社科院2015年考博英语真题及解析

中国 年博士入学考试英语试题及解题型分析：1、词汇和语法（20分）3、阅读和写作（20分：七选五；写作（文章字数480词4、英汉互译（30分英译汉：短选句子翻译；（165词汉译英：句子翻译。（三句分别90中文词的翻译PartIVocabularyandGrammar(20SectionA(10Directions:ChoosetheanswerthatbestfillsintheEventheisnotreallytheCEO.Nooneis.Powerinacorporationisconcentratedandverticallystructured.PowerinWashingtonis andhorizontallyspreadout.A. B. C. D.Indescribingthensofthevarioussectionsoftheunitedstatesatdifferentstagesintheirhistory,someofthefactorswhichaccountfortheirsimilarityamiddifferencecanbereadilyaccountedfor,othersaredifficultto A. B. C. D.ThepartialtransferoflegislativepowersfromWestminster,implementedbyTonyBlair,wasdesignedtogivetheothermembersoftheclubabigger andtocountercentrifugalforcesthatseemedtothreatentheveryideaoftheunion.A. B. D.Itcanhardlybedeniedtheproliferationofso-calleddirtybooksandfihas,toreachedalmostasaturationpoint.Peopledonotacknowledgethe factthatchildrenareboundtobeexposedto“dirtywords”inamyriadofwaysotherthanthroughthepublicA. B. C. D.Aconditionisanessentialtermofthecontract.Ifacontractisnotperformed,itmayconstituteasubstantialbreachofcontractandallowtheotherpartyto thatis,treatthecontractasdischargedorterminated.A. B. C. D.Eachofusshareswiththecommunityinwhichweliveastoreofwordsaswellasagreed thesewordsshouldbearrangedtoconveyaparticularmessage.asthewayby B.bythewayinC.astothewayin D.inthewayof atechnologicaldevelopmentanimpactonmanyaspectsofsocialeconomicandculturaldevelopmentasgreatlyasthegrowthofelectronics.A. B. Ifearlyhumans asmuchastheydid,theyprobably toevolveintodifferentdidnotmoveandintermingle...wouldhadnotmovedandintermingled...wouldhavewerenottomoveandintermingle...couldhaveItwas thelasttimearoundthetrack Ireallykickeditin—passingthegossigirlfriends,blockingoutthewhistlesofboyswhohadalreadycompletedtheirrunandnowwerehangingoutonthegrassyhill,Iran—pushinghard,breathingshallowly，knowingfullwellthatIwasgoingtohavetohearaboutitfrommydisapprovingfriendsforthenextfewday.A.notuntil... B.notuntil... C. D.until...Oneimpediment thegeneraluseofastandardinpronunciationisthefactpronunciationislearntnaturallyandunconsciously,whileorthographyislearntdeliberayandconsciously.A.in...which B.of...inwhich C.on...that SectionB(5points)Directions:ChoosethewordthatistheclosestinmeaningwiththeunderlinedItissome15millionHindus,SikhsandMuslimssweptupinatumultuousshuffleofcitizensbetweenandPakistanafterthepartitionofthesubcontinentin1947.A. B. C. D.Concerningspeculation,philosophylooksuponthingsfromthebroadestpossibleforcriticism,ithasthetwofoldroleofquestioningandjudgingeverythingthatpertainseithertothefoundationsortothesuperstructureofhumanthinking.A. B. C. D.Meetingisinfact,anecessarythoughnotnecessarilyproductivepsychologicalsideshow.Perhapsitisourcivilizedwaytomoderating,ifnotpreventing,change.A. B. C. D.Thetruthaboutalliancesandtheirmeritprobablyliessomewherebetweenthetravelutopiapresentedbytheplayersandtheevilempiresportrayedbytheircritics.A.collaborationB. C. D.ButNaifehandSmithrevealakeeninlect,anavidreaderandapassionateobserverofotherartists'workwhoprogressedfromlaboredfigurestudiestoinspiredoutburstsofcreativeenergy.Farfromanartisticflashinthepan,hepursuedhiscallingwithdoggeddeterminationagainstnearlyinsurmountableodds. B.unsurpassableC.uncountableD.invaluableSectionC(5points)Directions:ChoosetheletterthatindicatestheerrorintheOneofthemostimportantnon-legislativefunctionsoftheU.S.congressisthepower