社会调查与研究方法复习资料

社会调查与研究方法复习资料I名词解释Systematicsampling（系统抽样）:Insystematicsampling,everykthelementinthetotallistischosen（systematically）forinclusion.（系统抽样是系统地选择完整名单中的每第k个要素TOC\o"1-5"\h\z组成样本.）Induction（归纳）:Inductivereasoning,orinduction,movesfromtheparticulartothegeneral,fromasetofspecificobservationstothediscoveryofapatternthatrepresentssomedegreeoforderamongallthegivenevents.（归纳推理,或者说归纳,是从个别出发以达到一般性,从一系列特定的观察中,发现一种模式,在一定程度上代表所有给定事件的秩序.）Theecologicalfallacy（区位谬误）:Theecologicalfallacyistheassumptionthatsomethinglearnedaboutanecologicalunitsayssomethingabouttheindividualsmakingupthatunit.（区位谬误是假定以区位为单位得到的结果也可以在区位个体中获得证实.）Dimension（维度）:Thetechnicaltermforsuchgroupingsisdimension:aspecifiableaspectofaconcept.（分类的技术术语就是维度:概念的具体方面或层面.）Macrotheoryandmicrotheory（宏观理论和微观理论）：①macrotheory:Atheoryaimedatunderstandingthe“bigpicture”ofinstitutions,wholesocieties,andtheinteractionsamongsocieties.KarlMarx’sexaminationoftheclassstruggleisanexampleofmacrotheory.②microtheory:Atheoryaimedatunderstandingsociallifeattheintimatelevelofindividualsandtheirinteractions.Examininghowtheplaybehaviourofgirldiffersformthatofboyswouldbeanexampleofmicrotheory.Deduction（演绎推理）:Thissecondmodeofinquiry,knownasdeductivereasoningordeduction,movesfromthegeneraltothespecific.Itmovesfrom（1）apatternthatmightbelogicallyortheoreticallyexpectedto（2）observationsthattestwhethertheexpectedpatternactuallyoccurs.（这是第二种研究方式，就是演绎推理，或者演绎.演绎推理是从一般到个别，从逻辑或理论上预期的模式到观察检验预期的模式是否确实存在.）Reductionism（简化论）:Reductionisminvolvesattemptstoexplainaparticularphenomenonintermsoflimitedand/orlowerorderconcepts.（简化论是用一组特别的,狭窄的概念来看TOC\o"1-5"\h\z待和解释所有事物.）Ordinalmeasure（定序测量）:Variablewithattributeswecanlogicallyrank-orderareordinalmeasures.（根据变量的属性进行逻辑排列就是定序测量.）Close-endedquestions（封闭式问题）：Surveyquestionsinwhichtherespondentisaskedtoselectandanswerfromamongalistprovidedbytheresearcher.（*调查中，受访者被要求选择和回答经由研究者提供的清单问题.）Nominaldefinition（名词性定义）:Anominaldefinitionisonethatissimplyassignedtoatermwithoutanyclaimthatthedefinitionrepresentsa“real”entity.（*名词性定义是一个根本没有任何声称分配的定义是一个“真正的”实体的一个术语.）Indicator（指标）:Anindicatorisasignofthepresenceorabsenceoftheconceptswe’restudying.（指标就是我们正在研究的概念是否存在的一个标记.）Ratiomeasures（定比狈U量）:Alevelofmeasurementdescribingavariablewithattributesthathaveallthequalitiesofnominal,ordinal,andintervalmeasuresandinadditionarebasedona“truezero”point.Ageisanexampleofaratiomeasure.Intervalmeasures（定距测量）:Alevelofmeasurementdescribingavariablewhoseattributesarerank-orderedandhaveequaldistancesbetweenadjacentattributes.（*一个描述一个变量，其

