工业工程专业英语-翻译

工业工程的真正价值RealIEValueInaddition,theIEnowhasagreateropportunitytoconcentrateonanyoneofabroadvarietyofareas that manycompanies nowrecognizeas individualdepartments-including operationsresearch,ergonomics,materialhandlingandlogistics.值得一提的是，工业工程现在有更多的机会去集中于现在许多企业已经视为独立的学科的众多领域中的一个 包括防真学、运筹学、人因学、物料搬运和物流学。Work-measuredLaborStandards基于作业测量的劳动标准Ifyouareamanufacturer,chancesareyouhaveabill-of-materials(BOM)systemtodeterminestandardpartscost.Doyoualsohaveanequivalentbill-of-laborsystemtodeterminestandardlaborcost?到类似的劳动力清单系统来确定标准的劳动成本？Timestudy——Themostwidelyusedtooltodevelopstandardtimesisstilltimestudy.Timestudyreflectswhatishappeninginyourjoborproject.Itisalsoeasytolearnanduse.Now,thePChasmadesummarizationoftimestudydataamatterofsecondsinsteadofhours.时间研究 用来开发标准时间使用最广泛的工具依然是时间研究。时间研究能把你的工作或者项目中发生的事情展现出来。时间研究也比较容易学习使用。如今，电脑用几秒而不是几小时就能总结时间研究。几小时就能总结时间研究。Activitysampling——Anoften overlooked tool isactivity sampling, usuallycalledsamplingbyNorthAmericanIEs.Inthistechnique,agroupofworkersareobservedatrandomtimesandtheirindividualactivitiesnotedeach hour.Afteraweekortwo,theaveragetimespentoneachactivitycanbecalculated,andstatisticallyjustified.Theaveragetimeperpiececanthenbedetermined.活动抽样----一个经常被忽视的工具是活动抽样,北美的工业工程师通常称之为工作抽样。这种技术抽取随机时间观察工人并在每个小时对他们个人的活动作出记录。一两周后,每个活动的平均花费时间可以被计算并系统地定义下来。每件工作的平均时间就能够确定。Let’squicklyreviewthetechniques,andputthemintoperspectiveaccordingtothetasksforwhichtheyapply:motionanalysis:veryshort,repetitivetasks;timestudy:short,repetitiveandvariabletasks;activitysampling:longer,variabletasks;historicaldata:long,repetitiveandvariabletasks;estimates:seldomperformed,variabletasks.让我们快速回顾这些技术,并弄清楚它们适用的任务让我们快速回顾这些技术,并弄清楚它们适用的任务动作分析时间非常短的重复性工作。时间研究时间短的重复性变量工作活动抽样:时间较长的可变工作;历史数据时间较长的重复性可变工作;估计:很少执行的可变工作P30Elements——Individualwork-measured timesareoftenreferredtoasstandardelementsstandarddata.Somecompaniesmaintainstandarddatainringbinders,butmostdon’tevenbothercatalogingindividualwork-measuredtimeelements.APC-basedsystemencouragesstandarddatadevelopmentandapplicationbecauseitsimplifiestheprocessandeliminatesextrapaperwork.Mostsoftwareprogramsofferintegratedmotion-levelstandarddataintheformofanintegratedPMTS.Butyourtimestudy,activitysampling,historicaldata,andestimateelementsarealsolegitimatestandarddataelements.Suchelementscanbecatalogedinacomputerizedstandardssystemforrapidapplicationtoworkerstandards.Thisismuchfasterthanlookingthemup inaringbinder.原理 独立作业测量次通常被称为标准单元或标准数据。一些公司把标准数据记在环形手Operations——workerstandardsareoftenreferredtoasoperationorprocessstandards,andaretypicallypapersystemsjustbeggingforcomputerization.Theoperationsorprocesslevelisthecore levelin any PC-based standards system, andit often offers side benefitssuch asmanufacturing linebalancing. Frequencies, allowances, internalelements, setup workplacelayouts,assemblysketches,operatorinstructions,andotherworker-orientedaspectsarealsohandledatthislevel.运营操作 职工标准通常被称为操作或处理标准,通常是纸面上的没有计算机化的系统在任何基于计算机的标准系统中操作或流程级别是核心级,它通常带来了副作用如生产线平衡。频率、宽放时间、内部要素,设置要素,工作场所的布局,装配示意图,运营商指令,和其他工人取向方面也在这个层次上处理。衡。频率、宽放时间、内部要素,设置要素,工作场所的布局,装配示意图,运营商指令,和其他工人取向方面也在这个层次上处理。21世纪的工厂布局NextGenerationFactoryLayoutsAnalternativetoafunctionallayoutisacellularconfiguration,inwhichthefactoryispartitionedintocells,eachdedicatedtoafamilyofproductswithsimilarprocessingrequirements.Althoughcellularfactoriescansimplifywork flowandreducematerialhandling, theyaregenerallydesignedtoproduceaspecificsetofproductswhosedemandlevelsareassumedtobestableandproductlifecyclessufficientlylongInfact,cellsareusuallydedicatedtosingleproductfamilieswithlittleallowanceforintercellflows.Cellularfactoriesareinefficientwhendemandforexistingproductsfluctuatesornewproductsareintroducedoften.Someauthorshaveproposedalternativecellularstructurestoovercometheseproblems,suchasoverlappingcells,cellswithmachinesharing,andfractalcells.Althoughan improvement,thesealternativesremainboundedbytheircellularstructure.Layoutdesignforfunctionalorcellularlayoutsbeenlargelybasedadeterministicparadigm.Suchdesignparametersasproductmix,productdemands,andproductroutingsareassumedtobeknownwithcertainty.