必修三基础知识巩固（解析版）-2022年高一英语新牛津译林版

作业01必修第三册基础知识巩固一、根据提示拼写单词1.___________________n.&vt.伤害，损害2.____________________n.土壤；国土，领土，土地3.___________________adj.高大的，高耸的4.__________________adj.活着的，活的；在使用的n.生计，谋生5.__________________vi.不复存在，灭绝，消亡6.__________________vi.&n.损坏，破坏；损害，伤害7.__________________n.地区，区域；行政区8.__________________n.气候；倾向，风气9.__________________adv.绝对地;完全地；极其10.___________________

vt.跟踪，追踪n.足迹11.___________________n.柱；栏；专栏；队，列12.___________________n.遥远；差异；疏远13.___________________vi.&vt.（火山）爆发；突然发生14.___________________n.慈善机构；慈善；仁善15.___________________vt.在工作，任职于，n.全体职员；管理人员16.___________________n.火山17.___________________adv.否则18.___________________n.程序，步骤19.___________________vt.找出准确的位置；把……安置在20.___________________vi.&vt.退休，退职harm2.soil3.towering4.living5.disappear6.damage7.region8.climate9.absolutely10.track11.column 12.distance13.erupt14.charity 15.staff16.volcano 17.otherwise 18.procedure19.locate 20.Retire选用适当的单词或短语补全句子recoverfrom

