).rhyme:therepetitionofsoundsofimportantlypositionedwordsinapoem(2).rhythm:apatternofstressesandpauseslinkingthewordsintoaunitThetechniqueofapoem(1).r11Thetechniqueofapoem(3).meter:theregularpatternofstressedandunstressedsoundsinapoem“/”forastrong/stressedsyllable“-”foraweak/unstressedsyllableTheword“meter”comesfromtheLatintermfor“measure”,andtheunitofmeasurementinapoeticlineisthefoot,consistingoftwoorthreesyllables,oneortwoofwhicharestressed.

Thetechniqueofapoem(3).me12eightkindsoffoot:monometer dimeter trimeter tetrameterpentameter hexameter heptameter octametereightkindsoffoot:monometer13thesixmostusualmetres

Iambus(-/) Trochee(/-) Anapaest(--/)Dactyl(/--) Amphibrach(-/-) Spondee(//)thesixmostusualmetresIamb14ThesixteenthcenturyEnglishRenaissance(1)religiousreformation(2)theEnclosureMovement(3)theCommercialExpansion(4)theWarwithSpainThesixteenthcenturyEnglish15EnglishRenaissanceFeature(1):athirstycuriosityfortheclassicalliteratureFeature(2):thekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanityHumanism:Itreflectedthenewoutlookoftherisingbourgeoisclass.Accordingtothem,bothmanandworldarehinderedonlybyexternalchecksfrominfiniteimprovement.Mancouldmouldtheworldaccordingtohisdesires,andattainhappinessbyremovingallexternalchecksbytheexerciseofreason.EnglishRenaissanceFeature(1):16EnglishRenaissancePoetry:E.Spenser(the“poet’spoet”):“TheFaerieQueen”Essay:F.Bacon(the1stEnglishessayist):“Essays”(1597)Drama:C.Marlowe(UniversityWits):“DoctorFaustus”EnglishRenaissancePoetry:17WilliamShakespeare

154sonnets;37plays(1)1590-1594RomeoandJuliet(2)1595-1600TheMerchantofVenice(3)1601-1607Hamlet;Othello;KingLear;Macbeth(4)1608-1612TheWinter’sTale;TheTempestWilliamShakespeare154sonnet18WilliamShakespeare(1)Shakespeareisoneofthefoundersofrealisminworldliterature.Engels:Realismimplies,besidestruthindetail,thetruthfulreproductionoftypicalcharactersundertypicalcircumstance.(2)Shakespeare’sdramaticcreationoftenusedthemethodofadaptation.HeborrowedhisplotswidelyfromGreeklegendsandRomanhistory,fromItalianstoriesandEnglishchronicles,andfromromancesbyhisEnglishcontemporaries.WilliamShakespeare19WilliamShakespeare(3)Shakespeare’slongexperiencewiththestageandhisintimateknowledgeofdramaticartthusacquiredmakehimamaster-handforplay-writing.(4)Shakespearewasskilledinmanypoeticforms:theSong;thesonnet;thecouplet;thedramaticblandverse.WilliamShakespeare20WilliamShakespeare(5)Shakespearewasagreatmasterofthelanguage.HecommandedavocabularylargerthananyotherEnglishwriter.Heusedabout16,000words.ManyofhisnewcoinagesandturnsofexpressionhavebecomeeverydayusageinEnglishlife.ShakespeareandtheAuthorizedVersionoftheEnglishBiblearethetwogreattreasuriesoftheEnglishlanguage.ShakespearehasbeenuniversallyacknowledgedtobethesummitoftheEnglishrenaissance,andoneofthegreatestwriterstheworldover.WilliamShakespeare(5)Shakesp21Sonnet

(1).divisionItalianorPetrarchanSonnet(afterPetrarch,theItalianRenaissancepoet)EnglishorShakespeareanSonnet(2).Structureanoctave(8)andasestet(6)threequatrainsandarhymedcoupletSonnet(1).division22Sonnet(3).rhymeschemeabba,abba,cde,cdeabab,cdcd,efef,ggSonnet(3).rhymescheme23FrancisBacon:OfStudiesBacon’sworks(now58essays)maybedividedintothreeclasses:thephilosophicalworks:AdvancementofLearning(1605)theliteraryworks:Essays(1597)theprofessionalworks:MarxismoftheLawFrancisBacon:OfStudiesB24Varioussubjectssomequitegenerallikethose“OfTruth”,“OfDeath”;someonquestionsofindividualbehavior:“OfRevenge”;manyonproblemsofstatesmanship:“OftheTrueGreatnessofKingdomsandEstates”Varioussubjectssomequiteg25

