2020届河北衡水高三英语复习讲义(四十七)高考阅读理解解题技巧之主旨大意题

2020届河北衡水高三英语复习讲义(四十七)高考阅读理解解题技巧之主旨大意题【主旨大意题解题技巧】在高考阅读理解中，主旨大意题的考查占有十分重要的位置。掌握所读材料的主旨和大意也是《英语课程标准》和《考试说明》对考生的基本要求之一。只有通过阅读掌握了文章的主题，才能正确理解文章，进而根据文章的事实细节推测作者的态度和观点。主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。这类题目考查的范围是： 基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意 等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用 概括、判断、归纳、推理 等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结， 属于高层次题 。【题型特点与命题方式】【设题类型】1、概括文章大意；2、选出最佳题目(标题)；3、概括人物特点。【设问形式】1、标题类常见的标题型题干：Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe .Thetext(passage)couldbeentitled .Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?2、大意类常见的主题型题干：Thispassagechieflydealswith .What’sthetopicofthearticle?Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?Withwhattopicisthepassagechieflyconcerned?【命题趋势】考查考生对文章的主题、标题、中心思想的理解程度及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。常见题型为最佳标题( title)或中心思想( mainidea)等。主题思想是文章的核心，能否抓住文章的主题思想，是考生阅读能力最主要的体现。高考中阅读理解的测试，自然也以此作为检验考生阅读理解能力最重要的标准。要准确地抓住文章的主题思想，就要十分留意文章的开头和结尾，要抓住文中具有概括性的信息，从上下文连贯的意思来理解全文，看作者主要谈的是什么，透过文字叙述的过程来归纳主题，再从选择项中找出最符合表达主题思想的选项。有些干扰项，从局部看也许不算错，但从全局看却又片面。这类干扰项与正确答案之差，其实是局部与全局之差。考生在做题时不要为局部现象迷惑，而忽略了文章的整体思想。【解题思路与应试技巧】做这类题时常用略读法。快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。把各个段落的主题句联系起来着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。命题者在出这类题时，常常利用生活常识编造干扰项，把文中的细节当主旨，利用局部信息编造干扰项，编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度，考生要特别留意。下面结合高考试题，谈谈标题类和大意类主旨大意题的解题技巧。、标题类标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。在阅读中不仅要求考生能够通过自己已知的信息概括出段落的中心思想，而且还要对概括出的中心思想加以提炼，拟定出段落的标题。在测试中能够迅速而准确地选择标题。文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。、大意类解答该题型最关键的是找出主题句，把握文章主旨。通常情况下主题句在文中的位置 :说明文议论文记叙文在开头 √（较常见）√√在结尾√（较少见）√√在中间√√中心贯穿全文√（较常见）概括主旨的方法是： 先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括 （如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词 ）。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如 but,yet,however,although,inspiteof,bycontrast,onthecontrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。例题分析：Whenwetalkaboutintelligence,wedonotmeantheabilitytogetgoodscoresincertainkindsoftestsoreventheabilitytodowellinschool.Byintelligencewemeanawayoflivingandbehaving,especiallyinaneworanxioussituation.Ifwewanttotestintelligence,weneedtofindouthowapersonactsinsteadofhowmuchheknowswhattodo.Forexample,wheninanewsituation,anintelligentpersonthinksaboutthesituation,notabouthimselforwhatmighthappentohim.Hetriestofindoutallhecan,andthenheactsimmediatelyandtriestodosomethingaboutit.Heprobablyisn’tsurehowitwillallworkout,butatleasthetries.And,ifhecan ’tmakethingsworkoutright,hedoesn ’tfeelashamedfatihlsa;thheejusttriestolearnfromhismistakes.Anintelligentperson,evenifheisveryyoung,hasaspecialoutlook（人生观）onlife,specialfeelingaboutlife,andknowshowhefitsintoit.Ifyoulookatchildren,you ’llseegreatdifferencebetweenwhatwecall“bright”childrenand“notbright”children.Theyareactuallytwodifferentkindsofpeople,notjustthesamekindwithdifferentamountsofintelligence.Forexample,thebrightchildreallywantstofindoutmoreaboutlife —hetriestogetintouchwitheverythingaroundhim.Buttheunintelligentchildkeepsworld;heseemstohaveawallbetweenhimmoretohimselfandhisowndreamandlifeingeneral.

