上海市高考英语阅读理解专题训练

上海市高考英语阅读理解专题训练Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Oceanographyhasbeendefinedas“Theapplicationofallsciencestothestudyofthesea”.Beforethenineteenthcentury,scientistswithaninterestintheseawerefewandfarbetween.CertainlyNewtonconsideredsometheoreticalaspectsofitinhiswritings,buthewasreluctanttogotoseatofurtherhiswork.Formostpeopletheseawasremote,andwiththeexceptionofearlyintercontinentaltravelersorotherswhoearnedalivingfromthesea,therewaslittlereasontoaskmanyquestionsaboutit,letalonetoaskwhatlaybeneaththesurface.Thefirsttimethatthequestion“Whatisatthebottomoftheoceans?”hadtobeansweredwithanycommercialconsequencewaswhenthelayingofatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericawasproposed.Theengineershadtoknowthedepthprofile（起伏形状）oftheroutetoestimatethelengthofcablethathadtobemanufactured.ItwastoMauryoftheUSNavythattheAtlanticTelegraphCompanyturned,in1853,forinformationonthismatter.Inthe1840s,Mauryhadbeenresponsibleforencouragingvoyagesduringwhichsoundings（测深）weretakentoinvestigatethedepthsoftheNorthAtlanticandPacificOceans.Later,someofhisfindingsarousedmuchpopularinterestinhisbookThePhysicalGeographyoftheSea.Thecablewaslaid,butnotuntil1866wastheconnectionmadepermanentandreliable.Attheearlyattempts,thecablefailedandwhenitwastakenoutforrepairsitwasfoundtobecoveredinlivinggrowths,afactwhichdefiedcontemporaryscientificopinionthattherewasnolifeinthedeeperpartsofthesea.Withinafewyearsoceanographywasunderway.In1872Thomsonledascientificexpedition(考察),whichlastedforfouryearsandbroughthomethousandsofsamplesfromthesea.Theirclassificationandanalysisoccupiedscientistsforyearsandledtoafive-volumereport,thelastvolumebeingpublishedin1895.TheproposaltolayatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericamadeoceanographicstudiestakeon.anacademicaspectC)abusinessaspectB)amilitaryaspectD)aninternationalaspectItwasthataskedMauryforhelpinoceanographicstudies.theAmericanNavysomeearlyintercontinentaltravelersthosewhoearnedalivingfromtheseathecompanywhichproposedtolayanunderseacableTheaimofthevoyagesMaurywasresponsibleforinthe1840swas.tomakesomesoundingexperimentsintheoceanstocollectsamplesofseaplantsandanimalstoestimatethelengthofcablethatwasneededtomeasurethedepthsofthetwooceans“Defied”inthe5thparagraphprobablymeans“”.第1页共50页doubtedC)challengedB)gaveprooftoD)agreedtoThispassageismainlyabout.thebeginningsofoceanographythelayingofthefirstunderseacabletheinvestigationofoceandepthstheearlyintercontinentalcommunications根据以下文章回答21到25题。(25)海洋学被定义为“运用所有学科的知识对海洋进行研究。”在19世纪之前，对海洋感兴趣的科学家寥寥无几。当然，牛顿在他的写作中对海洋进行了一些理论上的探讨，但是他不愿意亲自去海上进一步深入他的研究。对大多数人们来说，大海是遥远的。除了早期的洲际旅行者和在海上谋生的人，没有多少人会提出关于海洋的诸多问题，更不用说会有人问及在大海的表面下有什么东西了。(21)人们第一次必须从商业角度回答“大海的底部有什么,”这个问题是在人们提议铺设欧洲和美洲之间电缆的时候。工程师们必须知道铺设电缆路线的深度变化，来估计需要生产的电缆长度。(22)1853年大西洋电报公司向美国海军的Maury求助以获得这方面的信息。(23)19世纪40年代，Maury曾经负责旨在鼓励人们对北大西洋和太平洋的深度进行探测的航海活动。后来，他的一些研究结果被收录在他的《海洋自然地理学》一书中，并引起了广泛的兴趣。电缆被铺设起来，但是直到1866年才被永久性接通并开始稳定使用。(24)在早期的多次尝试中，电缆出现了故障，而当人们把它取出来修理时，才发现上面覆盖着活的生物体，这一事实，对同时代的认为海洋的深处没有生命存在的科学理论提出了挑战。(25)海洋学在随后的几年之内开始发展起来。1872年Thomson领导了一次为期四年的科学考察并从海洋中带回了数以千计的标本。科学家们花了很多年的时间对这些标本进行分类和分析并写出了一份长达五卷的报告，最后一卷于1895年发表。21(铺设欧洲和美洲之间电缆的提议使海洋学研究具有。A)学术的特征C)商业的特征B)军事的特征D)国际化的特征22(在海洋学研究中，是向Maury求助。美国海军一些早期的洲际旅行者在海上谋生的人提议铺设欧洲和美洲之间电缆的公司23(Maury负责的航海活动的目的是。做一些海洋中的测深试验收集海洋动植物的样本估测所需要的电缆的长度第2页共50页测量两大洋的深度24(第五段中的“defied”一词含义是“”。怀疑C)挑战B)为…提供证据D)同意25(这篇文章主要是关于。