托福写作课上内部资料della1课件

Youarewhatyouwrite！托福写作很重要，语法词汇不可少，多练多看多比较，表达句式用得巧，有理有利还有节，满分一定能拿到。Youarewhatyouwrite！托福写作很重要，1课程设置托福写作介绍独立写作：语言修饰：综合写作：题目串讲：课程设置托福写作介绍2揭开托福写作的神秘面纱揭开托福写作的神秘面纱3写作是表达，而不是翻译写作是表达，而不是翻译4美中不足：AmericanChinanofoot;Aflyintheointment心花怒放：Heartflowerangryopen;bewildwithjoy美中不足：5红颜知己：Redfaceknowme;Female/MaleIntimate人山人海peoplemountainpeopleseahugecrowdsofpeople红颜知己：6马马虎虎HorsehorsetigertigerFairtomiddling不三不四Nothreenofourneitherfishnorfowl马马虎虎7我们为什么考托福？我们为什么考托福？8试试看出国留学可以学习知识，增强阅历，为未来打下基础！试试看出国留学可以学习知识，增强阅历，为未来打下基础！9Bystudyingabroad,weaccumulateknowledge,gainnewexperienceandprepareourselvesforthefuture.Bystudyingabroad,weaccumul10Studyingabroadhelpsusaccumulateknowledge,gainnewexperiencesandprepareourselvesforthefuture.Studyingabroadhelpsusaccum11Ourknowledgeandexperiencesforfuturedevelopmentscanbeaccumulatedbystudyingabroad.Ourknowledgeandexperiences12Studyingabroad,wecangainknowledge,experiences,andskillsforfuturedevelopments.Studyingabroad,wecangain13Bringingnewknowledgeandmoreexperiences,studyingabroadisbeneficialforourfuturedevelopments.Bringingnewknowledgeandmor14

句子三种训练方法多种方法表达同一句意；扩充丰富已有句型；对句式进行各种变换。句子三种训练方法多种方法表达同一句意；15再试试我认为，我同意这个观点：勤奋才能成功。再试试我认为，我同意这个观点：勤奋才能成16Iagreewiththeidea:IwillsucceedifIworkhard.Iagreewiththeidea:Iwill17用高级词汇替换低级词汇Isupporttheannouncement:IwillsucceedifIsparenoeffortforworking.用高级词汇替换低级词汇Isupporttheannou18

添加副词和形容词Istronglysupporttheclassicalannouncement:IwilldefinitelysucceedifIsparenoeffortforworking.添加副词和形容词Istronglysuppor19

找出潜在的逻辑关系Accordingtomypersonalexperienceandeducation,Istronglysupporttheclassicalannouncement:finalsuccessresultsfromhard-work.找出潜在的逻辑关系Accordingtomyp20Basedonmypersonalexperienceandeducationalbackground,Istronglysupporttheclassicalsaying:finalsuccesscomesfromcontinualhard-work.Basedonmypersonalexperienc21Iagreewiththeidea:IwillsucceedifIworkhard.Basedonmypersonalexperienceandeducationalbackground,Istronglysupporttheclassicalsaying:finalsuccesscomesfromcontinualhard-working.Iagreewiththeidea:Iwill22如果既不了解敌人，又不了解自己，你就完蛋了！如果既不了解敌人，又不了解自己，你就完蛋了！23“Ifyouknowneitheryourselfnoryourenemy,youwillalwaysendangeryourself”“Ifyouknowneitheryourself24

Ifyouknowneithervocabularynorgrammar,youwillalwaysendangeryourself!Ifyouknowneithervocabul25你了解自己吗？你了解自己吗？26Peopleworkinginbigcompanyaresupposedtousecomputer.Peopleworkinginbigcompany27Thereisanevidencethatadvertisingprofoundlyaffectshumanbeingtheworldover.Thereisanevidencethatadve28Thepersonwithbroadandprofoundknowledgecanhaveabetterlifethanthepersonwhodoesnot.Thepersonwithbroadandprof29Themanbittenbythehomelessdoghasdied.Themanbittenbythehomeless30ThemajorityofChinesearefondofwatchingtelevision.ThemajorityofChinesearefo31Alargeamountofpeoplegoabroadtolearnknowledge.

