2018年北京高考英语真题(含答案)

2018年高考英语真题卷（北京卷）一、单项填空1.（2018•北京）—Hi,I'mPeter.Areyounewhere?Ihaven'tseenyouaround?—Hello,Peter.I'mBob.Ijust_________onMonday.A.

start

B.

havestarted

C.

started

D.

hadstarted2.（2018•北京）_________wedon'tstopclimatechange,manyanimalsandplantsintheworldwillbegone.A.Although

B.While

C.If

D.Until3.（2018•北京）_________alongtheoldSilkRoadisaninterestingandrewardingexperience.A.

Travel

B.

Traveling

C.

Havingtraveled

D.

Traveled4.（2018•北京）Susanhadquitherwell-paidjoband_________asavolunteerintheneighborhoodwhenIvisitedherlastyear.A.

isworking

B.

wasworking

C.

hasworked

D.

hadworked5.（2018•北京）Sheandherfamilybicycletowork,_________helpsthemkeepfit.A.

which

B.

who

C.

as

D.

that6.（2018•北京）DuringtheMid-AutumnFestival,familymembersoftengathertogether_________ameal,admirethemoonandenjoymooncakes.A.

share

B.

toshare

C.

havingshared

D.

shared7.（2018•北京）China'shigh-speedrailways_________from9,000to25,000kilometersinthepastfewyears.A.

aregrowing

B.

havegrown

C.

willgrow

D.

hadgrown8.（2018•北京）Inanyunsafesituation,simply_________thebuttonandahighly-trainedagentwillgetyouthehelpyouneed.A.press

B.topress

C.pressing

D.pressed9.（2018•北京）Arescueworkerriskedhislifesavingtwotouristswho_________inthemountainsfortwodays.A.

aretrapping

B.

havebeentrapped

C.

weretrapping

D.

hadbeentrapped10.（2018•北京）Ordinarysoap,_________correctly,candealwithbacteriaeffectively.A.

used

B.

touse

C.

using

D.

use11.（2018•北京）Withouthissupport,wewouldn'tbe_________wearenow.A.

how

B.

when

C.

where

D.

why12.（2018•北京）Intoday'sinformationage,thelossofdata_________causeseriousproblemsforacompany.A.need

B.should

C.can

D.must13.（2018•北京）Theymighthavefoundabetterhotelifthey_________afewmorekilometers.A.

drove

B.

woulddrive

C.

weretodrive

D.

haddriven14.（2018•北京）—Goodmorning,Mr.Lee'soffice.—Goodmorning.I'dliketomakeanappointment_________nextWednesdayafternoon.A.

for

B.

on

C.

in

D.

at15.（2018•北京）Thisis_________myfatherhastaughtme—toalwaysfacedifficultiesandhopeforthebest.A.

how

B.

which

C.

that

D.

what二、完形填空16.（2018•北京）完形填空TheHomelessHero

Formany,findinganunattendedwalletfilledwith£400incashwouldbeasource（来源）oftemptation（诱惑）.Butthe1

wouldnodoubtbegreaterifyouwerelivingonthestreetswithlittlefoodandmoney.AllofthismakestheactionsofthehomelessTomSmith2

moreremarkable.

Afterspottinga3

onthefrontseatinsideaparkedcarwithitswindowdown,hestoodguardintherainforabouttwohourswaitingforthe4

toreturn.

Afterhoursinthecoldandwet,he5

insideandpulledthewalletouthopingtofindsomeIDsohecouldcontact（联系）thedriver,onlyto6

itcontained£400innotes,withanother£50insparechangebesideit.

Hethentookthewallettoanearbypolicestationafter7

anotebehindtolettheownerknowitwassafe.Whenthecar'sownerJohnAndersonandhiscolleagueCarolLawrencereturnedtothecar—whichwasitselfworth£35,000—inGlasgowcitycentre,theywere8

tofindtwopolicemenstandingnexttoit.ThepolicementoldthemwhatMr.Smithdidandthatthewalletwas9.

ThepairwerelaterabletothankMr.Smithforhis10.

Mr.Andersonsaid：＂Icouldn'tbelievethattheguynevertookapenny.Tothinkheissleepingonthestreetstonight11

hecouldhavestolenthemoneyandpaidforaplacetostayin.Thisguyhasnothingand12

hedidn'ttakethewalletforhimself；hethoughtaboutothers13.It'sunbelievable.Itjustprovesthereare14

guysoutthere.＂

Mr.Smith'sact15

muchofthepublic'sattention.HealsowonpraisefromsocialmediausersafterMr.Anderson16

abouttheactofkindnessonFacebook.