inperson

getahead

differfrom

applyfor

adaptoneselftodueto

liveupto

surftheInternet

comeupwith

sufferfrom21．Thetownwascutofffromtherestoftheworld________heavysnow.22．Fillintheformandreturniteither________orbypost.23．HeisanInternetaddict.Hespendsagreatdealoftime________everyday.24．Ifyouwantto________,youmustworkhard.25．AmericanEnglish________BritishEnglishinmanysmallways.26．Iamwritingto________thepostofvolunteerforourschool’sEnglishassociation.27．Ourclass________theideatomakebetteruseofusedmaterials.28．Astimewentby,Igradually________theschoollife.29．Hefailedto________hisparents’expectations.30．Mostofthemajorcitiesoftheworld________trafficjam.31．Listeningtothemusicanddoingsportscanhelpme________stress.21．dueto22．inperson23．surfingtheInternet24．getahead25．differsfrom26．applyfor27．cameupwith28．adaptedmyselfto29．liveupto30．sufferfrom31．recoverfrom【解析】21．考查固定短语。句意：由于大雪，这个城镇与外界隔绝了。结合句意可知，固定短语dueto符合题意，意为“由于”，故填dueto。22．考查固定短语。句意：填好表格后，亲自交回或通过邮寄。or表示选择关系，结合“bypost”可知，固定短语inperson符合题意，意为“亲自”。故填inperson。23．考查动词短语。句意：他沉迷于网络。他每天花大量的时间上网。根据“HeisanInternetaddict.”可知，动词短语surftheInternet符合题意，意为“上网”，spend…(in)doingsth花费……做某事，故此处用动名词形式。故填surfingtheInternet。24．考查动词短语。句意：如果你要获得成功，你就得努力工作。根据“youmustworkhard”可知，动词短语getahead符合题意，意为“获得成功”，空前的to是不定式符号，空处用动词原形。故填getahead。25．考查动词短语。句意：美式英语和英式英语在很多小方面都不同。结合句意可知，动词短语differfrom符合题意，意为“与……不同”，句子是描述一个事实，应用一般现在时，主语是不可数名词，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填differsfrom。26．考查动词短语。句意：我写这封信是为了申请我们学校英语协会的志愿者职位。结合句意及空后的“thepostofvolunteer”可知，此处指“申请志愿者职位”，动词短语applyfor“申请”符合题意。空前的to是不定式符号，空处动词用原形。故填applyfor。27．考查动词短语。句意：我们班提出了更好地利用废旧材料的想法。结合句意及空后的“theidea”可知，此处指“提出想法”，动词短语comeupwith“提出，想出”符合题意，句子用一般过去时。故填cameupwith。28．考查动词短语。句意：随着时间的流逝，我逐渐适应了学校生活。结合句意可知，动词短语adaptoneselfto符合题意，意为“适应”，反身代词用myself，根据went可知句子用一般过去时，故填adaptedmyselfto。29．考查动词短语。句意：他辜负了父母的期望。结合空后的“hisparents’expectations”可知，动词短语liveupto符合题意，意为“不辜负”。空前的to是不定式符号，此处用动词原形，故填liveupto。30．考查动词短语。句意：世界上大多数主要城市都饱受交通堵塞之苦。结合句意可知，动词短语sufferfrom符合题意，意为“遭受，受……之苦”，句子是描述一个事实，应用一般现在时，主语是名词复数，谓语动词用原形，故填sufferfrom。31．考查动词短语。句意：听音乐和做运动可以帮助我从压力中恢复。结合句意可知，动词短语recoverfrom符合题意，意为“从……中恢复”，helpsbdosth帮助某人做某事，故空处用动词原形，故填recoverfrom。三、根据汉语意思用单词的适当形式填空32．Unfortunately,manybirdsdidn’t________(幸存)theseverewinter.33．I______(绝对)enjoyedthearchery.34．Underthe________(气候)oftheglobalfinancialcrisis,it’snoteasytofindasatisfyingjob.35．Modernfarmingmethodshaveledtothetotal______(灭绝)ofmanyspeciesofwildflowers.36．Childrenunderten,unless________(陪伴)bytheirparents,won’tbeallowedintothecenter.37．Allthepeople,menandwomen,youngandold,werefightingagainstthefloodin_________(保卫)oftheirownhomes.38．