Alargeamountofpeoplegoab32Judgmentsmadeinmostofthebookarebelievable.Judgmentsmadeinmostofthe33Dinosaurshaveextincted.

Dinosaurshaveextincted.34

拼写重要吗？pattimepronouncationchangeablewrittingtruelysuceedninteenthmaintenance拼写重要吗？pattime35

一、托福写作介绍一、托福写作介绍36托福写作课上内部资料della1课件37

分值换算表RawScoreScaledScore5.00304.75294.50284.25274.00253.75243.5223.25213.0020分值换算表RawScoreScal38PercentileRankiBTScaledScorePercentileRank3097.92995.92893.42790.52587.22482.92277.42172.4PercentileRankiBTScaledSco39托福写作课上内部资料della1课件40

IntegratedwritingReading:3mins,200-300wordsListening:2mins,200-300wordsWriting:20mins,150-225wordsIndependentWritingWriting:30mins，300-400wordsIntegratedw41ETS会做的是：数字数数每段句子数、每个句子的平均字数单词的字母数逻辑衔接词的使用数量是人数的！ETS会做的是：数字数42写作须知不要写标题禁止使用启示语气写作格式：缩行式（首句空4到6个字母）空行式（段与段之间空一行）标点符号后面要空格句子首字母要大写，专有名词首字母大写I，China，Japanese（日语）,ShanyuanStreet,ThePulitzerPrize。写作须知不要写标题43英式英语还是美式英语？colo(u)r,program(me),labo(u)r书面语还是口语？当然是书面语BTW，Udunno，&，@∵∴♀♂4u2Bornot2B,that’sa?英式英语还是美式英语？44推荐书目TPOOG,Delta’sKey,Kaplan,Barron,Princeton词汇：俞敏洪《TOEFL词汇：词根+联想记忆法》张洪伟、戴云《托福10000词》语法：戴云《托福语法满分精要》张道真《实用英语语法》推荐书目TPO45

推荐网站托福机经网小马过河太傻、寄托天下新东方批改网推荐网站托福机经网46

二、独立写作托福写作课上内部资料della1课件47托福写作课上内部资料della1课件485分标准EffectivelyaddressesthetopicandtaskWellorganizedandwelldevelopedAppropriateexplanations,exemplificationsanddetailsUnity,progressionandcoherenceDisplaysconsistentfacilityintheuseoflanguage,demonstratingsyntacticvariety,appropriatewordchoiceandidiomaticity.Minorlexicalorgrammaticalerrors5分标准Effectivelyaddressest49

4分标准butmaycontainoccasionalredundancy,orlackofclarity,digression,orunclearconnectionsandcontainssentencevarietyandarangeofvocabulary,butmayhaveoccasionalnoticeable

minorlanguageerrorsthatdonotinterferewithmeaning.4分标准butmayconta503分标准butconnectionsamongideasmaybeoccasionallyobscured,unclear;orinconsistentinusinglanguageeffectively,witherrorsingrammarandvocabularythatoccasionallyobscuremeaningbutlimitedrangeofsyntacticstructuresandvocabulary3分标准butconnectionsa51

《官方指南》的话

考生是否赞同某一观点并不重要，评分人员经过培训可以接受所有不同类型的观点重要的是考生在议论中具备的能力：⑴直接切入问题的能力，⑵明确提出主张的能力，以及写出⑶结构严谨⑷例证恰当⑸句子多样化且⑹结构正确文章的能力。《官方指南》的话考生是否赞同某一观点并不重要52独立写作圣经1第一要义，观点要表达清楚不基于考生的真实身份，可以造假只考语言水平，不侧重思想水平不测试考生的真实想法写作基于表达，不基于翻译独立写作圣经1第一要义，观点要表达清楚53独立写作圣经2不同于平时的写作内容、语言同等重要，不要过分追求语言观点的层次比观点的数量更重要逻辑错误比语言错误重要跑题你就完蛋了独立写作圣经2不同于平时的写作54