A）海洋学的开端B）第一条海底电缆的铺设C）海洋深度的调查D）早期的洲际通讯答案:CDDCAQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Normallyastudentmustattendacertainnumberofcoursesinordertograduate,andeachcoursewhichheattendsgiveshimacreditwhichhemaycounttowardsadegree.InmanyAmericanuniversitiesthetotalworkforadegreeconsistsofthirty-sixcourseseachlastingforonesemester.Atypicalcourseconsistsofthreeclassesperweekforfifteenweeks;whileattendingauniversityastudentwillprobablyattendfourorfivecoursesduringeachsemester.Normallyastudentwouldexpecttotakefouryearsattendingtwosemesterseachyear.Itispossibletospreadtheperiodofworkforthedegreeoveralongerperiod.Itisalsopossibleforastudenttomovebetweenoneuniversityandanotherduringhisdegreecourse,thoughthisisnotinfactdoneasaregularpractice.Foreverycoursethathefollowsastudentisgivenagrade,whichisrecorded,andtherecordisavailableforthestudenttoshowtoprospectiveemployers.Allthisimposesaconstantpressureandstrainofwork,butinspiteofthissomestudentsstillfindtimeforgreatactivityinstudentaffairs.Electionstopositionsinstudentorganizationsarousemuchenthusiasm.Theeffectiveworkofmaintainingdisciplineisusuallyperformedbystudentswhoadvisetheacademicauthorities.Anystudentwhoisthoughttohavebrokentherules,forexample,bycheatinghastoappearbeforeastudentcourt.Withtheenormousnumbersofstudents,theoperationofthesystemdoesinvolveacertainamountofactivity.Astudentwhohasheldoneofthesepositionsofauthorityismuchrespectedanditwillbeofbenefittohimlaterinhiscareer.Normallyastudentwouldatleastattendclasseseachweek.36C)12B)20D)15AccordingtothefirstparagraphanAmericanstudentisallowedtoliveinadifferentuniversitytotakeaparticularcourseinadifferentuniversitytoliveathomeanddrivetoclassestogettwodegreesfromtwodifferentuniversitiesAmericanuniversitystudentsareusuallyunderpressureofworkbecause.theiracademicperformancewillaffecttheirfuturecareers第3页共50页theyareheavilyinvolvedinstudentaffairstheyhavetoobserveuniversitydisciplinetheywanttorunforpositionsofauthoritySomestudentsareenthusiasticforpositionsinstudentorganizationsprobablybecause.A)theyhatetheconstantpressureandstrainoftheirstudytheywillthenbeabletostaylongerintheuniversitysuchpositionshelpthemgetbetterjobssuchpositionsareusuallywellpaidThestudentorganizationsseemtobeeffectivein.dealingwiththeacademicaffairsoftheuniversityensuringthatthestudentsobserveuniversityregulationsevaluatingstudents'performancebybringingthembeforeacourtkeepingupthestudents'enthusiasmforsocialactivities根据以下文章回答26到30题。通常为了毕业，学生必须上够一定数量的课程，他所上的每门课程都会给他一定的学分，这些学分可以累加，从而获得学位。在很多美国的大学里，要获得学位总共需要学习三十六门课程，每门课程持续一个学期。(26)一门典型的课程包括每周三节课，共持续十五周，并且大学生每学期大概会上四到五门课程。一般情况下，学生要在大学里上四年，每年两个学期。攻读学位的学生可能将学习的时间延长。(27)也可能在学习过程中转到另一所大学，然而，这种现象并不常见。(28)学生上的每门课程都会得到一个成绩，这个成绩会被记录下来，学生可以向未来的雇主出示这一成绩。所有这些都会给学生带来持久的压力和紧张的学业，尽管这样，有些学生仍然有时间从事学生社团的活动。(30)被选举担任学生社团的职务会激发学生的极大热情。给学校当局提供建议的学生往往能够卓有成效地承担起维持学校纪律的任务。任何被认为违反学校规则的学生，比如说作弊的学生，将会被交给学生法庭处理。由于学生人数众多，这样的组织的运行确实会涉及大量的工作。(29)在这些组织中担任重要职务的学生很受尊敬并且这种经历对他将来的职业生涯也大有裨益。26(通常，一个学生每周要上次课。36C)12B)20D)1527(根据第一段，一个美国学生被允许。住在另一个大学里在另一所大学上某一门的课程住在家里，开车上学从两个不同的大学获得两个学位28(美国的大学生们通常面临着很大的学业压力是因为。他们的学习成绩将会影响到他们未来的职业生涯第4页共50页他们较多地参与学生社团的活动他们必须遵守大学的纪律他们想竞选一些重要的职位29(一些学生对于学生社团的一些职位很感兴趣可能是因为。他们痛恨持久的压力和紧张的学业他们将会能够在大学里面呆更长的时间这样的职位将有助于他们找到更好的工作这样的职位通常收入颇丰30(学生社团在卓有成效。