world;heseemstohaveawallbetweenhimWhat’sthemainideaofthepassage?What’srealmeaningofintelligence?What’sthe“bright”children ’sbehavior?What’saspecialoutlookonlife?Howtoliveandbehaveinanewsituation?【解析】主旨大意题。本文主要讲述了什么才是真正的聪明这一话题。故答案为 A。B、C、D项过于片面。BAchemicalimportantofbraindevelopmentmayplayaroleinexplainingwhysomepeoplearegenetically（由基因决定地 ）likelytosufferfromanxietyandcouldleadtonewtreatments,U.S.researcherssaid.Theysaidhighlyanxiousratswhichwerekepthadverylowlevelsofabrainchemicalcalledfibroblastgrowthfactor2orFGF2,comparedwithratsthatweremorerelaxed.Butwhentheyimprovedtheanxiousrats conditio’nsliv—inggivingthemnewtoystoexploreandabiggercagetolivein —levelsofthisbrainchemicalincreasedandtheybecamelessanxious.“Thelevelsofthisbrainchemicalincreasedinresponsetotheexperiencesthattheratswereexposedto.Italsodecreasedtheiranxiety of”.JavierPetheUniversityofMichigansaidinatelephoneinterview.“Itmadethembehavethesamewayastheratsthatwererelaxed,hesaid.Inaformerstudyofpeoplewhowereseverelydepressedbeforetheydied,theteamfoundthegenethatmakesFGF2wasproducingverylowlevelsofthegrowthfactor,whichisknownprimarilyfororganizingthebrainduringdevelopmentandrepairingitafterinjury.Perezthinksthebrainchemicalmaybeamarkerforgeneticvulnerability（ 脆弱性）toanxietyanddepression.Butitcanalsorespondtochangesintheenvironmentinapositiveway,possiblybypreservingnewbraincells.Whileboththecalmandanxiousratsproducedthesamenumberofnewbraincells,thesecellswerelesslikelytosurviveinthehigh-anxietyrats,theteamfound.GivingtheratsbetterlivingconditionsorinjectingthemwithFGF2helpedimprovecellsurvival.“Thisdiscoverymaypavethewayfornew,morespecifictreatmentsforanxietythatwillnotbebasedonsedation（药物镇静 ）,butwillinsteadfighttherealcauseofthedisease, ”Dr.PcieenrzVoinPiazzafromFrancesaidinastatement.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostsuitabletitleforthepassage?AnxiousratsandrelaxedratsAnxiety—aseriousmentaldiseaseScientificresearchintothebrainisimportantBrainchemicalmayplaykeyroleinanxiety【解析】归纳标题题。本文主要介绍了科学家发现大脑里有一种化学物质对人类的焦虑有很大的影响，此发现对医生找到更好治疗焦虑症的方法很有帮助。故 D项作标题符合文章主旨。CTheEarth’saxis（轴）isanimaginarylinethatrunsthroughthemiddleoftheEarthfromtheNorthPoletotheSouthPole.Theaxisoftheearthistilted（ 倾斜）about23.5degrees.Thistiltoftheearthresultsinourseasons.InJune,theNorthernHemisphere（半球）istiltedtowardthesun,sothepeopleintheNorthernHemispherehavelongerandwarmerdays.ThedaysareshorterandcolderintheSouthernHemisphereinJune,becausetheEarthistiltedawayfromthesun.ThedaysstartgettingshorterintheNorthernHemisphereandlongerintheSouthernHemisphereafteraboutJune21.ThisisthefirstdayofsummerintheNorthernHemisphereandthefirstdayofwinterinthesouthernhemisphere.Daytimelastsexactlyaslongasnighttimeonthefirstdayofautumn（aboutSeptember21）andthefirstdayofspring（aboutMarch21）.ThefirstdayofwinterintheNorthernHemisphere,usuallyDecember21,istheshortestdayoftheyearintheNorthernHemisphereandthelongestdayoftheyearintheSouthernHemisphere.Thedaysarelongerinsummerandshorterinwinterthefurtheryoumovefromtheequator.It’sgenerallydarkonasummernightinFloridaby8:30p.m.,butinVermont,therewillstillbesomelightat10:00p.m.Thesituationisreversed（相反的）inwinter,whereth