Essay

Theword“essay”isFrenchinorigin.ItwasborrowedfromMontaigne,aFrenchwriter,whoreferredtohisbookofshortprosepiecesasattempts,essais,toexpresshimself.EssayTheword“essay”26OfStudies(1)theuseandabuseofstudies(2)theproperandimproperwaystopursueone’sstudies

(3)theeffectofthedifferentkindsofstudiesuponhumancharacterOfStudies(1)theuseandab27twochiefdistinguishingfeatures(1)concisenessofexpression(2)simplicityofdiction

twochiefdistinguishingfeatu28The17thcentury:RevolutionandRestorationJohnMilton(ParadiseLost)JohnBunyan(ThePilgrim’sProgress)JohnDrydenThe17thcentury:Revolutionan29ParadiseLostGodSatanAdamandEveTheGardenofEdenParadiseLostGod30The18thcenturyTheenlightenment(thebeginning)Anexpressionofstruggleofthebourgeoisieagainstfeudalism(1)tofightagainstclassinequality,…(2)tospreadscientificideasRepresentatives:JosephAddisonandSteele(theessayists);AlexanderPope(thepoet)The18thcenturyTheenlightenm31The18thcenturySentimentalism(themiddle)Itappearedasaresultofabitterdiscontentamongtheenlightenedpeoplewithsocietyreality.(1)continuetofightagainstfeudalism(2)sensethecontradictionsThe18thcenturySentimentalism32The18thcenturyPre-Romanticism(thelatterhalf)Characteristics:(1)astrongprotestagainstclassicism(2)theclaimofpassionandemotion(3)arenewedinterestinmedievalliteratureThe18thcenturyPre-Romanticis33

Representatives(poetry):WilliamBlake(afore-runner)“SongsofInnocence”“SongsofExperience”RobertBurnsSongsoflove(ARed,RedRose)Songsoffriendship(AuldLangSyne)

Representatives(poetry):Will34Dictionary(1).ItmarkedanepochinthestudyoftheEnglishlanguage.(2).ItalsomarkedtheendofEnglishwriters’relianceonthepatronageofnoblemenforfinancialsupport.(3).Theletterwasthewriters’declarationofindependence,signifyingtheopeningofanewerainthedevelopmentofliterature.SamuelJohnson(lexicographer,criticandpoet)(essay)DictionarySamuelJohnson(lex35The18thcentury(novel)H.Fielding(fatherofEnglishnovels):“TomJohns”D.Defoe(oneoftheforerunners):“RobinsonCrusoe”J.Swift:“Gulluver’sTravels”S.Richardson:“Pamela”,“Clarissa”The18thcenturywasthegoldenageoftheEnglishnovel.The18thcentury(novel)H.Fiel36RobinsonCrusoeThebestpartistherealisticaccountofthesuccessfulstruggleofR.aloneagainstthepitilessforcesofnatureontheisland.DefoeglorifieshumanlabourwhichsavesR.fromdespairandisasourceofprideandhappiness.Thereiscolonizationingerm.RobinsonCrusoeThebestparti37RobinsonCrusoe

“Iconsultedseveralthingsinmysituation,…tobanishallmyexpectationyet.”WhatdoyouthinkofthefourthingsCrusoementionedhere?Theyareallveryimportant.Heisnowfacedwiththeproblemsofhowtosurviveandhowtoberescued.(1)Freshandhealthwaterisindispensabletoaman.(2)Ashelternotonlykeepsoffthesun,thewindandtherainbutalsogiveshimsecurityandasenseofhome.Italsoenableshimtolivelikeacivilizedman.(3)Inordertoberescued,heneedsaviewtotheseasothathecanspottheshipspassingtheislandbychance.