处理大学的学术事务确保学生遵守大学的纪律通过把学生带上法庭来评估学生的表现D）保持学生对于社会活动的热情题目答案:BBACBQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.NursingatBethIsraelHospitalproducesthebestpatientcarepossible.Ifwearetosolvethenursingshortage（不足）,hospitaladministrationanddoctorseverywherewoulddowelltofollowBethIsrael'sexample.AtBethIsraeleachpatientisassignedtoaprimarynursewhovisitsatlengthwiththepatientandconstructsafull-scalehealthaccountthatcoverseverythingfromhismedicalhistorytohisemotionalstate.Thenshewritesacareplancenteredonthepatient'sillnessbutwhichalsoincludeseverythingelsethatisnecessary.Theprimarynursestayswiththepatientthroughhishospitalization,keepingtrackwithhisprogressandseekingfurtheradvicefromhisdoctor.IfapatientatBethIsraelisnotrespondingtotreatment,itisnotuncommonforhisnursetoproposeanotherapproachtohisdoctor.WhatthedoctoratBethIsraelhasintheprimarynurseisatruecolleague.NursingatBethIsraelalsoinvolvesadecentralized（分散的）nursingadministration;everyfloor;everyunitisaself-containedorganization.Therearenursemanagersinsteadofheadnurses;inadditiontotheirmedicaldutiestheydoalltheirownhiringanddismissing,employeeadvising,andtheymakesalaryrecommendations.Eachunit'snursesdecideamongthemselveswhowillworkwhatshiftsandwhen.BethIsrael'snurse-in-chiefranksasanequalwithothervicepresidentsofthehospital.ShealsoisamemberoftheMedicalExecutiveCommittee,whichinmosthospitalsincludesonlydoctors.WhichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthemainfeatureofthenursingsystematBethIsraelHospital?第5页共50页Thedoctorgetsmoreactiveprofessionalsupportfromtheprimarynurse.Eachpatientistakencareofbyaprimarynursedayandnight.Theprimarynursewritescareplansforeverypatient.Theprimarynursekeepsrecordsofthepatient'shealthconditionseveryday.IparedwithotherhospitalsnurseatBethIsraelHospitalaremorepatientB)inmosthospitalspatientcareisinadequatefromtheprofessionalpointofviewC)inmosthospitalnursegetlowsalariesD)comparedwithotherhospitalsnurseshavetoworklongerhoursatBethIsraelHospitalAprimarynursecanproposeadifferentapproachoftreatmentwhen.A)thepresentoneisrefusedbythepatientthepatientcomplainsaboutthepresentonethepresentoneprovestobeineffectivethepatientisfoundunwillingtocooperateThemaindifferencebetweenanurse-managerandaheadnurseisthattheformer.A)isamemberoftheMedicalExecutiveCommitteeofthehospitalhastoarrangetheworkshiftsoftheunit'snursescanmakedecisionsconcerningthemedicaltreatmentofapatienthasfullresponsibilityintheadministrationoftheunit'snursesTheauthor'sattitudetowardsthenursesystematBethIsraelHospitalis.A)negativeC)neutralB)criticalD)positive根据以下文章回答21到25题。(25)BethIsrael医院的护理工作给病人提供了他们所需要的最好的护理。(22)如果我们要解决护理不足的问题，每个地方的医院管理部门和医生们都可以仿效BethIsrael医院的范例。在BethIsrael医院，每个病人都被指定一个主管护士负责，她详尽地和病人聊天并建立一个全面的健康档案，该档案包括从病人的病史到病人的情绪状态等各个方面。然后，主管护士将会写一份以病人病情为核心内容的护理报告，当然这份报告也包括其它必要的一切情况。主管护士在病人住院期间和病人呆在一起，记录病情发展状况并从医生那里寻求建议。(21)(23)在BethIsrael医院，如果一种治疗方法对病人不起作用，病人的主管护士常常会向医生提议采纳另一种治疗方法。在BethIsrael医院，医生和主管护士之间是真正的同事关系。BethIsrael医院的护理还包括一个分散的护理管理体系，每层楼、每个病房都是一个独立的组织。(24)护理经理代替了护士长，她们除了完成自己的护理任务外，还负责聘用、解聘以及对薪酬提出建议。每个病房的护士们自行决定谁在何时值什么班。第6页共50页BethIsrael的护理部主任和医院的副院长属于同一级别，同时她也是医疗执行委员会的成员，而在大多数的医院里，该委员会成员仅限于医生。21(下列哪一项陈述最好的描述了BethIsrael医院护理体系的主要特征，医生可以得到来自主管护士的更积极地专业支持。每一个病人都有一个主管护士日夜护理。主管护士为每一个病人制订护理计划。主管护士记录每一个病人每天的健康状况。22(从本文中可以推断出。和其他医院的护士相比，BethIsrael医院的护士更加有耐心从专业的角度看，在大多数医院，对病人的护理都不足在大多数医院，护士的工资都很低和其他医院的护士相比，BethIsrael医院的护士要工作更长的时间23(主管护士会向医生提议采纳另一种不同的治疗方法当。当前的医疗方法被病人拒绝病人抱怨当前的医疗方法当前的医疗方法被证明是无效的发现病人不愿意合作24(护理经理和护士长的主要区别在于前者。是医院执行委员会的成员必须安排病房护士的换班可以做出关于病人治疗方法的决定全权负责病房护士的管理25(作者对于BethIsrael医院的护理体制的态度是.