属性等级排序，并在相邻的属性相同的距离测量的水平.）属性等级排序，并在相邻的属性相同的距离测量的水平TOC\o"1-5"\h\zReliability（信度）:Intheabstract，reliabilityisamatterofwhetheraparticulartechnique，appliedrepeatedlytothesameobject，yieldsthesameresulteachtime.（信度是指使用相同研究技术重复测量同一个对象时得到相同研究结果的可能性。）Samplingframe（抽样框）：Asamplingframeisthelistorquasilistofelementsfromwhichaprobabilitysampleisselected.（抽样框是总体要素的列表或准列表.）Open-endedquestions（开放式问题）:Questionsforwhichtherespondentisaskedtoprovidehisorherownanswer.（*对于被申请人被要求提供他或她自己的回答问题.）Paradigms（范式）：Thefundamentalmodelorframeofreferenceweusetoorganizeourobservationsandreasoning.（*最根本的模型或参照系，我们来组织我们的观察和推理.）Structuralfunctionalism（结构功能主义）:Structuralfunctionalismisabroadperspectiveinsociologyandanthropologywhichsetsouttointerpretsocietyasastructurewithinterrelatedparts.n简答Errorininquiryandsomesolution.InaccurateObservations^不确切白观察）-Simplymakingobservationmoredeliberatehelpsreduceerror.Overgeneralization.（过度概化）-Anothersafeguardisprovidedbythereplicationofinquiry.SelectiveObservation.（选择性观察）-IllogicalReasoning.（非逻辑推理）-UsingsystemsoflogicconsciouslyandexplicitlyTheoryfunctionsthreewaysinresearch.①Helpingtoavoidflukes;②Makingsenseofobservedpatterns,and③shapinganddirectinginresearchefforts.Whatlevelofmeasurement-nominal，ordinal，internal，orratio-describeseachofthefollowingvariables.a.Race（white,AfricanAmerican,Asian,andsoon）;b.Orderoffinishinarace（first,second,third,andsoon）;c.Numberofchildreninfamilies;d.Populationsofnations;e.Attitudestowardsnuclearenergy（stronglyapprove,approve,disapprove,stronglydisapprove）;f.Regionofbirth（Northeast,Midwest,andsoon）;g.Politicalorientation（veryliberal,somewhatliberal,somewhatconservative,veryconservative）（注：答案不确定）nominalmeasure（定类测量）ordinalmeasure（定序测量）ratiomeasure（定比狈U量）intervalmeasure（定品巨狈U量）ordinalmeasure（定序测量）nominalmeasure（定类测量）ordinalmeasure（定序测量）Threepurposeofresearch.Socialresearchcanservemanypurposes.Threeofthemostcommonandusefulpurposesareexploration,description,andexplanation.（社会研究要满足许多目的.三个基本目的是：探索,描述和解释.）Therearethreemaincriteriafornomotheticcausalrelationshipsinsocialresearch.①Thevariablesmustbecorrelated,②thecausetakeplacebeforetheeffect.③thevariablesarenonspurious.（社会研究中的通则式因果关系，有三个主要标准：①变量之间必须相关②原因必须先于结果发生，③不是假相关.）Herearesomeexampleofrealresearchtopics,foreachexample（答案不确定）Reviewthelogicofsupriousness,canyouthinkupanexamplewhereanobserved.relationshipbetweentwovariablescouldactuallybeexplainedawaybyathirdvariable?Theunderlyingvariableofagecausesbothbiggershoesizeandgreatermathskill,thusexplainingtheobservedcorrelation.Whatclosed-endedquestionscouldyouconstructfromeachofthefollowingopen-endedquestions?（注明：答案不确定）题目在书P282左栏第1题题目的意思是要把封闭式的问题改成开放式的问题，你加一些选项就可以了，b这题的题目可以改一改~这个我就不帮你加了~出图表分析.根据表所提供的信息，填空并说明variable与attributes的相关关系。VariableAttributesAgeYoung,middleage,oldGenderMale,femaleOccupationLawyer,doctor,teacherRace/EnthicityAfricanAmerican,AsianSocialclassUpper,middle,lowerVariablesandattributes.Insocialresearchandtheory,bothvariablesandattributesrepresentsocialconcepts.Variablesaresetofrelatedattributes..根据表所提供的信息，说明信度与效度的关系。

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