关于字数通常，一篇作文大约需要300词。少于300词的作文也能获得高分，但是经验表明，较短的作文无法对一些论点展开讨论，而要获得5分的成绩，对论点的讨论是必须的。关于字数通常，一篇作文大约需要355

比字数更重要的作文数字没有上限，但是不要为写而写，应针对话题有的放矢。观点的数目固然重要，但评分人员更看重观点的质量和陈述观点的有效性。比字数更重要的作文数字没有上限，但是不要为写而561、独立写作分类1、独立写作分类57

题型分类-11、观点选择：Whichwouldyouprefer…2、比较对比：ratherthan;as…as;compare3、自主定义：在一定范围内自主选择

58

观点选择类

Someprefertoworkforalargecompany.Othersprefertoworkforasmallcompany.Whichwouldyouprefer?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyourchoice.观点选择类Someprefertoworkf59

Somepeopleprefertoliveinasmalltown,Othersprefertoliveinabigcity,whichplacewouldyouprefertolivein?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswer.Somepeopleprefertolive60

比较对比类

Ithasbeensaid,“Noteverythingthatislearnediscontainedinbooks.”CompareandContrastknowledgegainedfromexperiencewithknowledgegainedfrombooks.Inyouropinion,Whichsourceismoreimportant?Why?比较对比类Ithasbeen61Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Beingcreative，ratherthanplanningcarefully,helpspeoplecomeupwiththebestsolutiontoproblems.Doyouagreeordisagreewith62Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peoplethinkitismoreenjoyabletoworkthreedaysaweekforlongtimethantoworkfivedaysaweekforshortertime.Doyouagreeordisagreewith63

Acompanyhasannouncedthatitwishestobuildalargefactorynearyourcommunity.Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthisnewinfluenceonyourcommunity.Doyousupportoropposethefactory?Explainyourposition.Acompanyhasannouncedtha64

自主定义

Youhaveaopportunitytovisitaforeigncountryfortwoweeks.Whichcountrywouldyouliketovisit?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstoexplainyourchoice.自主定义Youhavea65判断题型类别判断题型类别66

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peopleshouldnotbepermittedtousemobilephonesonpublictransportationvehicles,suchasbuses,trains,oraeroplanes.Doyouagree67

Somepeopleprefertofinishaprojectcompletelybeforestartinganother.Othersprefertodotwoorseveralprojectsatthesametime.Whichwaywouldyouprefer?Somepeopleprefertofinis68

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peoplecanbenefitmorefromtravelingintheirowncountrythantravelinginforeigncountries.Doyouagreeordisagreewi69

Doagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Mostadvertisementsmaketheproductseemmuchbetterthanitreallyis.Doagreeord70

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peoplecansolveimportantproblemsbythemselvesorwiththehelpfromtheirfamilymemberssothere'snoneedforthegovernmenttohelpthem.Doyouagre71

Doagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Mostadvertisementsmaketheproductseemmuchbetterthanitreallyis.Doagreeordisagreewitht72

Itisbettertouseourpersonalknowledgeandexperiencetosolveproblems,ratherthanaskingotherpeopleforadvice.Itisbettertouseourper73

Ifyoucouldinventsomethingnew,whatproductwouldyoudevelop?Ifyoucouldinventsometh74

Ifyoucouldchangeoneimportantthingaboutyourhometown,Whatwouldyouchange?Usereasonsandspecificexamplestosupportyouranswer.Ifyoucouldchangeoneimp75独立写作分类-2独立写作分类-276单一事物利弊Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peopleshouldnotbepermittedtousemobilephonesonpublictransportationvehicles,suchasbuses,trains,oraeroplanes.单一事物利弊Doyouagreeor77多事物利弊Somepeopleprefertofinishaprojectcompletelybeforestartinganother.Othersprefertodotwoorseveralprojectsatthesametime.Whichwaywouldyouprefer?多事物利弊Somepeoplepr78事实类Doagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Mostadvertisementsmaketheproductseemmuchbetterthanitreallyis.事实类Doagreeord79因果类Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peoplecansolveimportantproblemsbythemselvesorwiththehelpfromtheirfamilymemberssothere'snoneedforthegovernmenttohelpthem.因果类Doyouagree80独立写作分类—题材(词汇积累）1、学校和教育（schoolandeducation）2、科学技术（Technology）