否定的C)批判的B)中立的D)肯定的题目答案:ABCDDQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Forsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabies——andothercreatures——learntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto"rewards";andthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitusedalsotobewidelybelievedthateffectivereward,atleastintheearlystages,hadtobedirectlyrelatedtosuchbasicphysiological(生理的)"drives"asthirstorhunger.Inotherwords,ababywouldlearnifhegotfoodordrinkofsomesortofphysicalcomfort,nototherwise.Itisnowclearthatthisisnotso.Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproduceresultsintheworldwithnorewardexceptthesuccessfuloutcome.Papousekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwayto"reward"thebabiesandsoteachthemtocarryoutsomesimplemovements,suchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother.Then第7页共50页henoticedthatababywhohadhadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoonmakingthelearnedresponsewithclearsignsofpleasure.Sohebegantostudythechildren'sresponsesinsituationswherenomilkwasprovided.Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungasfourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement"switchedon"adisplayoflights—andindeedthattheywerecapableoflearningquitecomplexturnstobringaboutthisresult,forinstance,twoleftortworight,oreventomakeasmanyasthreeturnstooneside.Papusek'slightdisplaywasplaceddirectlyinfrontofthebabiesandhemadetheinterestingobservationthatsometimestheywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightscloselyalthoughtheywould"smileandbubble"whenthedisplaycameon.Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotprimarilythesightofthelightswhichpleasedthem,itwasthesuccesstheywereachievinginsolvingtheproblem,inmasteringtheskill,andthatthereexistsafundamentalhumanurgetomakesenseoftheworldandbringitunderintentionalcontrol.Accordingtotheauthor,babieslearntodothingswhich.aredirectlyrelatedtopleasureC)willbringthemafeelingofsuccesswillmeettheirphysicalneedsD)willsatisfytheircuriosityPapouseknoticedinhisstudiesthatababy.wouldmakelearnedresponseswhenitsawthemilkwouldcarryoutlearnedmovementswhenithadenoughtodrinkwouldcontinuethesimplemovementswithoutbeinggivenmilkwouldturnitsheadtorightorleftwhenithadenoughtodrinkInPapousek'sexperimentbabiesmakelearnedmovementsoftheheadinorderto.havethelightsturnedonC)pleasetheirparentsberewardedwithmilkD)bepraisedThebabieswould"smileandbubble"atthelightsbecausethelightsweredirectlyrelatedtosomebasic"drives"thesightofthelightswasinterestingtheyneednotturnbacktowatchthelightstheysucceededin"switchingon"thelightsAccordingtoPapousek,thepleasurebabiesgetinachievingsomethingisareflectionof.abasichumandesiretounderstandandcontroltheworldthesatisfactionofcertainphysiologicalneedstheirstrongdesiretosolvecomplexproblemsafundamentalhumanurgetodisplaytheirlearnedskills根据以下文章回答26到30题。在过去的一段时间里，人们普通认为婴儿——以及其它动物——学习做事情是因为某些行为第8页共50页能带来“奖赏”，这种观点毫无疑问是正确的。但是过去还有一种普遍的观点，认为有效的奖赏，至少在早期阶段，是和一些诸如饥饿和口渴等基本的生理“需要”有着必然的直接的联系。换句话说，只有能得到食物、饮料或其他生理满足时，婴儿才会学习。否则，他们是不会学习的。现在人们已经很清楚事实并非如此。(26)婴儿们将学习那些能够带来成功结果而并非是能带来奖赏的行为方式。Papousek的研究开始的时候是以通常的方式即用牛奶来“奖赏”婴儿，这样教他们做出一些简单的动作，比如向某一边转头。(27)然后，他注意到喝了足够多的牛奶的婴儿拒绝牛奶，但是他们仍然愿意重复刚学到的动作，而且显得很高兴。于是他就开始研究在不给婴儿牛奶的情况下他们的行为。(28)他很快表现，如果在婴儿转头时就亮起一排灯，那么仅仅四个月大的婴儿就能学会把头向左或向右转——而且他还发现为了带来这个亮灯的结果，婴儿还能学会相当复杂的转头动作，比如左转两下或者右转两下，甚至转三下。Papousek将灯直接放在婴儿的前面，他观察到了一个有趣的现象:有时婴儿不会转过身仔细去看灯，但当灯亮起来的时候，他们会微笑，显得很得意。(29)Papousek总结说让孩子如此高兴的并不主要是看到灯光，而是他们成功地找到了解决问题的方法，(30)人类的一个基本欲望就是弄明白这个世界，并把外部世界置于有意识的控制之下。26(根据作者的观点，婴儿学会做一些事情。和快乐直接相关的C)能够带来成就感的将会满足生理需要的D)能够满足他们的好奇心的27(在他的研究中，Papousek注意到婴儿。当看见牛奶的时候，就会做已经学会的动作当喝了足够多的牛奶的时候，就会做已经学会的动作即使没有牛奶，也会继续作简单的动作当喝了足够多的牛奶的时候，就会向左或者向右转头28（在Papousek的试验中，婴儿做已经学会的转头动作的目的是。