RobinsonCrusoe38RobinsonCrusoe“AfterIhadbeenthereabouttenortwelvedays…andyearlyreckoningoftime.”WhatdoyouthinkofClare’swayofreckoningtime?Whatistheimportanceofdoingit?cleverandcreative:Itcanbeseenaspartofhiseffortstoorganizeacivilizelifeontheisland.Senseoftimeisimportantinrecallingpasteventsandmakingplansforthefuture.Withoutameanstoreckontime,hewouldn’teventellworkdaysfromSunday.Andwouldn’tbeabletoknowwhentopray.RobinsonCrusoe“AfterIhadbe39PamelaThestoryistoldinaseriesoflettersfromtheheroinPamela.Itwasanewthinginthreeways:Itpicturedthelifeandloveofordinarypeople.Itaffordedentermentandmoralinstruction.Itdescribedthesecretthoughtsandfeelings.SoitwasthefirstEnglishpsycho-analyticalnovel.PamelaThestoryistoldinas40PamelaR.“hadenlargedtheknowledgeofhumannature”.Hismainachievementasanovelistliesinhistechniquetoshowcharactersaspersonalities,thinkingandfeelingforthemselveswiththeauthorhimselfabsentfromthestage,refusingtointerveneintheaction.HisinfluencecouldbetracesintheworksofsuchnovelistsasHenryJames,JamesJoyceandVirginiaWoolf.PamelaR.“hadenlargedthekno41

The19thcentury(Romanticism)Poems:Generallyspeaking,theromanticistsexpressedtheideologyandsentimentofthoseclassesandsocialstratawhowerediscontentwith,andopposedto,thedevelopmentofcapitalism.Fordifferentpoliticalattitudestheysplitintotwoschools.

The19thcentury(Romanticism42The19thcentury(Romanticism)Theeldergroup(theLakePoets)Wordsworth;Coleridge;Southry(Thepublicationofthe“LyricalBallads”jointlycreatedbyW.andC.markedthebreakwiththeconventionalpoeticaltraditionofthe18thcenturyorclassicism,andthebeginningoftheRomanticrevivalinEngland.)The19thcentury(Romanticism)43The19thcentury(Romanticism)TheyoungergroupByron(DonJuan)Shelley(PrometheusUnbound;OdetotheWestWind)Keats(OdetoaNightingale)The19thcentury(Romanticism)44The19thcentury(essay)Lamb:“EssaysofElia”(ThemoststrikingfeatureofL’sessaysishishumour.)Hazlitt:“OnreadingOldBooks”(H.isoneoftherepresentativesofRomanticcriticism.)LeighHunt:“TableTalk”(anotherrepresentativewriterofther.school)The19thcentury(essay)Lamb:45The19thcentury(novel)WalterScott:“RobRoy”Hehasbeenunversillyregardedasthefounderandgreatmasterofthehistoricalnovel.Scott’sliterarycareermarksthetransitionfromromanticismtorealisminEnglishliteratureofthe19thcentury.The19thcentury(novel)Walter46The19thcentury1.Fromthe30softhe19thcentury,thestrugglebetweentheworkersandcapitalistsbecamethefundamentalcontradictioninEnglishsociallife.2.TheBritishbourgeoisiestrengtheneditspolicyofcolonialexpansionintheworld.Chartism(1836)(Lenin)The19thcentury1.Fromthe30s47The19thcentury(novel)CriticalrealismC.DickensW.M.ThackerayThestyle:humour(thepositivechatacters)andsatire(thenegativecharacters)The19thcentury(novel)Critic48The19thcentury(novel)TheweaknessofcriticalrealismThecriticalrealistsdidnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.Theydidnotrealizethenecessityofchangingthebourgeoissociety.Theywereunabletofindagoodsolutiontothesocialcontradictions.Theyoftenstartwithapowerfulexposureoftheuglinessofthebourgeiosworld,merelytocloseinamuchtoocoindicentalhappyendingoranimpotentcompromise.The19thcentury(novel)Thewe49C.DickensThefirstperiod:“SketchesbyBoz”;“ThePickwickPapers”;“OliverTwist”Thesecondperiod:“AmericanNotes”;“DombeyandSon”;“DavidCopperfield”Thethirdperiod:“HardTimes”;“ATaleofTwoCities”;“GreatExpectations”C.DickensThefirstperiod:50GreatExpectationsExplainthetitle