3、媒体（Media）4、工作和成功（Workandsuccess）5、政府（Government）

6、交通运输（Transportation）

7、环境(Environment)8、生活（life）：友谊、休闲9、金钱和工资（Money/Salary）

独立写作分类—题材(词汇积累）1、学校和教育（school81托福作文容易跑题

更容易写得不严谨托福作文822、审题2、审题83Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Parentsarethebestteachersfortheirchildren.Doyouagreeordisagreewith84Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Apersonshouldnevermakeanimportantdecisionalone.Doyouagreeordisagreewith85

Youhaveaopportunitytovisitaforeigncountryfortwoweeks.Whichcountrywouldyouliketovisit?UsespecificreasonsanddetailstoexplainyourchoiceYouhaveaopportunitytov86

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Totrulyunderstandanyeventshappenedintheworld,weshoulddrawournewsfromnewspapers;televisioncannotprovideenoughinformation.Doyouagreeordisagreewi87

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Scientistsshouldberesponsibleforthenegativeimpactoftheirscientificresearch.Doyouagreeordisagreewi88

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Parentsfindithardtocontroltheirchildrenforthechildrenarenowinfluencedbymanythingsoutsidehomeliketelevisionormovies.Doyouagreeordisagreewi89

Peopleattendtouniversityorcollegeformanydifferentreasons(forexample,newexperiences,careerpreparation,increasedknowledge).Whydoyouthinkpeopleattendtouniversityorcollege?Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouridea.Peopleattendtouniversity90

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peoplewhodonotworkbecausetheyhaveenoughmoneyarerarelyhappy.Doyouagreeordisagreewi91

Somepeoplesaythatphysicalexerciseshouldbearequiredpartofeveryschoolday.Otherpeoplebelievethatstudentsshouldspendthewholeschooldayonacademicstudies.Whichopiniondoyouagreewith?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswer.Somepeoplesaythatphysic92

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Childrenshouldbeginlearningaforeignlanguageassoonastheystartschool.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyourposition.Doyouagreeordisagreewi93

Youneedtotravelfromyourhometoaplace40miles(64Kilometers)away.Comparethedifferentkindsoftransportationyoucoulduse.TellWhichmethodoftravelyouwouldchoose.Givespecificreasonsforyourchoice.Youneedtotravelfromyou94Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Intwentyyears,studentswillnotuseprintedbooksanymore.Doyouagreeordisagreewith95Manyteachersassignhomeworktostudentseveryday.Doyouthinkthatdailyhomeworkisnecessaryforstudents?Manyteachersassignhomework96

审题方法★判断题型★找绝对词（only/never/best/anything/always/no/forever/entire)★找限定词twoweeks/city,town/oneofthefollowings/40miles)★找争论的焦点审题方法★判断题型97便健经交幸，成环品科国便健经交幸，成环品科国983、写作原则3、写作原则99写作原则——KISS有理：符合社会规范、合乎常理不涉及宗教、政治等敏感议题有利：分论点有利于总论点，细节、例子有利于分论点有节：只写会写的，只写好写的，节制感情，节制时间。有话可说、有例可举写作原则——KISS有理：符合社会规范、合乎常理100Keepitsimple,systematic!Keepitsimple,systematic!1014、文章结构4、文章结构102开头（1段）主体（3段）结尾（1段）