Recently,revolutionarychangeshavetakenplacein______(各种各样的)aspects.39．CuttingofftheShark’sfinsputsthemindangerof________(灭绝).40．Friendshipshouldbeoneofthegreatestthingsintheworld,andyour__________(策略)isclearcommunication.41．Oneofsomebyproductscalled________(温室)gasesiscarbondioxide(二氧化碳)whichcantrapmoreheatenergyintheatmosphere.42．Youcanlearnfirstaidbyvisitingthe_______(官方)websiteofChinaFirstAidTraining.43．Youshouldn'texpecttomakemuch________（利润）withinthefirstcoupleofyearsofsettingupanadvertisingcompany.44．Schoolsuse________(各种各样的)methodsoftesting.45．Herepliedthatthiswas________(绝对地)impossible.32．survive【解析】考查动词。句意：不幸的是，许多鸟类没能挺过严冬。“幸存”应用动词survive，且由前面的didn’t可知，此处应用动词原形，故填survive。33．absolutely【解析】考查副词。句意：我绝对喜欢射箭运动。根据句意及汉语提示可知，此处使用副词absolutely，作状语，修饰谓语动词enjoyed。故填absolutely。34．climate【解析】考查名词。句意：在全球金融危机的形势下，不易找到一份称心的工作。介词Under后面接名词，名词作Under的宾语，所以设空处需填名词。根据汉语提示“气候”可知，设空处需填climate。结合句意，这里是特指全球金融危机这一经济气候，所以climate使用单数形式。故填climate。35．extinction【解析】考查名词。句意：现代农业方法已导致许多野生花卉物种的灭绝。根据所给出的汉语提示可知，应是名词“extinction”，在句中作谓语动词短语“haveledto(导致)”的宾语。故填extinction。36．accompanied【解析】考查动词。句意：十岁以下儿童，除非有家长陪同，否则不得进入中心。根据汉语提示可知，动词accompany“陪伴”符合题意；分析句子可知，动词accompany和主语Children之间是被动关系，故此处状语从句的完整形式是unlesstheyareaccompaniedbytheirparents，状语从句的主语和主句主语一致且从句含有be动词时，可将从句主语和be动词一起省略，故填accompanied。37．defence【解析】考查名词。句意：所有的人，无论男女老少，都在与洪水搏斗，保卫自己的家园。根据汉语提示及空前介词in可知，应填名词defence，作宾语。故填defence。38．various【解析】考查形容词。句意：最近，在各个方面都发生了革命性的变化。根据句意和汉语提示可知，应填various“各种各样的”作定语，故填various。39．extinction【解析】考查名词。句意：切断鲨鱼的鳍会使它们面临灭绝的危险。根据汉语提示“灭绝”可知，空格处应用“extinction”，意为“灭绝”，为不可数名词，在句中作介词“of”的宾语。故填extinction。40．strategy【解析】考查名词。句意：友谊应该是世界上最伟大的事情之一，你的策略是清晰的沟通。结合句子结构和汉语提示可知，名词strategy符合题意，作主语，is提示用其单数形式。故填strategy。41．greenhouse【解析】考查名词。句意：被称为温室气体的副产品之一是二氧化碳，它可以捕获大气中更多的热能。根据汉语提示，可知此处用名词作定语，greenhouse“温室”，故填greenhouse。42．official【解析】考查形容词。句意：你可以通过访问中国急救培训官方网站了解急救知识。根据汉语提示可知，official官方的，形容词作定语修饰名词website。故填official。43．profit【解析】考查名词。句意：您不应该期望在成立广告公司的最初几年内获得很多利润。根据汉语提示“利润”以及上文much可知，此处应填不可数名词。故填profit。44．various【解析】考查形容词。句意：学校使用各种各样的测试方法。根据句意及汉语提示可知，此处使用形容词various，修饰名词methods，作定语。故填various。45．absolutely【解析】考查副词。句意：他回答说这是绝对不可能的。此处应用副词修饰形容词impossible，“绝对地”用副词absolutely，故填absolutely。四、完形填空Everybodylovestohateinvasivespecies.Theinternationallistofinvasivespecies—definedasthosethatwereintroducedbyhumanstonewplaces,andthen____46____—runstoover4,000.InAustraliaandNewZealandhotwarisfoughtagainstintroducedcreatureslikecanetoads(蔗蟾蜍)andrats.Somethingsthatareuncontroversial(无争议的)arenonethelessfoolish.Withafewimportantexceptions,campaignsto