ThegreatexpectationsdesignedforPipwerethathewastobesenttoLondonandbeeducatedintoagentlemanwithfinancialaidfromamysteriousbenefactor.ButPipmisinterpretedthem,thinkingthatHavishamwashisbenefactorandthatheradoptedwasintendedforhim.Ironicallyitturnedoutthattheconvictwashisrealbenefactor.GreatExpectationsExplainthe51GreatExpectations“Theman,afterlookingatme,…,atethebreadravenously.”Whatwastheconvict’spurposeinturningPipupsidedown?(1).tosearchhispocketstoseeifhecouldgetsomethingtoeat;(2).tofrightentheboytoorderhimtodoaswhathewouldbeaskedGreatExpectations“Theman,af52whatwasthesymbolicmeaningofthisaction?WhenPipwasturnedupsidedown,hefoundthechurchwasalsoupsidedown.Sincethechurchisaholyplaceandrepresentsmoralvalues,theconvict’sactionherehasgotasymbolicmeaning.Inhissearchforthetruthofhisbenefactor,Pip’smoralvaluesandhisrelationswithotherpeoplewerecontinuouslytobeturnedupsidedown.whatwasthesymbolicmeaning53DiscusstheimpliedmeaningofthebeaconandthegibbetAsimageriestheybothcreateabloomyanddreadfulatmosphere.Theyarealsousedassymbols,foreshadowingthedevelopmentoflatereventsinthenovel.Outofuse,thebeaconcan’tgiveguidance.Inhissearchofthetruthabouthisbenefactor,Pip’smoralvaluesandhisrelationswithotherpeoplearecontinuouslytobeturnedupsidedown.Untilhisrealbenefactorcomestohiminpersonhehasbeensailingonashipwithouttheguidanceofabeacon.Thegibbetissuggestiveoftheconvict’stragicdeath.Discusstheimpliedmeaningof54HowdidPip’sgreatexpectationsturnouttobeanirony?Pip’smoralvaluesandhisrelationwithotherpeoplewereturnedupsidedownafterhewasinformedofhisgreatexpectations.Andhemisunderstoodhisgreatexpectations,thinkingMissHavishamwashisbenefactor.Hewasonlyasnobwhenhewassupposedtobeingreatexpectations.Butheactedasagentlemanwhenheownednothing.HowdidPip’sgreatexpectatio55PrideandPrejudiceExplainthemeaningofthetitleinrelationtothemainplotofthenovel.ThetitleiswellchosenwithpriderepresentingDarcyandprejudiceElizabeth.Itisalsocloselyrelatedtothemainplotofthenovel:theloveaffairbetweenthetwochiefmisunderstandingsanddisagreement.Butwhenimprovementwasmadeintheirmanner,theywerefinallyunitedinmarriage.PrideandPrejudiceExplainthe56WhatkindofmarriagewasMr.andMrs.Bennets?WasMrs.Bennetlaughableforherconcernwithherdaughters?

Notbasedonrealaffectionandmutualrespect,theirmarriagewasacompletefailure.Thetwoofthemwereopposedtoeachotherintheircharacteristics.Itwasatragedythat23yearsofmarriedlifewasnotlongenoughforthemtounderstandeachother.Mrs.Bennetwasnottoblameforthis.Influencedbythesocialconventions,shehadtothinkofherdaughters’interestsandtrytomarrythemofftosomewealthygentlemen.WhatkindofmarriagewasMr.57

JaneEyreWhatwasMr.Rochester’sstateofmindafterhisofferofmarriagewasacceptedbyJaneEyre?

(1).Happy:Hewouldsoonhaveherashiswife.JanewasthetypeofwomanhelovedandadmiresbecauseJanewashislikenessandhisequal.Shewasdignifiedandnoble-minded,atrueladyatheartthoughplain,poorandobscure.Shewaswitty.Theycouldunderstandeachotherwithoutwords.Herloveforhimwastrueanddeep.Janewouldmakehimhappyandchangehislifecompletelybecausehehadnotreallyhadawife;hisfirstmarriagewasadisaster;helivedasinfullife,seekingpleasureelsewhereafterhewasseparatedfromhiswife,andhewantedtosettle.