段落划分开头（1段）段落划分103

文章结构★一边倒★让步

★折中文章结构★一边倒104一边倒中间倒3段：支持方的3个优点详写，比重相当；支持方的2个优点详写，反对方的1个缺点稍略写；中间倒2段：支持方的2个优点详细论证，比重相当。住校内好还是校外好一边倒中间倒3段：105让步中间3段：支持方2个优点详细写，反对方1-2个优点简略写。打工还是创业？让步中间3段：106让步段三大“杯具”对让步内容没有展开；对让步内容没有进行削弱和反驳；对让步内容态度坚定，内容过长，且感情强烈。让步段三大“杯具”对让步内容没有展开；107让步段写法主题句（topicsentence）支持句（supportingsentence）举例（example）段内小结（sum）让步段与支持段结构一致，只是主题句和段内小结的写法不同。让步段要对让步内容不断削弱。让步段写法主题句（topicsenten108让步段主题句写法四种方法可以削弱让步内容：从语气上削弱：admittedly/Iconcede/Icompromise/Iconfess从可能性上削弱：may/might/possibly/probably从数量上削弱：one/oneortwo/acoupleof/minor/several从程度上削弱：tosomeextent/tosomedegree让步段主题句写法四种方法可以削弱让步内容：109让步段主题句说话方式两种说话方法：我坦诚的说/我坦白的说/我妥协的说另一个方面也可能/或许有一个/两个好处；Admittedly,Bmayhaveoneadvantage.我坦诚的说/我坦白的说/我妥协的说某物/某事在一定程度上也可能有点……Admittedly,Bmaybehelpfultosomeextent.让步段主题句说话方式两种说话方法：110“杯具”与“洗具”AlthoughBmayhaveoneadvantage,theadvantageswegainfromAfaroutweighthem.Admittedly,Bmayhaveoneadvantage.“杯具”与“洗具”AlthoughB111开头结尾与中间段落配合我选A；A的好处1；A的好处2；A的好处3；我真的选A哈！尽管B有一个好处，但是A的好处比B多；A的好处1；A的好处2；B也有一个好处，但是A的好处比B多；尽管B有一个好处，但是A的好处真的比B多哈！开头结尾与中间段落配合我选A；尽管B有一个好处，但是A的好处112对让步内容削弱和反驳的方法辩证法次要法少数法提解决方案对让步内容削弱和反驳的方法辩证法113辩证法好处从某种角度来看也是坏处，坏处从某种角度来看也是好处；However,theonlyadvantageofBmayshifttoanightmare/drawbackifwelookatitfromadifferentangle……住大城市还是住小镇？在家看电影还是在电影院看电影？辩证法好处从某种角度来看也是坏114次要法让步方的好处比支持方的好处次要，或支持方的坏处比起好处来次要；严禁“霸王硬上弓”，强说别人次要；However,theadvantagesofAaremoreimportantthanthoseofB.住大城市还是住小镇？在家看电影还是去电影院看电影？次要法让步方的好处比支持方的好处次115少数法让步方优点与支持方优点比起来较少，或支持方缺点与优点比起来较少；严禁“霸王硬上弓”，人多欺人少；However,theadvantagesofAarefarmorethanthoseofB.However,theadvantagesofAoutnumberthoseofB.住大城市还是住小镇？在家看电影还是去电影院看电影？少数法让步方优点与支持方优点比起来116提解决方案对方的好处我方也可以有办法得到，我方的坏处可以有办法消除；However,theproblemcanbesolvedby……However,thenegativeinfluencecanbeeliminatedby……住大城市还是住小镇？在家看电影还是去电影院看电影？提解决方案对方的好处我方也可以有办法得到117让步的精髓是让一小步让步的精髓是让一小步118