NowMr.Andersonhassetupanonlinecampaignto17

moneyforMr.Smithandotherhomelesspeopleinthearea,whichbyyesterdayhadreceived￡8,000.＂Ithinkthefaiththateveryonehasshown18

himhastouchedhim.Peoplehavebeenapproachinghiminthestreet;he'shadjob19

andallsorts,＂Mr.Andersoncommented.

ForMr.Smith,thisisapossiblelife-changing20.Thestoryonceagaintellsusthatonegoodturndeservesanother.1.A.hopeB.aimC.urgeD.effort2.A.stillB.evenC.everD.once3.A.walletB.bagC.boxD.parcel4.A.partnerB.colleagueC.ownerD.policeman5.A.turnedB.hidC.steppedD.reached6.A.discoverB.collectC.checkD.believe7.A.takingB.leavingC.readingD.writing8.A.satisfiedB.excitedC.amusedD.shocked9.A.safeB.missingC.foundD.seen10.A.serviceB.supportC.kindnessD.encouragement11.A.whenB.ifC.whereD.because12.A.ratherB.yetC.alreadyD.just13.A.tooB.thoughC.againD.instead14.A.honestB.politeC.richD.generous15.A.gaveB.paidC.castD.drew16.A.learnedB.postedC.caredD.heard17.A.borrowB.raiseC.saveD.earn18.A.ofB.atC.forD.in19.A.detailsB.changesC.offersD.applications20.A.lessonB.adventureC.chanceD.challenge三、阅读理解17.（2018•北京）阅读理解A

MyFirstMarathon（马拉松）

Amonthbeforemyfirstmarathon,oneofmyankleswasinjuredandthismeantnotrunningfortwoweeks,leavingmeonlytwoweekstotrain.Yet,Iwasdeterminedtogoahead.

Irememberbacktomy7thyearinschool.InmyfirstP.E.class,theteacherrequiredustorunlapsandthenhitasoftball.Ididn'tdoeitherwell.HelaterinformedmethatIwas＂notathletic＂.

TheideathatIwas＂notathletic＂stuckwithmeforyears.WhenIstartedrunninginmy30s,Irealizedrunningwasabattleagainstmyself,notaboutcompetitionorwhetherornotIwasathletic.Itwasallaboutthebattleagainstmyownbodyandmind.Atestofwills!

Thenightbeforemymarathon,IdreamtthatIcouldn'tevenfindthefinishline.Iwokeupsweatingandnervous,butreadytoprovesomethingtomyself.

Shortlyaftercrossingthestartline,myshoelaces(鞋带)becameuntied.SoIstoppedtoreadjust.NotthestartIwanted!

Atmile3,Ipassedasign:＂GOFORIT,RUNNERS!＂

Bymile17,Ibecameoutofbreathandtheonceinjuredanklehurtbadly.Despitethepain,Istayedthecoursewalkingabitandthenrunningagain.

Bymile21,Iwasstarving!

AsIapproachedmile23,Icouldseemywifewavingasign.Sheismybiggestfan.Shenevermindedthealarmclocksoundingat4a.m.orquestionedmyexpensesonrunning.

Iwasoneofthefinalrunnerstofinish.ButIfinished!AndIgotamedal.Infact,Igotthesamemedalastheonethattheguywhocameinfirstplacehad.

Determinedtobemyself,moveforward,freeofshameandworldlylabels(世俗标签),Icannowcallmyselfa＂marathonwinner＂.（1）Amonthbeforethemarathon,theauthor____________.A.

waswelltrained

B.

feltscared

C.

madeuphismindtorun

D.

losthope（2）WhydidtheauthormentiontheP.E.classinhis7thyear?A.

Toacknowledgethesupportofhisteacher.

B.

Toamusethereaderswithafunnystory.

C.

Toshowhewasnottalentedinsports.

D.

Toshareapreciousmemory.（3）Howwastheauthor'sfirstmarathon?A.

Hemadeit.

B.

Hequithalfway.

C.

Hegotthefirstprize.

D.

Hewalkedtotheend.（4）Whatdoesthestorymainlytellus?A.

Amanoweshissuccesstohisfamilysupport.

B.

Awinnerisonewithagreateffortofwill.

C.

Failureisthemotherofsuccess.

D.

Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.18.（2018•北京）阅读理解B

FindYourAdventureattheSpaceandAviation(航空)Center

Ifyou'relookingforauniqueadventure,theSpaceandAviationCenter(SAC)istheplacetobe.TheCenteroffersprogramsdesignedtochallengeandinspirewithhands-ontasksandlotsoffun.

Morethan750,000havegraduatedfromSAC,withmanyseekingemploymentinengineering,aviation,education,medicineandawidevarietyofotherprofessions.Theycometocamp,wantingtoknowwhatitisliketobeanastronautorapilot,andtheyleavewithreal-worldapplicationsforwhatthey'restudyingintheclassroom.

Forthetrainees,theprogramsalsoofferagreatwaytoearnmeritbadges(荣誉徽章).AtSpaceCamp,traineescanearntheirSpaceExplorationbadgeastheybuildandfiremodelrockets,learnaboutspacetasksandtrysimulated(模拟)flyingtospacewiththecrewfromallovertheworld.TheAviationChallengeprogramgivestraineesthechancetoearntheirAviationbadge.Theylearntheprinciplesofflightandtesttheiroperatingskillsinthecockpit(驾驶舱)ofavarietyofflightsimulators.TraineesalsogetagoodstartontheirWildernessSurvivalbadgeastheylearnaboutwater-andland-survivalthroughdesignedtasksandtheirsearchandrescueof＂downed＂pilot.

Withalltheprograms,teamworkiskeyastraineeslearntheimportanceofleadershipandbeingpartofabiggertask.

Allthisfunisavailableforages9to18.Familiescanenjoytheexperiencetogether,too,withFamilyCampprogramsforfamilieswithchildrenasyoungas7.

Stayanhourorstayaweek—thereissomethinghereforeveryone!

Formoredetails,pleasevisitusonlineat.oursac.（1）WhydopeoplecometoSAC?A.

Toexperienceadventures.

B.

Tolookforjobsinaviation.

C.

Togetadegreeinengineering.

D.

Tolearnmoreaboutmedicine.（2）ToearnaSpaceExplorationbadge,atraineeneedsto

.A.

flytospace

B.

getanAviationbadgefirst

C.

studytheprinciplesofflight

D.

buildandfiremodelrockets（3）Whatisthemostimportantfortrainees?A.

Leadership.

B.

Teamspirit.

C.

Taskplanning.

D.

Survivalskills.19.（2018•北京）阅读理解C

Plastic-EatingWorms

Humansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills(垃圾填埋场),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.

ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.Toconfirmthattheworms'chewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste(糊状物)andappliedittoplasticfilms.14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass—apparentlybrokendownbyenzymes(酶)fromtheworms'stomachs.TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiologyin2017.

FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms'abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.＂Waxisacomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell,＂sheexplains,＂Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.＂

JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(肠道微生物)?

Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam'sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply＂millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.＂（1）Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?A.

Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.

B.

Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.

C.

Theycanconsumeplastics.

D.

Theywindupinlandfills.（2）AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto

.A.

identifyothermeansofthebreakdown

B.

findoutthesourceoftheenzyme

C.

confirmtheresearchfindings

D.

increasethebreakdownspeed（3）Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight

.A.

helptoraiseworms

B.

helpmakeplasticbags

C.

beusedtocleantheoceans

D.

beproducedinfactoriesinfuture（4）Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.

Toexplainastudymethodonworms.

B.

Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.

C.

Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.

D.

Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.20.（2018•北京）阅读理解D

PreparingCitiesforRobotCars

Thepossibilityofself-drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist'sdream,yearsawayfrommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself-drivingcarsonpublicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthewayforcompaniestosellorrentoutself-drivingcars,andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.California,itshouldbenoted,isn'tleadingthewayhere.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.It'shardtopredictwhendriverlesscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.

Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars(andrightfullyso),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions(排放)andoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetomakesurethatthosevehiclesareenvironmentallyfriendlyandmoreshared.

Dowewanttocopy—orevenworsen—thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlesscars?Imagineafuturewheremostadultsownindividualself-drivingvehicles.Theytoleratelong,slowjourneystoandfromworkonpackedhighwaysbecausetheycanwork,entertainthemselvesorsleepontheride,whichencouragesurbanspread.Theytaketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheemptyvehicletocirclethebuildingtoavoidpayingforparking.Insteadofwalkingafewblockstopickupachildorthedrycleaning,theysendtheself-drivingminibus.Theconvenienceevenleadsfewerpeopletotakepublictransport—anunwelcomesideeffectresearchershavealreadyfoundinride-hailing(叫车)services.

AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol-poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric,self-drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(基础设施)andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(责任与维护问题).Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.

Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn'textendtheworstaspectsofthecar-controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.（1）Accordingtotheauthor,attentionshouldbepaidtohowdriverlesscarscan__________.A.

helpdealwithtransportation-relatedproblems

B.

providebetterservicestocustomers

C.

causedamagetoourenvironment

D.

makesomepeoplelosejobs（2）Asfordriverlesscars,whatistheauthor'smajorconcern?A.

Safety.

B.

Sideeffects.

C.

Affordability.

D.

Management.（3）Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂fielded＂inParagraph4probablymean?A.

Employed.

B.

Replaced.

C.

Shared.

D.

Reduced.（4）Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothefutureofself-drivingcars?A.

Doubtful.

B.

Positive.

C.

Disapproving.

D.

Sympathetic.四、任务型阅读21.（2018•北京）任务型阅读WhyDoWeGetAngry?

Angerseemssimplewhenwearefeelingit,butthecausesofangerarevarious.Knowingthesecausescanmakeusexamineourbehavior,andcorrectbadhabits.Themainreasonswegetangryaretriggering（触发）events,personalitytraits（特征）,andourassessmentofsituations.________

Triggeringeventsforangeraresomanythattodescribethemallwouldtakehundredsofpages.However,herearesomeexamples:beingcutoffintraffic,adeadlineapproaching,experiencingphysicalpain,andmuchmore.________

Thereasonwhysomeoneistriggeredbysomethingandothersarenotisoftenduetoone'spersonalhistoryandpsychologicaltraits.

Eachperson,nomatterwhotheyare,haspsychologicalimbalances.Peoplewhohavepersonalitytraitsthatconnectwithcompetitivenessandlowupsettolerancearemuchmorelikelytogetangry.________

Also,sometimespre-angerdoesnothavetodowithalastingcondition,butratheratemporarystatebeforeatriggeringeventhasoccurred.

________Sometimesevenroutineoccurrencesbecomesourcesofpre-anger,orangeritself.Sometimesignoranceandnegative(消极的)outlooksonsituationscancreateanger.

________However,angercaneasilyturnviolent,anditisbesttoknowthereasonsforangertoappearinordertopreventitspresence.Withthesemainreasonsinmind,wecanevaluateourlevelofangerthroughoutthedayandpreventcasesofoutburstsbycomprehendingthereasonsforourfeelings.

A.Ourattitudeandviewpointonsituationscancreateangerwithinusaswell.

B.Butsometypesofsituationscanhelpustogetridoftheoccurrenceofanger.

C.Angerisrarelylookeduponasabeneficialcharactertrait,andisusuallyadvisedtoreduceit.

D.Angerisaparticularlystrongfeelingandmaybepeoplethinkthattheyhavereasonstofeelangry.

E.Havingthesepersonalitytraitsimpliesthepre-angerstate,whereangerisinthebackgroundofyourmind.

F.Understandingthesereasonswillcontrolourownangerifwearewillingtoevaluateourselveswithacriticaleye.

G.Noteveryoneactsthesameinresponsetoevents,andthatiswhywhattriggersonepersonmayormaynottriggeranother.五、书面表达22.（2018•北京）假设你是红星中学高三学生李华，你的英国朋友Jim在给你的邮件中提到他对中国文化感兴趣，计划明年来北京上大学。他向你咨询相关信息。请给他回邮件，内容包括：

1）表示欢迎；

2）推荐他上哪所大学；

3）建议他做哪些准备工作。

注意：1）词数不少于50；

2）开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。

DearJim,

________

Yours,

LiHua23.（2018•北京）假设你是红星中学高三学生李华，请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，写一篇英文周记，记述你们上周接待外国学生，带领他们体验中国茶文化的全过程。

注意：词数不少于60。

答案解析部分单项填空1.C2.C3.B4.B5.A6.B7.B8.A9.D10.A11.C12.C13.D14.A15.D二、完形填空16.（1）C；（2）B；（3）A；（4）C；（5）D；（6）A；（7）B；（8）D；（9）A；（10）C；（11）A；（12）B；（13）D；（14）A；（15）D；（16）B；（17）B；（18）D；（19）C；（20）C；三、阅读理解17.（1）C（2）C（3）A（4）B18.（1）A（2）D（3）B19.（1）C（2）B（3）D（4）C20.（1）A（2）D（3）A（4）B四、任务型阅读21.F；G；E；A；D五、书面表达22.DearJim,

I'msogladtohearyourfutureeducationplaninBeijinginyourlastletter.FirstIwouldliketoexpressmywarmestwelcometoyouandIamsureyouwillhavethemostunforgettableexperienceduringyourcollegeinBeijing.