JaneEyreWhatwasMr.Roches58JaneEyre(2).Worried:HiswifewasabarrierstandingbetweenhimandJane.Hiswife’srelativesmightinterferewhenhisplanwasmadeknown.HewasafraidtheGodmightpunishhimforhisimmoralityandhewouldcommitbigamy（重婚）ifmarriedagain.(3).Hetriedtodefendhimself.ItwasnotjustforhimownsakebutforthesakeofJanethathedecidedtomarryJane.Janewaspoorandsmall,friendlessandcomfortless.Hewouldmakeherhappyandprotecther.Hislovewastrue,sincere,consistentandresolved.JaneEyre(2).Worried:59Theimportanceoftheimageof

thechestnuttree(1).It,justlikeanyothertree,isasymboloflife.(2).Itissuggestive/representativeoftherelationsbetweenJaneandRochester.(3).ItwasstruckbylighteningtheverynightJaneacceptedRochester’sproposal.ItservedasatimelywarningtoRochesterbyGod.Theimportanceoftheimageof60Theimportanceoftheimageof

thechestnuttree(4).Theburnttreewasanillomen,foreshadowingthefailureoftheweddingceremonyandseparationandinjuryofRochester.(5).Itwasnotdead.Therewasstilllifeinit.Thatimpliestherewasstillthepossibilityofthereunion(alsotherestoringofRochester’seyesightandJane’sgivingbirthtoachild).(6).Thefiresymbol,bothpunishmentandpurification.Theimportanceoftheimageof61ThevariousstagesofJane’sdevelopment(1).GateshedHall:(childhood)chapter1-410years(2).LowoodSchool(girlhood)chapter5-108(3).ThornfieldHall(adolescence)11-27(4).MarshEnd(maturity)28-35(5).Ferndean(fulfillmentinmarriage)36-38ThevariousstagesofJane’sd62Thearrangementsoftheseasons:(1).JaneleftforLowoodonacoldrainywinterdayinJan.19.(2).JanewenttoThornfieldinOct.JanefirstmetRochesterinJuneontheroad.(3).RochestermadeproposaltoJaneinJune.JaneleftThornfieldinsummer(4).JaneleftMarshEndinJune(St.JohnproposedtoJaneinMay.).Thearrangementsoftheseason63Thearrangementsoftheseasons:Spring : comedy;Summer: romance;Autumn: tragedy;Winter: irony.Thearrangementsoftheseason64Tessofd’UrbervellesWhatdoyouthinkisthemeaningsuggestedbythecowandhorsetrackswithreflectionsofstarsinthesky?Thecowandhorsetracksfilledwithrainwaterarereferredtoas“objectssomean”.Andaccidentallytheshiningstarsarereflectedinthem.TheminutedescriptionshereimplytheconventionalviewofTessontheonehandandrevealtheauthor’sideaoffatalismontheother.Tessofd’UrbervellesWhatdo65AnalyzeTess’sstateofmindwhenshewasconfessingtoherhusbandaboutheraffairwithAlecTess’sstateofmindwasverymixed.Outofhertrueloveforanddeeptrustinherhusband,shegaveadetailedaccountofheraffairwithAlec.Shedidnotsayawordtoshakeoffherownresponsibility.Andshehopedherhusbandwouldforgiveher.Throughoutherconfessionshewastryinghardtocontrolherfeeling,asshedidnotwanttospoiltheirweddingnightandtheNewYear’sEve.AnalyzeTess’sstateofmindw66

SonsandLoversAbriefcommentonSonsandLovers

(1)LikemostofLawrence'snovels,itisalsosetinNottinghamshire,themiddlecountriesofEngland.Norofacoalminerhimself,Lhadararegiftofseeingtheworkingpeoplefromwithin,andrevealingthemontheirownplane.Heknewtheminers,theirwives,thecrumpledhouses,thehuddledlife,thecrueltiesanddebasementsandthesmelloftheslagheaps.Hewas,sotospeak,aninterpreterofthepeopletowhomhebelonged.

SonsandLoversAbriefcomme67

SonsandLovers(2)Itisthemostautobiographicalofallhisnovels.Thefirstdraftwascalled“PaulMorel”.ThechiefcharactersandthecentralsituationarealltakenfromL’sownearlylife.TheMorelfamilyisthecounterpartofhisownandPaul,thecentralcharacter,ishisownshadow,MiriamisJessieChamgersinreallifewhileClaraisbasedonthreemodels:LouieBurrowsisone.