让步段要避免“杯具”让步段同样要对让步内容进行展开；让步段内容展开要适度，每个让步观点展开比重不宜超过支持段；让步段结尾要对让步内容进行削弱和反驳。让步段要避免“杯具”让步段同样要对让步内容进行展开；119让步段主题句Admittedly,watchingtelevisionmayalsohaveoneadvantageforchildren.让步段主题句Admittedly120让步段支持句Theyarepossiblyabletoincreasesomeknowledgefromwatchingsomeprograms,suchasDiscoveries.让步段支持句Theyarepossib121让步段例子及细节Forinstance,theymightknowtheevolutionaryprocessofhumansociety.让步段例子及细节Forinstance,t122对让步内容进行削弱和反驳However,thedisadvantagesfaroutweightheonlybenefit.Moreover,theknowledgefromtelevisioncanbealsoaccumulatedbyreadingbooks.对让步内容进行削弱和反驳However,thedisad123让步结构的好处避免了写支持面第三个观点，转而写不利于支持方的一个理由（容易凑字数）；显得考虑问题比较周全；对方比较容易接受。让步结构的好处避免了写支持面第三个观点，124让步的方法用不利于己方的观点进行让步；单一事物让步多事物让步程度让步（去绝对化）让步的方法用不利于己方的观点进行让步；125自己玩好还是跟团玩好？哪种类型的题目？结构设计1+1+1comparison2+1（反对方缺点）2-1（反对方优点）2-1（支持方缺点）自己玩好还是跟团玩好？哪种类型的题目？结构设计126折中高薪工作时间长还是低薪工作时间短？住大城市还是住小镇？住校内还是住校外？跟导游玩还是自己玩？买房子还是买企业？折中高薪工作时间长还是低薪工127推荐方案让步一边倒3段一边倒2段折中一边倒1段推荐方案让步1285、论证5、论证129

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement:Themostimportantaspectofajobisthemoneyapersonearns.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.Doyouagreeordisagreewi130立论方法法1：如果有了钱≠只有有了钱，才能······法2：如果没有钱，恶劣后果1、2、3法3：比较：最重要的因素有A、B、钱钱比A重要钱比B重要立论方法法1：如果有了钱≠只有有了钱，131驳论方法法1：尽管钱重要，但最重要的是A，A比钱重要：1、2、3、法2：如果钱是最重要的：恶果1、2所以钱不值最重要的驳论方法法1：尽管钱重要，但最重132

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Oneshouldneverjudgeapersonbyexternalappearances,Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswer.Doyouagreeordisagreewi133

立论更简单立论1：尽管外表有用，但是A更重要立论2：如果以貌取人，恶果1、2、3，所以不能以貌取人。立论更简单立论1：尽管外表有用，但是A134驳论驳论1：让步？+某种情况可以通过外表判断（脸红了—Shy）驳论2：让步？+如果永远不用外表判断，恶果1、2、3驳论驳论1：让步？+某种135

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatements:Playingagameisfunonlywhenyouwin.Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswers.Doyouagreeordisagreewi136

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Television,newspapers,magazines,andothermediapaytoomuchattentiontothepersonallivesoffamouspeoplesuchaspublicfiguresandcelebrities.Doyouagreeordisagreewi137

Theyoungshoulddecidewhattheywanttodoandwhattheywanttobeassoonastheycan,inordertosavethetimefordevelopinghiscareer.

Theyoungshoulddecidewha138论证注意事项论证注意事项139第三人称复数Some···other···；Therearemanypeople······Itiswellknownthattakingsportsnotonlybuildspeople’sbodies,butalsobuildstheirminds.AndIreallyagreewiththeideathatpeoplecanlearnalotfromthebuildingprogressthatsportsboastonbothsides.第三人称复数Some···other···140

6、论点6、论点141

论点一定要展开展开论点就是用各种支持内容（事例、细节、理由等）来支持文章的观点。不要为了增加文章的字数而死记硬背一些冗长的句、段。论点一定要展开展开论点就是用各种支持内容（事例、细142必须是并列关系坚持很重要：1、工作中重要；2、学习中重要；3、Wrightbrother发明飞机不能过于细致：建餐馆导致水污染、空气污染。必须是并列关系143论点从何而来？论点从何而来？144利弊类：万金由利弊类：万金由145讲义第4页讲义第4页146住校内好，还是校外好？