____47____invasivespeciesaremerelyawasteofmoneyandeffort—forreasonsthatarepartlypracticalandpartlyphilosophical.Startwiththepracticalarguments.Mostinvasivespeciesareneitherterriblysuccessfulnorvery____48____.Britonsthinkthemselvessurroundedbyforeignplants.____49____,Britain’sinvasiveplantsarenotwidespread,notspreadingespeciallyquickly,andoftenlessofa(n)____50____thanvigorousnativeplants.Thearrivalofnewspeciesalmostalways____51____biologicaldiversity(多样性)inaregion;inmanycases,afloodofnewcomersdrivesnonativespeciestoextinction.Onereasonisthatinvaderstendtocolonise____52____habitatslikepollutedlakesandpost-industrialwasteland,wherelittleelselives.Theyarenature’sopportunists.Thephilosophicalreasonforstartingwarontheinvadersisalso____53____.Eliminationcampaignstendtobe

____54____bythebeliefthatitispossibletorestorebalancetonature—toreturnwoodsandlakestothestatebeforehuman

______55______.Thatismisguided.Natureisaneverlastingmess,withspeciesconstantlyemerging,withdrawingandhybridizing(杂交).Humanshaveonlyquickenedtheseprocesses.Goingbacktoancienthabitatsisbecoming______56______inanycase,becauseofman-madeclimatechange.Takingontheinvadersisa(n)______57______gesture,notameanstoanachievableend.Areasonableattitudetoinvadersneednotimplypassivity.Afewforeignspeciesaretruly______58______andshouldbefought:theNileperch–afish,hashelpeddrivemanyspeciesoffishtoextinctioninLakeVictoria.Itmakessenseto______59______pathogens(病菌),especiallythosethatdestroywholenativetreespecies,andtostopknownagriculturalpestsfromgainingafoothold.Fencingoffwildlifereservestocreateopen-airecologicalmuseumsisfine,too.AnditisagoodideaforEuropeangardenerstodestroyJapaneseplants,justastheygivenospacetonativeharmfulgrasseslikebindweedandgroundelder.Youcangardeninagarden.Youcannotgarden______60______.Thatisuniversallyaccepted.46．A．multiplied B．shrunk C．disappeared D．harvested47．A．conserve B．eliminate C．investigate D．prioritize48．A．healthy B．intentional C．harmful D．profitable49．A．Asaresult B．Forexample C．Bycontrast D．Infact50．A．attraction B．dominance C．annoyance D．substitute51．A．increases B．destroys C．reveals D．targets52．A．oppressed B．disturbed C．cultivated D．preserved53．A．acceptable B．needless C．mistaken D．convincing54．A．fueled B．organized C．interrupted D．greeted55．A．civilization B．interference C．interaction D．maintenance56．A．tolerable B．impossible C．beneficial D．critical57．A．reluctant B．disorderly C．invalid D．unbalanced58．A．damaging B．flexible C．doubtful D．outstanding59．A．pickup B．takein C．keepout D．turndown60．A．agriculture B．vegetation C．atmosphere D．Nature46．A47．B48．C49．D50．C51．A52．B53．C54．A55．B56．B57．C58．A59．C60．D【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章认为除了一些特例，无论从事实角度还是哲学角度分析，消灭入侵物种都是没必要的，号召我们针对入侵物种要理性有区分地对待。46．考查动词词义辨析。句意：入侵物种的国际名单——被定义为那些被人类引入新的地方，然后繁殖的物种——超过4000种。A.multiplied繁殖，倍增；B.shrunk减少；C.disappeared消失；D.harvested收获。根据后文“InAustraliaandNewZealandhotwarisfoughtagainstintroducedcreatureslikecanetoads(蔗蟾蜍)andrats.”可知，有些国家针对引进的生物采取了遏制措施，可推断是因为这些生物在引进地大量繁殖。故选A项。47．考查动词词义辨析。句意：有些事情是没有争议的，但却是愚蠢的。除了一些重要的例外，消灭入侵物种的行动只是浪费金钱和精力——部分原因是实际的，部分原因是哲学上讲的。A.conserve保护：B.eliminate消除；C.investigate调查；D.prioritize优先考虑。根据后文“Eliminationcampaignstendtobe

___9___bythebeliefthatitispossibletorestorebalancetonature—toreturnwoodsandlakestothestatebeforehuman___10___

.”可知，很多地方都存在消灭入侵物种的行为。故选B项。48．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：大多数入侵物种既不是非常成功，也不是非常有害。A.healthy健康的；B.intentional故意的；C.harmful有害的；D.profitable盈利的。根据下文“Britonsthinkthemselvessurroundedbyforeignplants._____,Britain’sinvasiveplantsarenotwidespread,notspreadingespeciallyquickly,andoftenlessofa(n)______thanvigorousnativeplants.”可知，，大多数入侵物种并不是非常有害。故选C项。49．考查介词短语辨析。句意：事实上，英国的入侵植物并不普遍，传播速度也不是特别快，而且通常也没有生命力旺盛的本土植物那么烦人。A.Asaresult结果；B.Forexample比如；C.Bycontrast对比；D.Infact事实上。根据前文“Britonsthinkthemselvessurroundedbyforeignplants.”可知，英国人对于入侵物种有着错误的认知，作者接下来是在解释真正的事实，所以用infact开头来开始自己的解释。故选D项。50．考查名词词义辨析。句意：事实上，英国的入侵植物并不普遍，传播速度也不是特别快，而且通常也没有生命力旺盛的本土植物那么烦人。A.attraction魅力；B.dominance支配地位；C.annoyance烦恼；D.substitute替代品。根据后文“hearrivalofnewspeciesalmostalways___6___biologicaldiversity(多样性)inaregion;inmanycases,afloodofnewcomersdrivesnonativespeciestoextinction.”可知，入侵物种对地区也存在积极意义，相比之下本土生命力旺盛的植物反而令人烦恼。故选C项。51．考查动词词义辨析。句意：新物种的到来几乎总是会增加一个地区的生物多样性。A.increases增加；B.destroys破坏；C.reveals揭露；D.targets把……作为攻击目标。根据后文“Onereasonisthatinvaderstendtocolonise___7___habitatslikepollutedlakesandpost-industrialwasteland,wherelittleelselives.Theyarenature’sopportunists.”可知，新物种选择受到干扰的栖息地繁殖，并没有破坏本地物种的栖息环境，所以对于当地而言，生物多样性增加了。故选A项。52．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：其中一个原因是，入侵物种倾向于在受到干扰的栖息地殖民，比如被污染的湖泊和后工业时代的荒地，那里几乎没有其他生物。他们是自然界的机会主义者。A.oppressed受压迫的；B.disturbed受干扰的；C.cultivated用于耕作的；D.preserved受保护的。根据后文“likepollutedlakesandpost-industrialwasteland,wherelittleelselives”可知，他们选择的栖息地是诸如被污染的湖泊、荒地等被人类干扰的地方。故选B项。53．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对入侵物种发动战争的哲学理由也是错误的。A.acceptable可接受的；B.needless不必要的；C.mistaken错误的；D.convincing令人信服的。根据前文“Withafewimportantexceptions,campaignsto

___2___invasivespeciesaremerelyawasteofmoneyandeffort—forreasonsthatarepartlypracticalandpartlyphilosophical.”可知，作者认为无论从实际角度还是哲学角度，对入侵物种发动战争都是金钱和精力的浪费，是错误的。故选C项。54．考查动词词义辨析。句意：消灭运动往往是受到这样一种信念的刺激，即有可能恢复自然的平衡——使森林和湖泊恢复到人类干预之前的状态。A.fueled刺激，加剧；B.organized组织；C.interrupted打断；D.greeted欢迎，迎接。根据前文“Everybodylovestohateinvasivespecies.”及“InAustraliaandNewZealandhotwarisfoughtagainstintroducedcreatureslikecanetoads(蔗蟾蜍)andrats.”可知，对入侵物种发动战争，企图消灭它们，这种行为是比较普遍的，可推断消灭运动受到一定的信念刺激。故选A项。55．考查名词词义辨析。句意：消灭运动往往是受到这样一种信念的刺激，即有可能恢复自然的平衡——使森林和湖泊恢复到人类干预之前的状态。A.civilization文明；B.interference干预；C.interaction互动；D.maintenance维护。根据后文“Humanshaveonlyquickenedtheseprocesses.”可知，人类的介入使得森林和湖泊发生了变化，这是人类干预大自然的结果。故选B项。56．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：由于人为的气候变化，要想回到古老的栖息地已经不可能了。A.tolerable可忍受的；B.impossible不可能的；C.beneficial有益的；D.critical关键的。根据后文“becauseofman-madeclimatechange”可知，气候在人类的干预下发生了很大变化，导致栖息环境也发生了很大变化，结合常识也可知，回到古老的栖息地是不可能的事情。故选B项。57．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：与入侵者物种较量是一种无效的姿态，而不是达到可达到目的的手段。A.reluctant不情愿的；B.disorderly混乱的；C.invalid无效的；D.unbalanced失衡的。根据前文“Eliminationcampaignstendtobe___9___bythebeliefthatitispossibletorestorebalancetonature—toreturnwoodsandlakestothestatebeforehuman