A）使灯被打开C）取悦他们的父母B）得到牛奶作为奖赏D）被表扬29（婴儿会在亮灯时“微笑，显得很得意”因为。A）灯和一些基本的“内驱力”直接相关B）看见灯很有意思C）他们不必要转过身去看灯D）他们成功的使灯亮了起来30（根据Papousek的观点，婴儿在获得某些东西时所得到的乐趣是的反映。A）人们要理解和控制世界的基本欲望B）一些生理需要的满足C）他们解决一些复杂的问题的强烈欲望D）人们展示他们已经学会的技能的基本欲望第9页共50页题目答案:CCADAQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whenaconsumerfindsthatanitemsheorheboughtisfaultyorinsomewaydoesnotliveuptothemanufacturer'sclaimforit,thefirststepistopresentthewarranty（保单）,oranyotherrecordswhichmighthelp,atthestoreofpurchase.Inmostcases,thisactionwillproduceresults.However,ifitdoesnot,therearevariousmeanstheconsumermayusetogainsatisfaction.Asimpleandcommonmethodusedbymanyconsumersistocomplaindirectlytothestoremanager.Ingeneral,the"higherup"theconsumertakeshisorhercomplaint,thefasterheorshecanexpectittobesettled.Insuchacase,itisusuallysettledintheconsumer'sfavor,assumingheorshehasajustclaim.Consumersshouldcomplaininpersonwheneverpossible,butiftheycannotgettotheplaceofpurchase,itisacceptabletophoneorwritethecomplaintinaletter.Complainingisusuallymosteffectivewhenitisdonepolitelybutfirmly,andespeciallywhentheconsumercandemonstratewhatiswrongwiththeiteminquestion.Ifthiscannotbedone,theconsumerwillsucceedbestbypresentingspecificinformationastowhatiswrong,ratherthanbymakinggeneralstatements.Forexample,"Theleftspeakerdoesnotworkatallandthesoundcomingoutoftherightoneisunclear"isbetterthan"Thisstereo(立体声音响)doesnotwork."Thestoremanagermayadvisetheconsumertowritetothemanufacturer.Ifso,theconsumershoulddothis,statingthecomplaintaspolitelyandasfirmlyaspossible.Butifapolitecomplaintdoesnotachievethedesiredresult,theconsumercangoastepfurther.Sheorhecanthreatentotakethesellertocourtorreportthesellertoaprivateorpublicorganizationresponsibleforprotectingconsumers'rights.Whenaconsumerfindsthathispurchasehasafaultinit,thefirstthingheshoulddoisto___.complainpersonallytothemanagerthreatentotakethemattertocourtwriteafirmletterofcomplainttothestoreorpurchaseshowsomewrittenproofofthepurchasetothestoreIfaconsumerwantsaquicksettlementofhisproblem,it'sbettertocomplainto.ashopassistantC)themanufacturerthestoremanagerD)apublicorganizationThemosteffectivecomplaintcanbemadeby.showingthefaultyitemtothemanufacturerexplainingexactlywhatiswrongwiththeitemsayingfirmlythattheitemofpoorqualityaskingpolitelytochangetheitemThephrase"liveupto"(Para.1,Line2)inthecontextmeansmeetthestandardofC)fulfillthedemandsofB)realizethepurposeofD)keepthepromiseof第10页共50页Thepassagetellsus.Howtosettleaconsumer'scomplaintaboutafaultyitemHowtomakeaneffectivecomplaintaboutafaultyitemHowtoavoidbuyingafaultyitemHowtodealwithcomplaintsfromcustomers根据以下文章回答31到35题。(31)(34)当一个顾客发现他或她所购买的商品有缺陷或者在别的方面不具备厂家所宣传的功能时，首先要做的就是向他所购物的商店出示质量保证书或者任何可能有助的其它记录。大多数情况下，这种举措会产生效果。（35）但是，如果这样做没有效果，顾客有许多种方法来获得满意的结果。很多顾客所使用的一个简单而常见的方法是直接向商店经理投诉。（32）一般说来，接受顾客投诉的工作人员的级别越高，问题就会解决得越快。在这种情况下，如果投诉是有道理的，问题通常以对消费者有利的方式加以解决。在可能的情况下，顾客应当亲自投诉，但是如果他们没法去购物的商店，打电话或者写信进行投诉也是可取的。（33）一般情况下，投诉时应该彬彬有礼并且要立场坚定，尤其是当顾客能够清楚的表明所投诉的商品出了什么样的问题的时候，投诉才能取得很好的效果。如果做不到这一点，顾客最好能详细说明究竟出了什么样的问题，而不应该泛泛而言，这样才能尽可能的取得成功。例如说“左边的扬声器根本不响，而右边的扬声器发出的声音不清晰”就比说“这台立体声音响坏了”要好得多。商店经理可能会建议顾客给制造商写信，如果是这样，顾客应该这样做，并且尽可能礼貌而坚定地说明问题。但是如果礼貌的投诉无法达到理想的效果，顾客可以采取进一步的行动。顾客可以威胁要将厂家告上法庭，或者向其它保护消费者权益的私立机构或者公共组织投诉。31（当一个顾客发现他所购买的商品有缺陷时，他应该采取的第一步行动是。A）亲自向经理投诉B）威胁要将此事诉诸法庭C）给购物的商店写一封态度坚定的信D）向商店出示一些购物的书面证据32（如果一个顾客想快速的解决他的问题，向投诉更好一些。A）店员C）制造商B）商店经理D）一个公众组织33（最有效的投诉往往通过做出。向制造商出示有缺陷的商品准确地解释所购买的商品出了什么样的问题第11页共50页坚定的说所购买的商品质量低劣礼貌的要求调换一件商品34(短语“liveupto”(在第一段，第二行中)在文中的含义是。