specialcommitteessetforaspecificpurpose,orjointcommitteesconsistedofmembers ofbothOneoftheimportantcorollariestotheinvestigativepoweristhepowertopublicizedinvestigationsandtheirresults.Mostcommitteehearingsareopentopublicandare Cimportanttoolavailabletolawmakerstoinformthecitizenryandtoarousepublic nationalissues.DItisnotavoicewerecognizeatonce,whereasourownhandwritingissomethingwhich almostalwaysknow.Webeginthenaturallearningofpronunciationlongbeforewestartlearntoreadorwrite,andinourearlyyearswegoonunconsciouslyimitatingDIthadhappenedtoooftenthatthefarmerssoldtheirwheatsoonafterharvestwhenfarmdebtswerecomingdue,onlytoseepricesrisingandspeculatorsgettingrich.OnBCeinvolved,atleastnotuntilwartimewhenwheatpricesthreatenedtorunDDetailedstudiesofthetribebythefoodscientistsattheuniversityofLondonshowedAgatheringisamoreproductivesourceoffoodthanishunting.AnhourofhuntingBonaverageabout100ediblecaloriesasanhourofgatheringproduces240. PartIIReadingcomprehension(30pointsDirections:ChoosethebestanswersbasedontheinformationinthepassagesPlato'sRepublichasbeenthesourceofgreatconsternation,especiallyinliterarycircles,foritsattackonthepoets.Socratesinfactassertsthattheyshouldhavenoplaceintheidealstate.EricHavelocksuggeststhatthereareseveralmisunderstandingsinthisregard,andinhisprefacetolieidentifiestheissues,explainsthehistoricalcontext.HavelockopenshisdiscussionbysuggestingthattheverytitleoftheRepublicisthesourceofmuchconfusion.Thebookiscommonlyunderstoodtobeatreatiseontheidealpoliticalentity,butevenacasualysiswillshowthatonlyone-thirdofthetextisconcernedwithstatecraft.Theothertwo-thirdscoveravarietyofsubjects,butthethrustofPlato'sargumentamountstoanattackonthetraditionalGreekapproachtoeducation.Theeducationalmethodsstillinuseinthe4thcenturyBChadtheiroriginsinwhathasbeencalledtheGreekDarkAgebeginningaround1200BCwhentheMycenaeaneracollapsed.Verylittleisknownaboutthewhysandwhereforesofthiscollapse,butitwasn'tuntilaround700BCthatthePhoenicianalphabetbegantobeadaptedandusedintheGreek-speakingworld.Duringtheinterveningcenturies,allknowledgeconcerningGreekhistory,culture,moresandlawswereorallytransmitteddownthroughthegenerations.Themosteffectivedeviceinaidofmemorizingvastamountsofinformationwasrhyme.TheepicformweseeinHomer'sIliadgrewoutoftheneedtopreservetheGreekculturalmemory.HavelocktakesthereaderthroughBookIofTheIliadanddissectsitindetailtoshowhowthiscultural,historicalandethicalheritagewasconveyed.TheIliadtakesonnewandsignificantmeaningtothereaderofthisminuteexamination.TheIliadandpresumablyotherpoeticvehiclesweretaughttochildrenfromanearlyage.ThewholeoftheGreek-speakingworldwasimmersedintheprojectofmemorizing,andoutofthemassesarosethoseindividualswithsuperiormemoriesandtheatricalskillswhobecamethenextgenerationofminstrelsandteachers,educationwasthuscomprisedofmemorizationandrotelearning,andthepeopleenjoyedconstantremindersthroughpublicreadingsandPlato'sfocusintherepublicandelsewhereisonHomerandHesiodandtosomeextentthedramatistswhichatthetimewerethecenterpiecesoftheeducationalregime.Theirworkspresentedgodsandheroesasfundamentallyimmoralandthusbadexamplesforyouth.TheoverallresultisthattheGreekadolescentiscontinuallyconditionedtoanattitudewhichatbottomiscynical.Itismoreimportanttokeepupappearancesthantopracticethereality.Decorumanddecentbehaviorarenotdeviouslyviolated,buttheinnerprincipleofmoralityis.OncetheRepublicisviewedasacritiqueoftheeducationalregime,Havelocksaysthatthelogicofitstotalorganization