英语语言学教程-考试精华(汇编)

精品文档Chapter11、Whatislanguage?语言Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itisinstrumentalinthatcommunicatingbyspeakingorwritingisapurposefulact.Itissocialandconventionalinthatlanguageisasocialsemioticandcommunicationcanonlytakeplaceeffectivelyifalltheusersshareabroadunderstandingofhumaninteractionincludingsuchassociatedfactorsasnonverbalcues,motivation,andsocio-culturalroles.2、Designfeaturesoflanguage语言结构特征Thefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalleddesignfeatureswhichcandistinguishhumanlanguagefromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.suchasarbitrariness,duality,creativity(themostimportantfeatureoflanguage),displacement（Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.）3、Functionoflanguage语言的功能Theuseoflanguagetocommunicate,tothink,etc.Languagefunctionsincludeinformativefunction信息(themajorroleoflanguage),interpersonal人际function(peopleestablishtheirrelationshipwiththehelpoflanguage),performative行事function(byAustinandSearleinpragmatics),emotive表情function,phatic寒暄communion(someroutineexpressions),recreational娱乐function(takingpleasurefromlanguage)andmetalingual元语言function(Languagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself).4、Definitionoflinguistics语言学Thescientificstudyofhumanlanguage.Itstudiesnotjustonelanguageofanyonecommunity,butthelanguageofallhumanbeings.5、mainbranchesoflinguisticsPhonetics语音学：studiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thatishowspeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmittedandreceived,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech。Phonology音系学：studiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.Itdealswiththesoundsystemofalanguagebytreatingphonemeasthepointofdeparture.Morphology形态学：isconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning—morphemesandword-formationprocesses.Syntax句法：isaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectsentences.Semantics语义学：examineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.Pragmatics语用学：isthestudyofmeaningincontext.6、phoneme:音素音位isthesmallestlinguisticunitofsoundthatcansignaladifferenceinmeaning.7、importantdistinctionsinlinguistics语言学中的重要区分1）descriptivevs.prescriptive描写vs规定：Thefirstisaprescriptivecommand,whilethesecondisadescriptivestatement.Thedistinctionliesinprescribinghowthingsoughttobeanddescribinghowthingsare.2）synchronicvs.Diachronic共时和历时：Asynchronicdescriptiontakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent)asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.Diachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.精品文档精品文档3）langueandparole.语言和言语：Saussuredistinguishedthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandtheactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances)aslangueandparole.4）competencevs.Performance语言能力和语言运用：Alanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhislinguisticcompetence.Performancereferstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.（byChomsky）.Chapter21、Phonetics语音学:thestudyof speechsounds,whichispartofphonologyand providesthemeansfordescribingspeechsounds,anditstudieshowspeechsoundsaremade,transmitted,andreceived. Phonology音系学 isconcernedwiththelinguistic knowledgeofspeechandthewaysinwhichthesespeechsoundsformsystemsandpatternsinhumanlanguage.Phoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds.Itincludesthreemainareas:语音三领域 1）Articulatory发音phonetics–thestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds2）Acoustic声学phonetics–thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech3）perceptualorAuditoryphonetics感知听觉–thestudyofperceptionofspeechsounds2、Consonants辅音:producedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.Vowels元音:producedwithoutsuchobstructionsonoturbulenceoratotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.区别：thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.阻塞气流。