达到„的标准C)满足„的要求B)实现„的目的D)信守„的诺言35(这篇文章告诉我们。怎样解决顾客的关于存在缺陷的商品的投诉怎样针对存在缺陷的商品进行有效的投诉怎样避免购买有缺陷的商品怎样处理来自顾客的投诉题目答案:DBBABQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Ifwomenaremercilesslyexploited(剥削)yearafteryear,theyhaveonlythemselvestoblame.Becausetheytrembleatthethoughtofbeingseeninpublicinclothesthatareoutoffashion,theyarealwaystakenadvantageofbythedesignersandthebigstores.Clotheswhichhavebeenwornonlyafewtimeshavetobeputasidebecauseofthechangeoffashion.Whenyoucometothinkofit,onlyawomaniscapableofstandinginfrontofawardrobe(衣柜)packedfullofclothesandannouncingsadlythatshehasnothingtowear.Changingfashionsarenothingmorethantheintentionalcreationofwaste.Manywomenspendvastsumsofmoneyeachyeartoreplaceclothesthathavehardlybeenworn.Womenwhocannotaffordtothrowawayclothinginthisway,wastehoursoftheirtimealteringthedressestheyhave.Skirtsarelengthenedorshortened;neck-linesareloweredorraised,andsoon.Noonecanclaimthatthefashionindustrycontributesanythingreallyimportanttosociety.Fashiondesignersarerarelyconcernedwithvitalthingslikewarmth,comfortanddurability(耐用).Theyareonlyinterestedinoutwardappearanceandtheytakeadvantageofthefactthatwomenwillputupwithanyamountofdiscomfort,aslongastheylookright.Therecanhardlybeamanwhohasn'tatsometimeinhislifesmiledatthesightofawomanshakinginathindressonawinterday,ordelicatelypickingherwaythroughdeepsnowinhigh-heeledshoes.Whencomparingmenandwomeninthematteroffashion,theconclusionstobedrawnareobvious.Dotheconstantlychangingfashionsofwomen'sclothes,onewonders,reflectbasicqualitiesofinconstancyandinstability?Menaretooclevertoletthemselvesbecheatedbyfashiondesigners.Dotheirunchangingstylesofdressreflectbasicqualitiesofstabilityandreliability?Thatisforyoutodecide.Designersandbigstoresalwaysmakemoney.A)bymercilesslyexploitingwomenworkersintheclothingindustrybecausetheyarecapableofpredictingnewfashionsbyconstantlychangingthefashionsinwomen'sclothing第12页共50页becausetheyattachgreatimportancetoqualityinwomen'sclothingTothewriter,thefactthatwomenaltertheirold-fashioneddressesisseenas.A)awasteofmoneyC)anexpressionoftasteawasteoftimeD)anexpressionofcreativityThewriterwouldbelesscriticaliffashiondesignersplacedmorestressontheofclothing.costC)comfortB)appearanceD)suitabilityAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?Newfashionsinclothingarecreatedforthecommercialexploitationofwomen.B)Theconstantchangesinwomen'sclothingreflecttheirstrengthofcharacter.C)Thefashionindustrymakesanimportantcontributiontosociety.D)Fashiondesignsshouldnotbeencouragedsincetheyareonlywelcomedbywomen.Bysaying"theconclusiontobedrawnareobvious"(Para4,Line1-2),thewritermeansthatA)women'sinconstancyintheirchoiceofclothingisoftenlaughedatwomenarebetterabletoputupwithdiscomfortmenarealsoexploitedgreatlybyfashiondesignersmenaremorereasonableinthematteroffashion根据以下文章回答36到40题。(40)如果说女士们年夏一年的受到无情剥削的话，那只能怪她们自己。(36)因为她们一想到被人看见在公众场合穿着过时的衣服就怕得发抖，正是因为这一点她们才被设计师们和大商店利用了。只穿了几次的衣服就必须收起来，因为时尚已经变了。当你思考这个问题时就会明白，只有女士们才会站在满满一衣柜的衣服前面，伤心地说她没有什么衣服可穿。(37)不断变化的尚其实就是在故意制造垃圾。许多女士每年都花费大量的钱来替换几乎没有穿过的衣服。负担不起像这样就把衣服扔掉的女士，就花费大量的时间来修改衣服。把裙子改长又改短，领子改高又改低，诸如此类，不一而足。没有人能够指出时尚产业对社会有什么真正的重大贡献。(38)时装设计师们很少真正的关注诸如保暖、舒适和耐用等重要的问题。他们只对外表感兴趣。他们利用了一个简单的事实，即只要看上去好看，女士们能够忍受任何不适。几乎每个男士都可能曾经因为看到下面的景象而感到可笑，冬天里一位女士穿着薄薄的裙子，冻得瑟瑟发抖，或者穿着高跟鞋，小心翼翼地在雪地里行走。(40)在时尚方面，将男人和女人做一番比较，就可以得出一个显而易见的结论。有人会问，不断变化的女士服装式样是否反映了女士们的反复无常和很难稳定的特点,男士们很聪明，不会上时装设计师们的当。他们不变的服装式样是否反映了他们稳定可靠的基本特点,这只能由你来决定了。第13页共50页36(服装设计师们和大商店总是而挣钱。