esclear.WhatPlatowasrailingagainstwasan"oralstateofmind"whichseemstohavepersistedeventhoughthealphabetandwrittenationhadbeeninuseforthreecenturies.IlliteracywasthusstillawidespreadprobleminPlatostime,andthepoeticstateofmindwasthemainobstacletoscientificrationalismandysis.ThisiswhyPlatoregardedthepoeticororalstateofmindasthearch-enemy.Inhisteachingshedidtheopposite.Heaskedhisstudentsto"thinkaboutwhattheyweresayinginsteadofjustsayingit".Theepichad e,inPlato'sviewnor"anactofcreationbutanactofreminderandrecall"andcontributedtowhatHavelocktermsthe“Homericfateofmind".ItwasSocratesprojectandbyextensionPlato'storeformGreekeducationtoencouragethinkingandysis.Thusalltherantingandrailingaboutthe"poets”inPlato'sRepublicwaslimitedbasicallytohomerandHesiodbecauseofwhatheviewedasawhollyinadequateapproachtoeducationofwhichtheseparticularpoetswereanintegralpart.Unfortunay,WesternculturehasmisconstruedwhatPlatoandSocratesmeantby"thepoets”.Andbecauseweviewpoetryasahighlycreativeandelevatedformofexpression,ourcriticshavefailedtorecognizethatPlato'sdiatribehadaveryspecificandlimitedtargetwhichhadnothingtodowithhigh-mindedcreativity,ofwhichthereisplenty,bytheway,intheproscribedpoets.Itwasn'ttorecognizethatpoetswhoweretheproblem;itwastheuseofthemthatwasdeemedunacceptable.Past-Havelock,wecannowreadtheRepublicwiththescalesliftedfromoureyesandseeitforwhatitreallywas：anindictmentofanantiquatededucationalregimewhichhadnoplaceinademocraticsociety.ThemistakenunderstandingofPlato'sRepublicconsistsinthewidespreadbeliefthatitconsistsof B.atreatiseontheC.acritiqueof AccordingtoHavelock,Plato'sangerwiththepoetsaroseI:Theirrepresentationofgodsandheroesasfundamentallyimmoralandthusbadexamplesforyouth.Ⅱ:Theirtransmissionofculture,moresandA. C.bothIand D.neitherPriortothe4thcenturyBC,recitationwasconsideredthebesteducationalmethod poetrywasseenasahighlycreativeandelevatedformofrhymewasthemosteffectivedeviceinaidofmemorizingvastamountsoftherewasnowritingInPlato'sdiatribethepoeticororalstateofmindisthearch-enemy C.the D.Acommoncritiqueofthepresent-dayChineseeducationalsystemresemblestheeducationalsystemthatPlatofulminatedagainstinthatitoften asksstudentstothinkaboutwhattheyweresayinginsteadofjustsayinghasaveryspecificandlimitedToernistochoosehowtherevenueraisedfromtaxesisspent.Sofarsogoodorbad.Butsomepeopleearnmoremoneythanothers.Shouldtheypayproportionaymoremoneytotheernmentthanthosewhoearnless?Andiftheydopaymoremoneyaretheyentitledtomoreservicesthanthosewhopaylessorthosewhopaynothingatall?Andshouldthosewhopaynothingatallbecausetheyhavenothinggetanything?Thesemattersareofimitableconcerntoourrulers,andofsomepoignancytotherest.AlthoughtheequalityofeachcitizenbeforethelawistherockuponwhichtheConstitutionrests,economicequalityhasneverbeenanAmericanideal.Infact,itistheoneunmentionablesubjectinourpolitics,asthesenatorfromSouthDakotarecentlydiscoveredwhenhecameupwithafewquasi-egalitariantaxreforms.ThefuriousandenduringterrorofCommunisminAmericaisnotentirelytheworkofthoseearlycoldwarriorsTrumanandAcheson.Adislikeofeconomicequalityissomethingdeep-grainedintheAmericanantcharacter.Afterall,givenarichemptycontinentforvigorousEuropeanstoexploit(thensweresimplydisagreeablepartoftheemptiness,likechiggers),anymanofgumptioncouldmakehimselfagoodliving.Withextrahardwork,anymancouldmakehimselfafortune,provingthathewasabettermanthantherest.LongbeforeDarwintheAmericanethoswasThevisionoftherichemptycontinentisstillapartoftheAmericanunconsciousinspiteoftheGreatCrowdinganditsattendantmiseries;andthislingeringbeliefintheheavenanymancanmakeforhimselfthroughhardworkandcleanlivingisakeytothemajority'sprevailingandapparentlyunalterablehatredofthepoor,keptoutofsightathome,outofmindabroad.Yettherehasbeen,fromthebeginning,asignificantdivisioninourrulingclass.TheearlyThomasJeffersonhadadream:asocietyofhonestyeomen,engagedinagriculturalpursuits,withoutlargecites,heavyindustry,banks,militarypretensions.Theearly(andthelate)AlexanderHamiltonwantedindustry,banks,cities,andamilitaryforcecapableofmakingitselffeltinworldpolitics.Itisaniceironythatsomanyoftoday'slaissez-faireconservativesthinkthattheydescendfromHamilton,theproponentofastrongfederalernment,andthatsomanyliberalsbelievethemselvestobetheheirsoftheearlyJefferson,whowantedlittlemorethanaforceandajudiciary.Alwayspractical,Jeffersonknewthatcertainmenwouldrisethroughtheirowngoodeffortswhile,sadly,otherswouldfall.ernmentwoulddonomorethanobservethisDarwinianspectaclebenignly,andprovidenosuccor.In1800theHamiltonianviewwasrejectedbythepeopleandtheirnewThomasJefferson.Fouryearslater,theHamiltonianviewhadprevailedandwasendorsedbythereelectedJefferson.Between1800and1805Jeffersonhadseentoitthatanempireinposse eanempireinesse.ThedifferencebetweenJeffersonIandJeffersonIIisreflectedinthetwoinauguraladdresses.ItissignificantthatnothingmoreelevatedthangreedchangedtheDr.JekyllofJeffersonIintotheMr.HydeofJeffersonII.Likehislessthoughtfulcountrymen,Jeffersoncouldnotresistadeal.SubvertingtheConstitutionhehadhelpedcreate.JeffersonboughtLouisianafromNapoleon,acquiringitscitizenswithouttheirconsents.TheauthoroftheDeclarationofindependencewasquiteabletoforgettheunalienablerightsofanyonewhosepropertyhethoughtshouldbejoinedtoourempire—awordwhichcropsupfrequentlyandunselfconsciouslyinhiscorrespondence.Inthecourseofland-grabbing,JeffersonIImanagedtogethimselfintohotwaterwithFrance,EnglandandSpainsimultaneously,afairlyastonishingthingtodoconsideringthestateofpoliticsinNapoleonicEurope.ComprehensionTheauthorbelievesthat stillbelieveAmericatobelargelylargelybelieveinlowerareinfavoroftaxationwithoutFromthepassage,wemayassumethatthesenatorfromSouth B.wasThomasC.failedinhisattempttoreformtax Jeffersonmadeitpossible apotentialempire earealtaxlawstoreflectthewillofthetheunitedDarwiniansocialtheoriestobeacceptedwithout A. B. C. D.TheauthorholdsthatJefferson'spurchaseoftheLouisiana maybeseenasahypocriticalcannotbeseenasanactofempire-wasanactmeanttolowertaxesandimprovethewealthoftheIf,besidesthe plishmentsofbeingwittyandill-natured，amanisviciousintothebargain,heisoneofthemostmischievouscreaturesthatcanenterintoacivilsociety.Hissatirechieflyfalluponthosewhooughttobethemostexemptfromit.Virtue,merit,andeverythingthatispraiseworthy,willbemadethesubjectofridiculeandbuffoonery.Itisimpossibletoenumeratetheevilswhicharisefromthesearrowsthatflyinthedark;andIknownootherexcusethatisorcanbemadeforthem,thanthatthewoundstheygiveareonlyimaginary,andproducenothingmorethanasecretshameorsorrowinthemindofthesuffering.Itmustindeedbeconfessedthatalampoonorasatiredonotcarryinthemrobberyormurder,butatthesametime,howmanyaretherethatwouldnotratherloseaconsiderablesumofmoneyorevenlifeitself,thanbesetupasamarkofinfamyandderision?Andinthiscaseamanshouldconsiderthataninjuryisnottobemeasuredbythenotionsofhimthatgives,butofhimthatreceivesit.Thosewhocanputthebestcountenanceupontheoutragesofthisnaturewhichareofferedthem,arenotwithouttheirsecretanguish.IhaveoftenobservedapassageinSocrates'behaviorathisdeathinalightwhereinnoneofthecriticshaveconsidereditthatexcellentmanentertaininghisfriendsalittlebeforehedrankthebowlofpoison,withadiscourseontheimmortalityofthesoul,athisenteringuponitsaysthathedoesnotbelieveanythemostcomicgeniuscancensurehimfortakinguponsuchasubjectatsuchatatime.Thispassage,Ithink,evidentlyglancesuponAristophanes,whowroteacomedyonpurposetoridiculethediscoursesofthatdivinephilosopher.IthasbeenobservedbymanywritersthatSocrateswassolittlemovedatthispieceofbuffoonery,thathewasseveraltimespresentatitsbeingacteduponthestage,andneverexpressedtheleastresentmentofit.But,withsubmission,IthinktheremarkIhaveheremadeshowsusthatthisunworthytreatmentmadeanimpressionuponhismind,thoughhehadbeentoowisetodiscoverit.WhenJuliusCaesarwaslampoonedbyCatullus,heinvitedhimtoasupper,andtreatedhimwithsuchagenerouscivility,thathemadethepoethisfriendeverafter.CardinalMazarinegavethesamekindoftreatmenttothelearnedQuillet,whohadreflecteduponhiseminenceinafamousLatinpoem.Thecardinalsentforhim,and,aftersomekindexpostulationsuponwhathehadwritten,assuredhimofhisesteem,anddismissedhimwithapromiseofthenextgoodabbeythatshouldfall,whichheaccordinglyconferreduponhiminafewmonthsafter.Thishadsogoodaneffectupontheauthor,thathededicatedthesecondeditionofhisbooktothecardinal,afterhavingexpungedthepassageswhichhadgivenhimoffence.ThoughinthevariousexampleswhichIhaveheredrawntogether,theseseveralgreatmenbehavedthemselvesverydifferentlytowardsthewitsoftheagewhohadreproachedthem,theyallofthemplainlyshowedthattheywereverysensibleoftheirreproaches,andconsequentlythattheyreceivedthemasverygreatinjuries.Formyownpart,IwouldnevertrustamanthatIthoughtwascapableofgivingthesesecretwounds;andcannotbutthinkthathewouldhurtthe,whosereputationhethusassaults,inhisbodyorinhisfortune.Hecoulddoitwiththesamesecurity.Thereisindeedsomethingverybarbarousandinhumanintheordinaryscribblersoflampoons.Ihaveindeedheardofheedless,inconsideratewritersthat,withoutmymalice,havesacrificedthereputationoftheirfriendsandacquaintancetoacertainlevityoftemper,andasillyambitionofdistinguishingthemselvesbyaspiritofrailleryandsatire;asifitwerenotinfiniymorehonourabletobeagood-naturedmanthanawit.Wherethereisthislittlepetulanthumorinanauthor,heisoftenverymischievouswithoutdesigningtobeComprehension thedamageis B.theeffectismereC.witisastreakof D.themischiefmustbetakeninaspiritofWhatwouldbethebeststrategyfortheobjectofsatiretoadopt,accordingtothetotakeno B.toplacatetheC.totake D.tosuffertheThemainpurposeofthisarticle Whentheauthorspeaksof"thislittlepetulanthumor",itisevidentthathe good-natured B.thecholericC.asilly D.Inviewoftheopinionoftheauthor,itisunlikelythattheauthoris A.manof