3、Mannersofarticulation:发音方式：stop/plosive塞音(oralstop,nasal鼻stop)、fricative摩擦音、approximant近似音、lateral边音、affricate塞擦音、nasal鼻音Placesofarticulation:发音部位：bilabial双唇音、labiodental唇齿、dental齿间、alveolar齿龈、postalveolar齿龈后、retroflex卷舌音、palatal硬腭、velar软腭、glottal声门.6、Thedescriptionofvowels：1）.theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low)2）.thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back)3）.thelengthortensenessofthevowel(tensevs.laxorlongvs.short)4）.Lip-rounding(roundedvs.unrounded)7、Phoneme:(ofFrenchorigin,meansspeech-sound)音位aphonologicalunitofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.It’srepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.8、Minimalpair（最小对立体）:apairofwordsbetweenwhichthephonologicaldifferenceisminimalbecausetheyareidenticalinformexceptforonesoundsegmentthatoccursinthesameplaceinthestring.9、Theallophones:thevariantsofaphoneme音位变体 Theymustbephoneticallysimilarandincomplementarydistribution.条件10、Phoneticsimilarity 发音近似性 meansthattheallophonesofaphonememustbearsomephoneticresemblance.Complementarydistribution 互补分布状态 :theyneveroccurinthesamecontext.11、Phonologicalprocess:音系过程定义atargetoraffectedsegmentundergoesastructuralchangeincertainenvironmentsorcontexts.Anyphonologicalprocessmusthavethreeaspectstoit:条件(1)asetofsoundstoundergotheprocess;(2)asetofsoundsproducedbytheprocess;(3)asetofsituationsinwhichtheprocessapplies.12、devoicingrule （清音化规则） e.g.voicedfricative →voiceless/_______voiceless精品文档精品文档Therulereads:Avoicedfricativeistransformedintothecorrespondingvoicelesssoundwhenitappearsbeforeavoicelesssound.Nasalizationrule:（鼻音化规则）[-nasal]→[+nasal]/_____[+nasal]Therulereads:Anoralvowelistransformedintothecorrespondingnasalsoundwhenitappearsbeforeanasalconsonant.13、Assimilation:同化现象：aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallcharacteristicsofaneighboringsound.Nasalization鼻音化、Dentalization齿音、Velarization软腭areallinstancesAssimilation.isoftenusedsynonymouslywithcoarticulation协同发音Ifthesoundbecomesmorelikethefollowingsound,asinthecaseoflamb,itisknownasanticipatorycoarticulation(先期协同发音).Ifthesoundshowstheinfluenceoftheprecedingsound,itisperseverativecoarticulation（后滞协同发音）,asisthecaseofmap.14、suprasegmentalfeatures:定义theaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprincipalsuprasegmentalfeatures特征aresyllable音节,stress重音,tone声调,andintonation语调15、Stress重音referstothedegreeofforceusedinproducingasyllable.[‘]Abasicdistinction区别ismadebetweenstressedandunstressedsyllables,theformerbeingmoreprominentthanthelatterusuallyduetoanincreaseinloudness,lengthorpitch.16、Intonation声调involvestheoccurrenceofrecurringfall-risepatterns,eachofwhichisusedwithasetofrelativelyconsistentmeanings,eitheronsinglewordsorongroupsofwordsofvaryinglength.Chapter31、Morpheme词素定义isthesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitwhichcannotbedividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.(theminimalunitofmeaning,Greekword“morphe”means“form”.)Typesofmorphemes词素分类：(1)Freemorpheme&Boundmorpheme自由词素和黏附(2)Root,affixandstem词根词缀词干(3)Inflectionalaffix&derivationalaffix屈折词缀派生词缀2、Freemorphemes自由词素:Thosewhichmayoccuralone,thatis,thosewhichmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,arefreemorphemes.Boundmorphemes黏附词素:Thosewhichmustappearwithatleastanothermorphemearecalledboundmorphemes.3、Aroot词根isthebaseformofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Thatistosay,itisthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved.E.er-nation-al-ism,friendlyAnaffix词缀isthecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeused,onlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem).E.g.para-lingual,pseudo-nym,real-ize,booksetc.Astem词干isanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.E.g.friends,friendships,girlfriendsetc.4、"Inflection"屈折变化isthemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspect,andcase,whichdoesnotchangethegrammaticalclassoftheitemstowhichtheyareattachedInflectionalaffixes:屈折词缀 onlyaddaminuteordelicategrammaticalmeaningtothestemand精品文档精品文档donotchangethewordclassofthewordtheyattachto.InEnglish,inflectionalaffixesaremostlysuffixes,whicharealwayswordfinal.e.g.flowers,catches,f inished,doing,mother ’setc.区别：Thedistinctionbetweeninflectionalaffixesandderivationalaffixesissometimesknownasadistinctionbetweeninflectionalmorphemesandderivationalmorphemes.Wecantellthedifferencebetweenthemwiththefollowingways:(1) Inflectionalaffixesaregenerally lessproductivethanderivationalaffixes:theyoftenaddaminuteordelicategrammaticalmeaningtothestem.E.g.toys,walks,John Therefore,theyservetoproducedifferentformsofasingleword.