通过无情的剥削在服装产业工作的女工B）因为他们能够预言新的时尚C）通过不断的改变女士服装的样式D）因为他们非常重视女性服装的质量37（在作者看来，女士修改她们的过时的衣服被看作是。A）浪费金钱C）品位的体现B）浪费时间D）创造性的体现38（如果时装设计师们更加注重衣服的，作者就不会对他们如此苛刻。A）成本C）舒适程度B）外表D）适宜性39（根据本文，下列哪一种说法是正确的,A）设计新的服装式样的目的是为了在商业上剥削女性B）女性服装的不断变化反映了她们性格上的优点C）时尚产业对社会做出了重大贡献D）时装设计师们只受女士们的欢迎，因而不应该受到鼓励40（作者说“可以得出一个显而易见的结论”（第四段第一至二行）的含义是A）人们常常会嘲笑女士们在选择衣服方面的变化多端B）女士们更能忍受不适C）男士们也受到了时装设计师们无情的剥削D）男士们在时尚方面更加理性题目答案:CBCADQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Doyoufindgettingupinthemorningsodifficultthatit'spainful?Thismightbecalledlaziness,butDr.Kleitmanhasanewexplanation.Hehasprovedthateveryonehasadailyenergycycle.Duringthehourswhenyoulaborthroughyourworkyoumaysaythatyou're“hot”.That'strue.Thetimeofdaywhenyoufeelmostenergeticiswhenyourcycleofbodytemperatureisatitspeak,Forsomepeoplethepeakcomesduringtheforenoon.Forothersitcomesintheafternoonorevening.Noonehasdiscoveredwhythisisso,butitleadstosuchfamiliarmonologues（自言自语）as:“Getup,John!You'llbelateforworkagain!"ThepossibleexplanationtothetroubleisthatJohnisathistemperature-and-energypeakintheevening.Muchfamilyquarrellingendswhenhusbandsandwivesrealizewhattheseenergycyclesmean,andwhichcycleeachmemberofthefamilyhas.Youcan'tchangeyourenergycycle,butyoucanlearntomakeyourlifefititbetter.Habitcanhelp,Dr.Kleitmanbelieves.Maybeyou'resleepyintheeveningbutfeelyoumuststayuplateanyway.Counteract（对抗）yourcycletosomeextentbyhabituallystayinguplaterthanyouwant第14页共50页to.Ifourenergyislowinthemorningbutyouhaveanimportantjobtodoearlyintheday,risebeforeyourusualhour.Thiswon'tchangeyourcycle,butyou'llgetupsteam（鼓起干劲）andworkbetteratyourlowpoint.Getofftoaslowstartwhichsavesyourenergy.Getupwithaleisurelyyawnandstretch.Sitontheedgeofthebedaminutebeforeputtingyourfeetonthefloor.Avoidthetroublesomesearchforcleanclothesbylayingthemoutthenightbefore.Wheneverpossible,doroutineworkintheafternoonandsavetasksrequiringmoreenergyorconcentrationforyoursharperhours.Ifapersonfindsgettingupearlyaproblem,mostprobablyheisalazypersonherefusestofollowhisownenergycycleheisnotsurewhenhisenergyislowheisathispeakintheafternoonoreveningWhichofthefollowingmayleadtofamilyquarrelsaccordingtothepassage?A)Unawarenessofenergycycles.Familiarmonologues.Achangeinafamilymember'senergycycle.Attemptstocontroltheenergycycleofotherfamilymembers.Ifonewantstoworkmoreefficientlyathislowpointinthemorning,heshould.changehisenergycycleC)getupearlierthanusualB)overcomehislazinessD)gotobedearlierYouareadvisedtorisewithayawnandstretchbecauseitwillhelptokeepyourenergyfortheday'sworkhelpyoutocontrolyourtemperearlyinthedayenableyoutoconcentrateonyourroutineworkkeepyourenergycycleundercontrolalldayWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?Gettingofftoworkwithaminimumefforthelpssaveone'senergy.Dr.Kleitmanexplainswhypeoplereachtheirpeaksatdifferenthoursofday.Habithelpsapersonadapttohisownenergycycle.Childrenhaveenergycycles,too.根据以下文章回答31到35题。你是否发现早上起床非常困难甚至非常痛苦,有人可能会说这是懒惰，但是Kleitman博士对此有一种新的解释。(35)他已经证明所有的人都有每天的精力周期。当你全身心地投入工作的时候，你可能会说自己“热力十足”。事实确实如此。一天中你觉得精力最充沛的时候正是你的身体温度最高的时候。(31)(35)有些人精力最充沛的时刻在上午，而有些人的在下午或者晚上。人们还不知道这是为什么，但是这却使我们经常能听到这第15页共50页样的话：“起床了，John〜你又要上班迟到了〜”造成这种情况的原因可能是John的体温和精力的巅峰状态出现在晚上。(32)许多家庭的争吵止于夫妻双方意识到精力周期的含义和每一个家庭成员拥有什么样的精力周期。你无法改变自己的精力周期，但你能学会使你的生活和它更相适应。(35)Kleitman博士相信养成习惯会有所帮助。也许你晚上很困倦但是又感觉必须熬夜。你可以通过习惯性的比平时晚睡一点的办法来对抗你的精力周期。(33)如果我们在早上没什么精神但又有重要的工作要做，那么就比平时早一些起床。这样做并不会改变你的精力周期，但会使你鼓起干劲，在精力处于低潮时工作得更好。(34)(35)开始的时候慢慢来，这样能节省你的精力。悠闲地起床，打个呵欠，伸伸懒腰。在床沿坐上一会再下地;前一天晚上就要摆好干净衣服，以免早上麻烦。如果有可能，下午做些例行的工作，把需要耗费较多精力或者需要全神贯注的工作留到精力比较充沛的时候去做。