住大城市好，还是小城市好？住校内好，还是校外好？

住大城市好，还是小城市好？147万金由—万能应用理由（1）健康和安全（Health/FitnessandSafety）营养(Nutrition)缓解压力(relievethestress/pressure)食品安全(foodsafety)生活习惯(livingstyle)体育锻炼(sports/exercise/games)身体伤害(bodyinjury)财产安全(propertysafety)万金由—万能应用理由（1）健康和安全（Health/Fitn148（2）便利（convenience）

节省时间(Savingtime)时间灵活(flexible)交通(traffic)休闲(recreation)娱乐(entertainment/relaxation)健身(fitnessactivity)购物(shopping)教育(education)医疗(medicalcare)（2）便利（convenience）

节省时间(Savin149（3）经济economy/economical/economic就业问题(unemployment/employment)职业(occupations)农业(agriculture)工业(industry)heavy/lightindustry;serviceindustries工资(wage/salary)agoodwage收入(income)onahighincome支出(spending/expenditure/expense)利润(profit)税收(tax/tariffs)旅游(tourism/journeys/traveling)（3）经济economy/economical/econom150（4）交流communication交友(makingfriends)集体活动(collectiveactivity)谈话(conversation)聊天(chatting)人际关系(interpersonalrelationship)社交圈子(socialcircle)（4）交流communication交友(making151（5）幸福与情感Happiness/Love/Affection激情(passion/enthusiasm)兴趣(interests)亲情(familylove)友情(friendship)爱情(Love)乐趣(fun/happiness)好恶(personalchoice/favor/preference/taste)（5）幸福与情感Happiness/Love/Affecti152（6）成功（success）成就感(asenseofachievement)荣誉感(asenseofhonor)财富(wealth)自信(self-confidence)竞争(competitions)潜力(potentialities)动机(motivations)压力(pressures/stress)（6）成功（success）成就感(asenseof153（7）环保environmentalprotection

生态平衡(ecologicalbalance/eco-balance)沙漠化(desertification)砍伐森林(deforestation)沙尘暴(sandstorm)干旱(drought)洪水(flood)濒危动物(endangeredanimals)环境污染(environmentalpollution)（7）环保environmentalprotection154（8）品格（virtue）聪明(clever/brilliant)合作(cooperation/collaboration)坚忍不拔(perseverance/persistence)勤奋(industrious/diligence)独立(independence)负责任(beresponsibleto)宽容(tolerant/forgiving)体贴(considerate)谦虚(modest/humble)诚实(honesty/integrity)（8）品格（virtue）聪明(clever/brilli155（9）科技、教育、培训science/education/training科技的发展发明(Scientificdevelopmentandinventions)效率(efficient)实习(intern/internships)教育(education)（9）科技、教育、培训science/education/t156（10）国家和文明（nationandcivilization）慈善事业(charities)志愿者(volunteers)人与自然的和谐(harmoniousrelationshipbetweenpeopleandnature)社会公平(socialjustice)（10）国家和文明（nationandcivilizat157便健经交幸，成环品科国便健经交幸，成环品科国1587、开篇方法7、开篇方法159开篇——背景法是否同意建工厂？背景-论题-各方观点、理由-我的观点理由背景-论题-反面-过渡-正面（我的观点、理由）背景-论题-我的观点、理由论题+他人的观点、理由-我的观点、理由★一定要有论题，我的观点后一定要有理由开篇——背景法160背景句型SomepeoplethinkA,otherpeoplethinkB…Accordingtoarecentstatisticontheinternet,thenumberofsingle-childfamilyoccupies75%ofChinesefamilies,andundoubtedlyhasatendencyofincreasing.Itisnotraretoseemanystudentsdozingoffordoingotherthingswhiletheprofessoristryinghisbestexplainingatheory.背景句型Somepeopleth161withthedevelopmentofeconomyandscience/technology，moreandmorecompaniesarefound,buttherearenotenoughpeopletotakethesepositions.withthedevelopmentofeconom162是否同意建工厂？