LearningyourkeeninterestinChineseculture,IsuggestyouapplyforPekingUniversity,oneofthebestuniversitiesinChina.ItsChineseLiteraturemajorisperfectforyouwhereyoucanbecompletelysoakedinChineseprofoundhistoryandrichculture.Asforpreparation,somereadinginadvanceinneededlikeTheStoryoftheStonewhilesomeonlinecoursesofspokenChinesecanbehelpfulforyoutoadaptintotheChineselanguageenvironment.

Isincerelyhopeyourdreamwillcometrueandit'smypleasuretoshowyouaroundinBeijingwhenthatdaycomes.Ifyouhavefurtherquestions,pleasefeelfreetoletmeknow.

Yours,

LiHua23.

Lastweek,wetooktheforeignstudentsinourschooltoexperiencetheauthenticteaculture,whichturnedoutbetoextremelyrewarding.

Onarrivingattheteahouse,theforeignstudentswereimpressedbytheuniqueteapotsandteacups.Igavethemavividandinformativeintroductionofteaculture,includingitsprofoundhistory,itsrichvariety,andtheexquisitecraftsmanshipofmakingteawiththeirinterestgreatlysparked,Ithenbegantoteachthemhowtomaketea.

Inordertodeliveraclearpresentation,Islowlyexplainedthetraditionalprocedureofmakingteaindetail.Absorbedineverymoveofmine,theforeignstudentswereonceagainamazedbythisuniquecultureandtheycouldn'thelptakingpicturesfromtimetotime.

NextcamethemomentwhenIaskedthemtohaveatrythemselves.Washingtheteapots,addingtealeaves,andpouringwaterintothecups,theyfollowedmyinstructionsandwerereallyimmersedincharmingteaculture.Theteahousewitnessedareallyenjoyabletimeforallofus.

Attheendoftheactivity,holdingtheteabagsinourhands,wetookapicturetomemorizetheunforgettableday.Itsuddenlyhitmethattraditionalcultureliketeaculturewasofgreatcharmandhugevalue.AndIswelledwithpridetospreadourownculturetopeopleallovertheworld.《高中英语语法大全》第01章

名

词

一、概说名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词，如boy

男孩，mother

母亲，news

消息，progress

进步，computer

计算机，Tom

汤姆，Paris

巴黎，Japan

日本，furniture

家具，等。名词根据其词汇意义，通常分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词主要指人、地方、组织、机构等的专有的名称，专有名词的第一个字母通常大写，如Mary

玛丽，MrGreen

格林先生，Beijing

北京，等；普通名词通常指人、物、概念等的一般名称。根据普通名词的语法性质，它又可以细为个体名词、物质名词、集合名词和抽象名词四类：个体名词表示人或物的个体，如girl

女孩，pen

钢笔，等；物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物，如wood

木头，meat

肉，等；集合名词表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：family

家庭，crowd

人群，等；抽象名词表示性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念，如work

工作，happiness

幸福，等。二、名词的数1.

名词复数的构成方法(1)

在一般情况下，加词尾

-s：book/books

书pen/pens

钢笔face/faces

脸(2)

以

s,x,z,sh,ch

等结尾的名词，通常加词尾

-es：bus/buses

公共汽车box/boxes

盒子dish/dishes

盘子注：有些以

ch

结尾的名词，由于其发音不是

[k]

而是

[tf]，那么其复数形式应加词尾

–s，如stomach/stomachs

胃。(3)

以y

结尾的名词，其复数构成要分两种情况：以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，将

y

改为

ies；以“元音字母＋y”结尾的名词，直接加词尾s：city/cities

城市boy/boys

男孩key/keys

钥匙注：以

y

结尾的专有名词，若在某些特殊情况下需要复数，通常加

s

构成：Mary/Marys

玛丽Germany/Germanys

德国(4)