31(如果某人发现早起很困难，很可能是.他是一个懒汉他拒绝遵从他自己的精力周期行事他拿不准什么时候他精神状态较差他的精力巅峰状态出现在下午或者晚上32(根据本文，下面哪一个会导致家庭内的吵架,不了解精力周期常见的自言自语某一个家庭成员精力周期的变化控制其它家庭成员精力周期的尝试33(如果一个人想在早晨他精力状态较差的情况下效率更高的工作，他应该。A)改变他的精力周期C)比平时早一点起床克服他的懒惰D)早一点上床睡觉34(建议您起床时打个呵欠并伸伸懒腰，因为这样将。有助于您保持精力做好一天的工作有助于您在早晨控制好脾气能使您集中精力做好例行的工作整天都能控制好您的精力周期35(下面哪一个陈述是不正确的,用最少的精力开始工作有助于节省精力Kleitman博士解释了不同的人在一天的不同时间达到精力的巅峰状态的原因C)习惯有助于使人们适应自己的精力周期D)孩子们也有精力周期第16页共50页题目答案:DACABQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Wefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackbymixedabilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeirknowledgeandexperienceareenriched.Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesinstreaming(把„„按能力分班)pupils.Itdoesnottakeintoaccountthefactthatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.Itcanhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandthenot-so-brightchild.Afterall,itcanbequitediscouragingtobeatthebottomofthetopgrade!Besides,itisratherunrealtogradepeoplejustaccordingtotheirintellectualability.Thisisonlyoneaspectoftheirtotalpersonality.Weareconcernedtodeveloptheabilitiesofallourpupilstothefull,notjusttheiracademicability.Wealsovaluepersonalqualitiesandsocialskills,andwefindthatmixed-abilityteachingcontributestoalltheseaspectsoflearning.Inourclassrooms,weworkinvariousways.Thepupilsoftenworkingroups:thisgivesthemtheopportunitytolearntoco-operate,toshare,andtodevelopleadershipskills.Theyalsolearnhowtocopewithpersonalproblemsaswellaslearninghowtothink,tomakedecisions,toanalyzeandevaluate,andtocommunicateeffectively.Thepupilslearnfromeachotheraswellasfromtheteacher.Sometimesthepupilsworkinpairs;sometimestheyworkonindividualtasksandassignments,andtheycandothisattheirownspeed.Theyalsohavesomeformalclassteachingwhenthisisappropriate.Weencourageourpupilstousethelibrary,andweteachthemtheskillstheyneedinordertodothisefficiently.Anadvancedpupilcandoadvancedwork:itdoesnotmatterwhatagethechildis.Weexpectourpupilstodotheirbest,nottheirleast,andwegivethemeveryencouragementtoattainthisgoal.Inthepassagetheauthor'sattitudetowards“mixed-abilityteaching”is.criticalC)approvingB)questioningD)objectiveBy“heldback”(Line1)theauthormeans“”A)madetoremaininthesameclassesforcedtostudyinthelowerclassesdrawntotheirstudiespreventedfromadvancingTheauthorarguesthatateacher'schiefconcernshouldbethedevelopmentofthestudent's.personalqualitiesandsocialskillstotalpersonalitylearningabilityandcommunicativeskillsintellectualabilityWhichofthefollowingisNOTMENTIONEDinthethirdparagraph?Groupworkgivespupilstheopportunitytolearntoworktogetherwithothers.Pupilsalsolearntodeveloptheirreasoningabilities.第17页共50页Groupworkprovidespupilswiththeopportunitytolearntobecapableorganizers.D)Pupilsalsolearnhowtoparticipateinteachingactivities.Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassageisto.argueforteachingbrightandnot-so-brightpupilsinthesameclassrecommendpairworkandgroupworkforclassroomactivitiesofferadviceontheproperuseofthelibraryemphasizetheimportanceofappropriateformalclassroomteaching根据以下文章回答36到40题。(36)(37)(40)我们发现让程度不齐的学生在一起上课几乎不会阻碍聪明孩子的进步。相反，这样会使他们的知识和经历更加丰富。我们觉得把学生按成绩分班有很多缺点，这么做没有考虑到不同的孩子进步的速度不同。对聪明的孩子和不那么聪明的孩子来说，这样做影响都不好。毕竟，即使在最好的班里当最后一名也很让人灰心丧气。此外，仅仅按照人们的智力水平对他们加以分类是很不现实的。（38）智力只是全部人格的一个方面，我们应该关注发展孩子们各方面的能力，而不仅仅是他们的学习能力。我们同样重视个人的素质和与人交往的能力。我们发现让程度不齐的学生在一起上课对这些方面的学习都很有帮助。在课堂上，我们采用不同的方法。（39）学生们通常会分成小组上课，这样会给他们创造学习合作、分享和培养领导才能的机会。他们还学习怎样处理个人问题和学会如何思考、做出决定、如何分析比较和有效地沟通。学生除了向老师学习外，还可以互相学习。有时