(2)Inflectionalaffixesdonclassofthewordtheyattachto,suchasflower,flowers(3)thatwhetheroneshouldaddinflectionalaffixesornotdependsveryoftenonotherfactorswithinthephraseorsentenceatstake.(4)InEnglish,inflectionalaffixesaremostlysuffixes,whicharealwayswordfinal.E.g.drums,walks,etc.Butderivationalaffixescanbeprefixesorsuffixes.E.g.depart,teacher,etc.5、Morphology形态学:thestudyofword-formation,ortheinternalstructureofwords,ortherulesbywhichwordsareformedfromsmallercomponents–morphemes.6、Word词的定义isatypicalgrammaticalunitbetweenMorphemeandWordGroup.Identificationofwords特征factors：Stability稳定性、Relativeuninterruptibility相对连续性、Aminimumfreeform最小自由形式Classificationofwords分类：Variableandinvariablewords、Grammaticalwordsandlexicalwords、Closed-classwordsandopen-classwords、Wordclass7、Wordformation构词法：referstotheprocessofwordvariationssignalinglexicalrelationships.Itcanbefurthersubclassifiedintothecompositionaltype(compound)andderivationaltype(derivation).Derivationalwayofformation派生构词法,referstotheprocessofhownewwordsareformed.Compound复合词:itreferstothosewordsthatconsistofmorethanonelexicalmorpheme,orthewaytojointwoseparatewordstoproduceasingleform.e.g.highborn,sleepwalk,pain-killerDerivation派生词:itshowstherelationbetweenrootsandaffixes.Derivationalaffixes派生词缀:oftenchangethelexicalmeaningandmightormightnotchangethewordclass,inaddition,derivationalaffixesaremoreoftenbasedonsimplemeaningdistinctions.Derivationalaffixescanbeprefixes前缀orsuffixes后缀.e.g.accidental,unbelievable,alcoholic,prediction,creativityetc.8、Lexicalchangeproper：(1)invention （新创词语）：Kodak,Coke,nylon(2)blending( 混成法)：Twowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.Eg:Transfer+resister--- transistor(晶体管)Smoke+fog---smog（烟雾）Teleprinter+exchange---telex（电传）(3)abbreviation/clipping（缩写词/略语）Anewwordiscreatedbycuttingthefinalpart,cuttingtheinitialpartorcuttingboththeinitialpartsoftheoriginalwordsE.g.advertisement---ad,mathematics---math,influenza---flu,refrigerator---fridge,(4)acronym（首字母缩写词）:ismadeupfromthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganizationwhichhasaheavilymodifiedheadwordoralongword.E.g.WTO:WorldTradeOrganization,EEC:EuropeanEconomicCommunity,Aids:acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome(5)backformation（逆构词法）：referstoanabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadyinthelanguage.E.g.television---televise,editor---edit,enthusiasm---enthuse(6)analogicalcreation（类推造字）:theprincipleofanalogicalcreationcanaccountfortheco-existenceoftwoforms,regularandirregular,intheconjugationofsome

’s,etc.’tchangethe精品文档精品文档Englishverbs.E.g.work:wrought,worked;slay:slew,slayed.(7)borrowing(借用，借词):Englishinitsdevelopmenthasmanagedtowidenhervocabularybyborrowingwordsfromotherlanguages.Greek,Latin,French,Spanish,Arabicandotherlanguageshaveallplayedanactiveroleinthisprocess.German:hamburger,9、Allomorph同位语素:Anyofthedifferentformsofamorpheme.Morphophonology 词素音位学:Morphophonology isabranchoflinguistics referring totheanalysisandclassificationofthephonologicalfactorsthataffecttheappearanceofmorphemes,andcorrespondingly,thegrammaticalfactorsthataffecttheappearanceofphonemes.Itisalsocalledmorphonologyormorphonemics.Assimilation同化:Assimilationreferstothechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichismorespecificallycalled“contact”or“contiguous”assimilation.Dissimilation异化:Dissimilationreferstotheinfluenceexercisedbyonesoundsegmentuponthearticulationofanother,sothatthesoundsbecomelessalike,ordifferent.10、phonologicalchange音位变化：(1)loss脱落:e.g.niht/nixt/---night,and---/nd/or/n/addition添加:soundsmaybeaddedtotheoriginalsoundsequence.E.g.strike---sutoraiki(Japanese)(3)metathesis互换:aprocessinvolvinganalternationinthesequenceofsounds.E.g.brid---bird,ask/aks/---/ask/(4)assimilation 同化:E.g.impossible,immobile11、semanticchange语义演变：(1)broadening扩展:aprocesstoextendorelevatethemeaningfromitsoriginallyspecificsensetoarelativelygeneralone.E.g.holiday,bird ，task(2)narrowing缩小:theoriginalmeaningofawordcanbenarrowedorrestrictedtoaspecificsense.E.g.girl,liquid, deer(动物)(3)meaningshift:转换 E.g.bead(prayer)(4)classshift(zero-derivationorconversion)等级转换:E.g.engineer:n.