B. C. AlexandertheGreat'sconquestsintheeasternMediterraneaninitiatedaseriesofprofoundculturaltransformationsintheancientcentersofurbancivilizationoftheFertileCrescent.Thefinaldestructionofnativeruleandtheimpositionofanalienelitecultureinstigatedaculturaldiscourse-enism—whichirrevocablymarkedallparticipants,bothconquerorsandconquered.Thisdiscoursewasparticularlycharacterizedbyatransformationofindigenousculturaltraditionsnecessitatedbytheirneedtonegotiatetheirplaceinanewsocialorder.AsBowerstockhasargued,theprocessofenizationdidnot plishthewholesalereplacementofindigenousculturaltraditionswithGreekcivilization.Instead,itprovidedanewculturalvocabularythroughwhichmuchpre-existingculturaltraditionwasoftenabletofindnewexpression.Thisphenomenonisespeciallyintriguingasitrelatestolanguageandliteracy.TheancientcivilizationsoftheSyro-MesopotamianandEgyptianculturalsphereswere,ofcourse,literate,possessingindigenousliterarytraditionsalreadyofgreatantiquityatthetimeoftheMacedonianconquests.ThedisenfranchisementoftraditionalelitesbytheimpositionofGreekrulehadtherelatedeffectofdisplacingmanyofthetraditionalsocialstructureswhereinindigenousliteracyfunctionedandwastaught-inparticular，theinstitutionsofthepalaceandthetemple.Anewlanguageofpower,Greek,replacedthetraditionallanguageoftheseinstitutions.Thishadtheunavoidableeffectofdisplacingthetraditionalwritingsystemsassociatedwiththeseindigenouslanguages.Traditionalliteracy'slongstandingassociationwiththecentersofsocialandpoliticalauthoritybegantobeeroded.Naturally,theeclipseoftraditionalindigenousliteracydidnotoccurovernight.declineofCuneiformandHieroglyphicliteracieswasalengthyprocess.Norwasthenatureoftheirrespectivedeclinesidentical.Akkadian,theancientlanguageofMesopotamiancourtandtempleculture,vanishedforever,alongwithcuneiformwriting,inthefirstcenturyCE.EgyptianlivedonthedisappearanceofhieroglyphicinthefourthcenturyCEintheguiseofCoptic,tosuccumbasaliving,spokenlanguageofdailysocialintercourseonlyaftertheIslamicconquestofEgypt.Eventhen,CopticsurvivestothisdayastheliturgicallanguageoftheCopticorthodoxchurch.Thislatterpointdrawsattentiontoanaspectofthedeclineoftheseindigenousliteraciesworthyofnote：itisinthesphereofreligionthattheseliteraciesareoften longest，aftertheyhavebeensupersededinpalacecirclesthelastdatedcuneiformtextwehaveisanastrologicaltext,thelastdatedhieroglyphictextavotivegraffito.Thisshouldcauselittlesurprise.Thesphereofreligionisgenerallyoneofthemostconservativeofculturalsubsystems.Thelocalneedtonegotiatethenecessitiesofdailylifeandindividualandcollectiveidentityembodiedintraditionalreligiousstructuresisslowtochangeandexistsinongoingdialoguewiththemorereadilychangeableroyalandorstateideologiesthatbindvariouslocalestogetherinaninstitutionalframework.Theprocessof"enization"oftheancientculturesoftheeasternprovidesus,then,withanopportunitytoobservetheon-goingeffectontraditional,indigenousliteracyoftheimpositionofanewstatuslanguagepossessedofitsowndistinctwritingsystem.Theculturalpoliticsofwrittenandspokenlanguage-useinsuchcontextshasbeenmuchdiscussedanditisclearthattheprocessesleadingtotheadoptionofanewlanguage—inwrittenform,orspokenform,orboth—insomeculturalspheresandtheretentionoftraditionallanguagesinothersarecomplex.Factorsincludingtheimpositionofanewlanguagefromabove,adoptionofanewlanguageofsocialprestigefrombelow,aswellaspreservationofolderidiomsoftraditionalstatusincoreculturalinstitutions,musthaveaffecteddifferentsectorsofaconqueredsocietyindifferentfashionsandatdifferentrates.ComprehensionThelanguagesthathavetosomeextentmanagedtosurviveenizationdidsoinwhatinpalace