布局设计流程，无论是功能布局还是单元化布局，都主要给予确定性的范例。这些设计参数，诸如产品结构，产品需求和生产工艺都应假定为已知的。Thedesigncriterionisoftenastaticmeasureofmaterial-handlingefficiency(atotaladjacencyscore,totalmaterialhandlingcost,oracombinationofboth),whichdoesnotcapturetheneedforflexibilityandreconfigurability.设计准则通常静态衡量材料处理效率（总邻接分数，总材料处理成本或二者相结合。这样有失灵活性和可重构性。Infact,therelationshipbetweenlayoutflexibilityandlayoutperformanceispoorlyunderstoodandanalyticalmodelsforitsevaluationarelacking.Thestructuralpropertiesoflayoutsthattheirflexibilityarealsonotwellunderstood.Currentdesigncriteriadonotcapturetheeffectoflayoutonsuchperformancemeasuresascongestion,cycletime,andthroughputrate.事实上，人们对灵活性布局和布局性能之间的关系知之甚少，缺乏分析模型评估。影响他如堵塞，周期时间和生产率。Theyalsoignoretheimpactofsuchoperationalparametersassetup,batching,andloadingandunloadingatworkcenters. Moreimportant,theymeasureonlyaverageperformanceandindoingcannotguaranteeeffectivenessunderalloperatingscenarios.Clearly,weneedanewclassoflayouts,newevaluationcriteria,andnewmodelsandsolutionprocedures.Inthelastfewyears,therehasbeenaconcertedeffortinthemetalcuttingindustrytodevelopmachinesthatarehighlyflexibleandscalableandthatcanperformmanyfunctionsandbeadjustedforvariouscapacities.近年来，在金属切削行业中出现了一种协调一致的努力，发展具有高度灵活性和可扩展性的机器，可以执行许多功能，适应各种能力。Thefunctionalityandefficiencyofthemachinescaneasilybeupgradedbypluggingadditionalmodulesoracquiringadditionalsoftware.Ifsuccessful,sucheffortscouldleadtofacilitiesthatuseonemachineformostprocessingwithlittlematerialhandingandmovement.机器的功能和效率可以很容易的得到提升，通过插入额外的模块或者获取额外的软件。如果能够成功，这种努力可以使一台机器完成大多数加工，并且很少材料处理和设备迁移。Becauseamachinecanberapidlyconfiguredfordifferentmixesandvolumes,changesinproductionrequirementswouldhavelittleeffectonlayout.因为机器可以很快地配置成不同的组合和体积，因此生产需求将不会对布局产生很大影响。Threeapproachestolayoutdesignaddressthreedistinctneedsoftheflexiblefactory.firsttwoapproachespresentnovellayoutconfigurations,namelydistributedandmodularlayouts.Inthethirdapproach,weuseoperationalperformanceasadesigncriteriontogeneratewhatwetermagilelayouts.三种方法来布局设计以满足灵活的工厂的三种不同需求。前两种当下新型布局结构称敏捷布局。工业工程在工程经济学中的应用TheRoleofIEinEngineeringEconomicsTheroleofengineeringeconomicsistocorrectlyassesstheappropriatenessofagivenproject,estimateitsvalue,andjustifyitfromaneconomicstandpoint.Ifprojectsarenotacceptable,thentheevaluationprocessthathasbeenusedtoreachthisconclusionshouldalsoexplaintheirpoorreturns.Thatsameprocessshouldalsoindicatewaystoimprovetheinvestmentproposaltomakeitmoreattractivetomanagement.工程经济学的作用是正确评估适当的一个项目，估计价值，并从经济角度证明。如果项目不如何改善投资方案，使其更具吸引力的管理。Asseenhere,theevaluationprocesscanbeoverwhelmingtoindividualswhoattempttojustifytheirprojects.Fortunately,significantresearchhasbeenmadeinthisareaforthekindsofprojectsmentionedhere.Withoutclaimingthatengineeringeconomyhassolvedallproblems,itcansaidthathelpisavailable.Engineeringeconomycancontributetoseveralstepsofthisevaluationprocess.看到这里，评估过程可以完全说服试图证明自己项目的人。幸运的是，对于已提到的各种项说可以提供有用的帮助。工程经济能有助于这个评价过程的几个步骤。Armedwitheconomicmodelstailoredtospecifictechnologies,industrialengineersareabletomeasure,forinstance,thecostofflexibilityand,inturn,helpintegratethisfigureinaccountingcostsystemsandfinancialjustificationmodels.掌握了适应各种特定技术的经济模型后，工业工程师就能够对诸如柔性成本等指标进行度量并且能够反过来协助将这些数值与会计成本系统和金融论证模型集成起来。全面质量管理TotalQualityManagementTQMisanapproachforcontinuouslyimprovingthequalityofeveryaspectofbusinesslife,i.e.itisaever-endingprocessofimprovingforindividuals,groupsofpeopleandthewholeIt isanintegratedapproachandset ofpracticesthatemphasizes,interalia,managementcommitment,continuousimprovement,customerfocus,long-rangethinking,increasedemployeeinvolvement and teamwork, employee empowerment, process management, benchmarking,etc.TQM是一种对商业活动中所有方面的质量进行持续改进的一种方法,也就是对个体、群体和整个的组织进行改良的持续过程。它是一种综合方法和实践的运用，尤其重视高层管理竞争标杆管理等等方面。Thepresentwork,basedonthethoroughreviewoftheprescriptive, conceptual,practitionerempiricalliteratureonTQMandTQSspanningover100articles,identifies12dimensionsofqualitymanagem