---v. stump:n.---v(挑战)(5)folketymology 通俗变化语:referstoachangeinformofawordorphrase,resultingfromanincorrectpopularnotionoftheoriginormeaningofthetermoffromtheinfluenceofmorefamiliartermsmistakenlytakentobeanalogous.E.g.history：knowledgethroughinquiry,record,ornarrativeChapter41、Syntax句法：isthestudyofhowsentencesarestructuredorhowwordsarecombinedwithotherstoformsentencesandinwhatorder.Thesyntacticrulesinagrammarmustatleastaccountfor:1）thegrammaticalityofsentences2）wordorder3）structuralambiguity4）grammaticalrelations5）whetherdifferentstructureshavedifferingmeaningsorthesamemeaning6）thecreativeaspectoflanguage.2、Endocentricconstruction向心结构：isonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e.,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinablecentreorhead.Usuallynounphrases,verbphrasesandadjectivephrasesbelongtoendocentrictypesbecausetheconstituentitemsaresubordinatetotheHead.Exocentricconstruction离心结构：referstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole,thatis,thereisnodefinable“Centre”or“Head”insidethegroup,usuallyincludingthebasicsentence,theprepositionalphrase,thepredicate(verb+object)construction,andtheconnective(be+complement)construction.3、Phrase短语：isasingleelementofstructurecontainingmorethanoneword,andlackingthesub-predicatestructuretypicalofclauses.Clause小句：aconstituentwithitsownsubjectandpredicate,ifitisincludedinalargersentence.Sentence句子：istheminimumpartoflanguagethatexpressacompletethought.精品文档精品文档Chapter51、Semantics语义学isgenerallyconsideredtobethestudyofmeaninginlanguage.Semanticsisthestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.Pragmatics语用学:Themeaningofutterances2、Denotation外延:concernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitdenotesorrefersto.3、Differenttypesofmeaning(RecognizedbyLeech,1974)Conceptualmeaning概念:Logical,cognitive,ordenotativecontent.Associativemeaning联想：a.Connotativemeaning:内涵 Whatiscommunicatedbyvirtueofwhatlanguagerefersto.b.Socialmeaning:Whatiscommunicatedofthesocialcircumstancesoflanguageuse.c.Affectivemeaning情感:Whatiscommunicatedofthefeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker/writer.d.Reflectedmeaning:反射Whatiscommunicatedthroughassociationwithanothersenseofthesameexpression.e.Collocativemeaning:搭配Whatiscommunicatedthroughassociationwithwordswhichtendtooccurintheenvironmentofanotherword.(3)Thematicmeaning:主位Whatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichthemessageisorganizedintermsoforderandemphasis.4、Thedifferencebetweenmeaning,concept,connotation,anddenotationMeaningreferstotheassociationoflanguagesymbolswiththerealworld.Therearemanytypesofmeaningaccordingtodifferentapproaches.Conceptistheimpressionofobjectsinpeople’smind.Connotationistheimpliedmeaning,similarto implication.Denotation,likesense,isnotdirectlyrelatedwithobjects,butmakestheabstractassumptionoftherealworld.5、thereferentialtheory指称理论：Thetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor(toexplainthemeaningofawordbypointingtothethingitrefersto)6、Semantictriangle语义三角：proposedbyOgdenandRichardsintheirTheMeaningofMeaning.发展Theyarguethattherelationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoisnotdirect.Itismediatedbyconcept.7、Meaning：isstudiedbymakingdetailedanalysesofthewaywordsandsentencesareusedinspecificcontexts.Reference:howlanguagereferstothisexternalworld.Sense:thewaypeoplerelatewordstoeachotherwithintheframeworkoftheirlanguage.8、Senserelations涵义关系：Wordsareindifferentsenserelationswitheachother.Therearegenerallythreekindsofsenserelationsrecognized,namely,samenessrelation, oppositenessrelationandinclusivenessrelation.9、synonymy 同义关系 isthetechnicalnameforthesamenessrelationinmeaning.Buttotalsynonymyisrare.Theso-calledsynonymsareallcontextdependent.Theymaydifferinstyle 、connotations、dialectaldifferences.10、Antonymy反义词 isthenameforoppositenessrelation.Therearethreemainsub-types:gradableantonymy等级反义关系 ,complementaryantonymy互补反义,converseantonymy.11、gradableantonymy等级反义关系First,theyaregradable分等级.Second,antonymsofthiskindaregradedagainstdifferentnorms.Third,onememberofapair,usuallythetermforthe精品文档精品文档higherdegree,servesasthecoverterm覆盖词complementaryantonymy互补反义 Incontrasttothefirsttype,themembersofapairinthistypearecomplementarytoeachother.Thatis,theydivideupthewholeofasemanticfieldcompletely.Notonlytheassertionofonemeansthedenialoftheother,thedenialofonealsomeanstheassertionoftheotherTosomeextent,thisdifferencebetweenthegradableandthecomplementarycanbecomparedtothetraditionallogicaldistinctionbetweenthecontraryandthecontradictory.