SonsandLovers(2)Itis68

SonsandLovers(3)twothemes:a.theharmfuleffectsofamother’sloveontheemotionaldevelopmentofherson;thesplitbetweenkindsoflove---thespiritualloverepresentedbyMiriamandphysicalloverepresentedbyClarab.theresultofthefirst(thetwothemesworktogether)Thereisasortofpassionintheirrelationtoeachother:Themotherwantstopossessthefather,ThemotherandMiriamwanttopossessPaul

SonsandLovers(3)twotheme69SonsandLovers(4)Autobiographyisautobiographyafterall.It’snotatruelifestory.There’scertaindistortionoffactssuchastherelationshipbetweenPaulandMiriam.(5)ItprovidesusapictureofthethenEnglishsociety:Englandwasinitsearlyphaseofindustrialization---thenationalizationofland,therunningoftrainsandhorsetrams,etc.SonsandLovers(4)Autobiograp70

AbouttwoloversofPaul:Theyaretwoextremes,twodifferenttypesofwomenasfarastheirattitudetowardsloveisconcerned.(1)Miriam:asymbolofspiritualloveBroughtunderhermother’sinfluence,she’squitereligious.ButshethinksloveisGod’sgiftandthatherloveaffairwithPaulisanaffairbetweenherselfandGod.Thus,sheprays,”Lord,ifitisthywillthatIshalllovehim,makemelovehim---asChristwould,whodiedforthesoulsofmen,makemelovehimsplendidly,becauseheisthyson”(P212).It’sonlytoorightwhenPaulspeaksofherasanun,wantingthesouloutofhisbody.So,shecan’tevenbearthestrainwhenPaulkissesher.Naturally,thelove,orrather,theplatonicfriendshipbetweenPaulandherselfbreaksoffaftereightyears.

AbouttwoloversofPaul:71AbouttwoloversofPaul:(2)Clara:representativeofpassionShe’saboutsevenyearsolderthatPaulandisamarriedwoman.HerloveforP.isnottruelove,butpassion.UnsatisfiedwithP,shereturnstoherhusband.Thenovelgivesusapictureoftheruinedeconomyofthepeasantryinthecountryside.Itrevealsthepoorworkingconditionofthecoalminesandthewretchedlifeoftheminersandworkersinthecity.Atonepointtheminers’strikeismentioned.AbouttwoloversofPaul:(2)C72SomethingaboutPaul:TheyearwhenPaulwasthirteen,theMorelswerelivinghard.Thefatheronlyworkedparttimeonthecoalfieldastherewasn’tmuchtodo.Tomakemattersworse,hehadanaccidentdowninthepitandwasinhospitalforseveralweeks.William,theeldestson,hadjustgonetoworkinLondoninalawyer’sofficeconnectedwithalargeshippingfirm.Heseldomsentmoneyhomealthoughheearned120poundsayear.Therefore,inordertohelpsupportthefamily,Paulhadtolookforajob.HewenttotheCo-opreading-roomtolookatadsinnewspaper.Aftertryingfourletters,hegotananswerfromasurgicalappliancescompany.SomethingaboutPaul:73SomethingaboutPaul:WhenPaullookedatthepictureofawoodenlegadornedwithelasticstockingsandotherappliances,hefeltabitsurprised.Hehadnotknownbeforethattherewereelasticstockingsandthatpeoplecouldmakemoneyoutofsuchthings.Hedidn’tlikethebusinessworldwithitsregulatedsystemofvaluesanditsimpersonality.It’sonlynaturalforachildof13tohavesuchfeelingsaboutthebusinessworld.EarlierwhenhelookedforadsinnewspaperattheCo-opreading-room,hehadalreadythefeelingthathewasaprisonerofindustrialism.AsPaulwenttotownwithhismothertobeinterviewed,hefeltsomethingwasscreweduptightinsidehim.SomethingaboutPaul:WhenPaul74WhatdoyouthinkarethethemesofD.H.Lawrence’sSonsandLovers?Theharmfulinfluenceofamother’sabnormalloveonherson’sdevelopment;SplitbetweenspiritualloveandphysicalloveasrepresentedbyPaul’stwolovers.Whatdoyouthinkarethethem75EnglishLiterature张兰珍EnglishLiterature76Whatisliterature?LoveHappinessTheplaintruthisthatliteraturemaynevermakeyouricherinthepocket,butitwillcertainlymakeyouricherinthemind.Foritmultipliesthenecessarilylimitedexperienceoftheindividuallife,anditdeepensunderstandingofothersandofself.Itisasourceofinterestandpleasurewhenothersourcesfail.Anditcreatesastoreofwisdomwhichcanbecomeareservoirofst