紧扣题目，提出普遍现象现象（人们越来越关注生活环境了）是否同意建工厂？紧扣题目，提出普遍现象163开篇——事例法事例-论题-各方观点理由-我的观点理由时态：例子，一般过去时；论述，一般现在时老人去世-中毒-工厂由头：媒体报道+朋友、邻居、家人的故事举例句式熟练应用开篇——事例法事例-论题-各方观点理由-我的观点164

Oneday,mywife,whohasbeenpregnantforsixmonths,caughtacold.Shewantedtotakemedicineforhercoldbutshewonderedwhetherthemedicinewilldoharmtothebaby.Sheturnedonthecomputerandgoogledinformationonthesafetyofthecoldmedicine.Afterthat,shemadearightdecision.Theimpactthatcomputerhasonourlivesisundeniable.Oneday,mywife,whohasb165开篇——引语法引语-论题-各方观点理由-我的观点理由举例：老年人不能从年轻人那里学到任何东西。Amonganythreepeople,Iwillfindsomethingtolearnforsure.开篇——引语法引语-论题-各方观点理由-我的观点166文章开头之定义法给题目中某个概念下定义，围绕你下的定义进行讨论，即定一下一个前提；优点：适当创新，突出个性；缺点：定义偏差大，人们不能接受；很多题目不适合下定义。文章开头之定义法给题目中某个概念下定义，围绕你下的定167定义法举例老师的亲和力affinity更重要，还是学术能力更重要？定义法举例老师的亲和力affinity1688、主题句8、主题句169★每段都有主题句：第一段最后一句。其他段第一句。托福写作课上内部资料della1课件170主题句要求1必须是陈述句；Isn’titbetterforustochooseaforeignuniversity?主题句要求1必须是陈述句；171主题句要求2必须表明观点任何事实，必加推论，将结论置于段首。主题句要求2必须表明观点172主题句要求3态度要坚决Inmyhumbleopinion…I’mnotsureaboutthis,butIstillwanttosay…主题句要求3态度要坚决173主题句要求4主题句简短有力ThefirstreasonIwanttoputforwardattheverybeginningshouldbeconsideredas…主题句要求4主题句简短有力174主题句要求5主题句必须能够统领全段；读完主题句读者应该能够掌握本段内容；段落展开其实是对主题句进行展开。主题句要求5主题句必须能够统领全段；175“和平友好”合：观点是否合适写；平：每个观点之间是否平行？有：每个观点是否都有展开的余地？好：每个观点是否好写？是否有能力写？“和平友好”合：观点是否合适写；176主题句范例Therearemanyqualitiesthatmakeupagoodfriend,butthemostessentialofthesearehelpfulnessandbeingconsiderate.主题句范例Therearemanyqualities177Istronglysupporttheideaofouterspaceexplorationforitbenefitshumansnotonlyinthepresentbutalsointhefuture.Istronglysupporttheideaof178Peoplewholiveinsmalltownoftenhaveamuchcomfortablelifestyle.Peoplewholiveinsmalltown179

结尾必须要有结尾！总结全文，重述各方观点理由（让步）、主题观点理由，首尾呼应。提出建议、解决问题、深化意义

结尾必须要有结尾！180结尾举例是否应该建工厂？结尾：建工厂时一定要注意环保。住大城市好、小城市好？结尾：改善大城市环境，解决压力，使大城市更美好。在小区建学校不仅对现在有意义，对未来也有意义。结尾举例181结尾范例Inconclusion,peoplearelivinglongernowowingtothedevelopmentsofmedical,cokingandmatchingfoodinrightwaysandsoon.结尾范例Inconclusion182Inaword,Ibelievethatuniversitiesshouldrequirestudentstotakeclassesinmanysubjects,ratherthanrequirestudentstospecializeinonesubject.Inaword,Ibelievethatuniv183Eventhoughstudentsshouldlearntheirmajorsubjectsdeeply,theyarefullypreparedtomangetheworldonlywhentheyhaveaccumulatedabundantknowledgeandsocialskills.Eventhoughstudentsshouldle1849、段落展开9、段落展开185