矛盾关系 Secondly,thenorminthistypeisabsolute.Itdoesnotvarywiththethingawordisappliedto.Thesamenormisusedforallthethingsitisapplicableto.标准绝对Thirdly,thereisnocovertermforthetwomembersofapair.Asamatteroffact,noadjectiveinthistypecanbemodifiedbyhow.Thisisrelatedtothefactthattheyarenotmodifiablebywordslikevery.不可覆盖converseantonymy相对反义：1）donotconstituteapositive-negativeopposition.2）showthereversalofarelationship3）samerelationshipseenfromtwodifferentangles.(reciprocalsocialroles,kinshiprelations,temporalandspatialrelations,orrelationalopposites)4）alwaystwoentitiesinvolved实体5）Onepresupposestheother.预设12、Hyponymy上下义关系： isamatterofclassmembership.Theupperterminthissenserelation,i.e.theclassname,iscalledsuperordinate(上义词),andthelowerterms,themembers,hyponyms（下义词).Asuperordinateusuallyhasseveralhyponyms.13、sentencemeaning句子语义：Themeaningofasentenceisobviouslyrelatedtothemeaningsofthewordsusedinit.Butitisalsoobviousthattheformerisnotsimplythesumtotalofthelatter.Wordorder,Syntacticstructure.Senserelationsbetweensentence语义关系：Paraphrase同义（Definition:Twosentencesareparaphrasesiftheyhavethesametruthconditions）、Entailment蕴含（Sometimesknowingthetruthofonesentenceentailsornecessarilyimpliesthetruthofanothersentence）、Contradiction矛盾（isnegativeentailment,thatis,wherethetruthofonesentencenecessarilyimpliesthefalsenessofanothersentence）、presupposition预设（Inthebranchoflinguisticsknownaspragmatics,apresupposition(orps)isanimplicitassumptionabouttheworldorbackgroundbeliefrelatingtoanutterancewhosetruthistakenforgrantedindiscourse）14、AnIntegratedTheory综合理论：Theideathatthemeaningofasentencedependsonthemeaningsoftheconstituentwordsandthewaytheyarecombinedisusuallyknownastheprincipleofcompositionality(组合性原则).Thebasicideaisthatasemantictheoryconsistsoftwoparts:1）adictionary:providesthegrammaticalclassificationandsemanticinformationofwords.2）asetofprojectionrules:areresponsibleforcombiningthemeaningofwordstogether.Chapter81、Themeaningotherthantheconceptualmeaningisalwaysusedintheutterance.Wecallitspeaker’smeaning,utterancemeaning话语意义orcontextualmeaning语境.2、区分：Utterancemaybeuseddefinedasapieceofactuallyusedlanguage.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromtraditionalsemanticsinthatitstudiesmeaningnotinisolationbutincontext.Semantic语义meaning:themoreconstant,inherentsideofmeaning.Pragmaticmeaning:themoreindeterminate,themorecloselyrelatedtocontext3、DefinitionofPragmatics 语用学：Thestudyoflanguageinuse.Thestudyofmeaningincontext.Thestudyofspeakers’meaning,utterancemeaning,&contextualmeaning.4、Speechacttheory语言行为理论：Thisisthefirstmajortheoryinthestudyoflanguageinuse,whichoriginatedwiththeOxfordphilosopherJohnLangshawAustinin1962.精品文档精品文档5、Constative表述句（定义：Incontrast,somesentencesarenotaperformativeandarecalledconstatives.Constativesareforstating,reportinganddescribingandtheycanberegardedastrueorfalse）vs.Performative行事句（定义Austinarguesthatsomesentencesdonotdescribethings.Theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Theutteringofthesesentencesis,orisapartof,thedoingofanaction）区别：Theconstativeutteranceisverifiableanditiseithertrueorfalse.Theperformativeutteranceisusedtoperformanaction,soithasnotruthvalue.6、FelicityConditions 恰当性条件(byAustin) :A:(i)Theremustbearelevantconventionalprocedure(ii)Therelevantparticipantsandcircumstancesmustbeappropriate.B:Theproceduremustbeexecuted(i)correctly, (ii)completely.C:Veryoften,(i)therelevantpeoplemusthavetherequisitethoughts,feelingsandintentions,(ii)mustfollowitupwithactionsasspecified.7、Alocutionaryact以言指事istheactofsayingsomething;itisanactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.Anillocutionaryact以言行事istheactperformedinsayingsomething