C.inthereligious Whichaspectofsociety,accordingtothepassage,isoneofthemostresistanttochangemonarchical Inthefirstparagraph,yousawtheunderlinedworddisenfranchisement.Choose,amongthefollowingexpressions,theclosestinsimilarmeaning: theremovalofpower,rightand/orastrongsenseoftheprohibitionoftherighttoconductthelossofsocialWhowastheleaderoftheMacedonianConquestKingPhilipof B.Periclesof D.theOttomanAccordingtothepassage,cantheimpositionofaforeignlanguageandculturebringrapidchangeinalloftheconqueredpeople’sYes,courtlifewillchangetoremainfunctional,anditwillaffectallotherItisn’tclearfromthepassage,butitmayhappenYes,thespeedatwhichasociety'sinstitutionsareaffectedbyaconqueringpowerwouldbequiterapid.PARTiiiReadingandWriting(20SectionA(10Directions:Somesentenceshavebeenremovedinthefollowingtext.ChoosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachotheblanks.therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.Butthereisofcultureanotherview,inwhichnotsolelythescientificpassion,thesheerdesiretoseethingsastheyare，naturalandproperinaninligentbeing,appearsasthegroundofit.Thereisaviewinwhichalltheloveofourneighbor,theimpulsestowardsaction,help,andbeneficence,thedesireforremovinghumanerror,clearinghumanconfusion,anddiminishinghumanmisery,thenobleaspirationtoleavetheworldbetterandhappierthanwefoundit,—motiveseminentlysuchasarecalledsocial—comeinaspartofthegroundsofculture,andthemainandpreeminentpart.Cultureisthenproperlydescribednotashavingitsoriginincuriosity,butashavingitsoriginintheloveofperfection;itisastudyofperfection.41Religionsays:thekingdomofGodiswithinyou；42Itplacesitintheever-increasingefficacyandinthegeneralharmoniousexpansionofthosegiftsofthoughtandfeeling,whichmakethepeculiardignity,wealthandhappinessofhumannature,asIhavesaidonaformeroccasion:"Itisinmakingendlessadditionstoitself,intheendlessexpansionofitspowers,inendlessgrowthinwisdomandbeauty,thatthespiritofthehumanracefindsitsideal.Toreachthisideal,cultureisanindispensableaid,andthatisthetruevalueofculture."Notahavingandarestingbutagrowinganda ingisthecharacterofperfectionascultureconceivesit;andhere,too,itcoincideswithreligion...Ifculture,then,isastudyofperfection,andofharmoniousperfection,generalperfection,andperfectionwhichconsistsin ingsomethingratherthaninhavingsomethinginaninwardconditionofthemindandspirit,notinanoutwardsetofcircumstances,itisclearthatculturehasaveryimportantfunctiontofulfillformankind.Andthisfunctionisparticularlyimportantinourmodernworld,ofwhichthewholecivilizationistoamuchgreaterdegreethanthecivilizationofGreeceandRome,mechanicalandexternal,andtendsconstantlytoemoreso.Thepursuitofperfection,then,isthepursuitofsweetnessandlight.Culturehasonegreatpassionforsweetnessandlight.Ithasoneevenyetgreater-thepassionformakingthemprevail.Itisnotsatisfiedtillweallcometoaperfectman;itknowsthatthesweetnessandlightofthefewmustbeimperfectuntiltherawandunkindledmassesofhumanityaretouchedwithsweetnessandlight.Ihavenotshrunkfromsayingthatwemustworkforsweetnessandlight;neitherhaveIshrunkfromsayingthatwemusthaveabroadbasis,musthavesweetnessandlightasmanyaspossible...4445Thegreatmenofculturearethosewhohavehadapassionfordiffusing,formakingprevail,forcarryingfromoneendofsocietytotheother,thebestknowledge,thebestideasoftheirtime;whohavelaboredtodivestknowledgeofallthatwasharsh,uncouth,difficult,,professiona