以

o

结尾的名词，有些加词尾

-s，有些加

-es，有些加

-s

或

-es

均可：piano/pianos

钢琴tomato/tomatoes

西红柿zero/zero(e)s

零注：有人对英语中所有以o结尾的名词作了统计，一共近200个，其中绝大部分的复数形式通过加词尾-s构成，少数加词尾

es。在中学英语范围内，加词尾

es

的主要有以下4个：tomato

西红柿，potato

土豆，hero

英雄，Negro

黑人(5)

以

f

或

fe

结尾的名词，也有两种可能：即有些直接加词尾-s，有些则把

f/fe

改为

ves：chief/chiefs

首领roof/roofs

屋顶

knife/knives

小刀注：在中学英语范围内，要改

f/fe

为

ves

的只有以下10个词(它们都是日常生活中的常用词)：wife妻子，life

生命，knife

小刀，leaf

树叶，thief

贼，half

一半，self

自己，shelf

架子，loaf

面包，wolf

狼。另外，中学英语中的handkerchief(手帕)一词的复数有两种形式：handkerchiefs/handkerchieves，但在现代英语中，以用

handkerchiefs

为多见。2.

单数与复数同形式的名词。中学英语中主要的有：sheep

绵羊，fish

鱼，deer

鹿，Chinese

中国人，Japanese

日本人，Portuguese

葡萄牙人，Swiss

瑞士人，aircraft

飞行器，means

方法，series

系列，head(牛等的)头数，works

工厂，等。注：fish

有时也用

fishes

这样的复数形式，尤其表示种类时；head

若不是牲口的“头数”，而是表示“人的头”或“人数”，则要用

heads

这样的复数形式。3.

不规则的复数名词。有的名词单数变复数时，没有一定的规则：man/men

男人woman/women

女人

child/children

小孩tooth/teeth

牙齿

foot/feet

脚

goose/geese

鹅mouse/mice

老鼠ox/oxen

公牛注：(1)

一些以

man,woman

结尾的合成词，在构成复数与

man,woman

的变化形式相同，如：policeman/policemen

警察，gentleman/gentlemen

绅士，Englishman/Englishmen

英国人，等等。但是

human(人)，German(德国人)不是合成词，其复数不能仿

man

的变化规律，而是按规则变化，即用

humans,Germans。(2)

foot表示“英尺”时，其复数可以有两种形式

feet/foot，如：Heisaboutsixfeet/foottall.

他大约6英尺高。4.

复合名词的复数形式。通常是将其主要名词变为复数：passer-by/passers-by

过路人

shoe-maker/shoe-makers鞋匠looker-on/lookers-on

旁观者on-looker/on-lookers旁观者father-in-law/fathers-in-law

岳父若没有主要名词，则通常在最后一个词加s：go-between/go-betweens

中间人，媒人

know-all/know-alls

万事通注：由man/woman用于另一名词前构成的合成名词，两者均变为复数：mandoctor/mendoctors

男医生

womanwriter/womenwriters

女作家5.

字母、文字、数字、符号等的复数形式。原则上加词尾

-’s：Therearetwoi'sintheword“skiing”skiing.

这个词里有两个字母i。Mindyourp’sandq’s.

要谨言慎行。Allthe–’sshouldbechangedto+’s.

所有的正号应改为负号。若不至于发生混淆，也可只加词尾

s。如：Hewasborninthe1930(')s.

他出生在20世纪30年代。Your3(')slooklike8(')s.

你写的3看起来像似8。6.

度量衡单位的缩写词的复数形式。一般不加词尾-s：m(meter,meters)

米km(kilometer,kilometers)

千米kg(kilogramme,kilogrammes)

千克cm(centimeter,centimeters)

厘米有的缩写词也加

s：hr(hours)/hrs(hours)

小时No(number)/Nos(Numbers)

号码有个别缩写词采用重复最后一个字母的方式构成复数形式：p.10(page10)

第10页pp.10(pages10through15)

第10至15页7.

名词的可数性。名词根据其可数性，可分为可数名词与不可数名词。一般说来，个体名词和大部分集合名词是可数的；而专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词以及少部分集合名词则通常是不可数的。但是这种区分只是大致的，原则性的，并不是绝对的。英语有些名词往往既是可数也可以是不可数的：A：Wouldyoulikeacake?

要吃块蛋糕吗?B：No,Idon'tlikecake.

不吃，我不喜欢吃蛋糕。以上第一句用

acake，这是把

cake

视为一块一块的“蛋糕”，所以它是可数的；而第二句只用

cake，这是把它当作物质名词看待,

所以它成了不可数名词。下面我们按照名词的不同类别，分别讨论名词的可数性问题。(1)

专有名