___10___Thatismisguided.Natureisaneverlastingmess,withspeciesconstantlyemerging,withdrawingandhybridizing(杂交).Humanshaveonlyquickenedtheseprocesses.”可知，作者认为消灭入侵者的运动是错误的，物种的出现、消失和杂交都是一个自然的过程，所以作者认为与入侵者较量是没必要的，是无效的。故选C项。58．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一些外来物种确实具有破坏性，应该与之斗争:尼罗河鲈鱼——一种导致维多利亚湖许多鱼类灭绝的鱼类。A.damaging破坏性的；B.flexible灵活的；C.doubtful怀疑的；D.outstanding杰出的。根据后文“theNileperch–afish,hashelpeddrivemanyspeciesoffishtoextinctioninLakeVictoria”可知，尼罗河鲈鱼导致了维多利亚湖很多鱼类的灭绝，可知这种入侵物种是具有破坏性的。故选A项。59．考查动词短语辨析。句意：阻止病原体进入，尤其是那些破坏整个本地树种的病原体，并阻止已知的农业害虫获得立足之地，是有意义的。A.pickup捡起，接送；B.takein吸收；C.keepout阻止进入；D.turndown拒绝。根据后文“andtostopknownagriculturalpestsfromgainingafoothold”可知，作者认为阻止病原体进入生态环境与阻止已知的害虫生存是同样具有重要意义的。故选C项。60．考查名词词义辨析。句意：你不能种植自然。A.agriculture农业；B.vegetation植被；C.atmosphere气氛；D.nature自然。根据前文“AnditisagoodideaforEuropeangardenerstodestroyJapaneseplants,justastheygivenospacetonativeharmfulgrasseslikebindweedandgroundelder.”可知，针对不同物种不能一概而论，有害的物种要杜绝其进入，作者以种植为例，说明我们要有选择地种植，而不能把整个大自然的所有物种都种植到自己的花园里。故选D项。五、七选五My,whatabigbeakyouhave!Forhumans,adaptingtoclimatechangewillmostlybeamatteroftechnology.Moreairconditioning,better-designedhousesandbiggerflooddefensesmayhelptomaketheeffectsofawarmerworldlessharmful.___61___InapaperpublishedinTrends&Evolution,ateamledbySaraRyding,aPhDcandidateatDeakinUniversity,showsthatisalreadyhappening.Climatechangeisalreadyalteringthebodiesofmanyanimalspecies,givingthembiggerbeaks(喙),legsandears.InsomespeciesofAustralianparrot,forinstance,beaksizehasincreasedbybetween4%and10%since1871.Anotherstudy,thistimeinNorthAmericandark-eyedjuncos,anotherbird,foundthesamepattern.___62___Allthatisperfectlyconsistentwithevolutionarytheory.“Allen’srule”,namedforJoelAsaphAllen,whosuggesteditin1877,holdsthatwarm-bloodedanimalsinhotplacestendtohavelargerbodypartsthanthoseintemperate(温带的)regions.___63___Beingrichlyfilledwithbloodvessels,andnotcoveredbyfeathers,beaksmakeanidealplaceforbirdstogetridofheat.Fennecfoxes,meanwhile,whicharenativetotheSaharaDesert,havestrikinglylargeears,especiallycomparedwiththeirArcticcousins.Ms.Rydingisnotthefirstresearchertotakethatapproach.Butitishard,whendealingwithindividualspecies,toprovethatclimatechangewasthecauseofananatomical(解剖学的)changes.Allsortsofotherfactors,fromchangesinpreytotheevolvingreproductivepreferencesofmalesorfemales,mighthavebeendrivingthechanges.___64___Theteamcombineddatafromdifferentspeciesindifferentplaces.Sincetheyhavelittleincommonapartfromlivingonawarmingplanet,climatechangeisthemostreasonableexplanation.___65___Thatmaychangeaswarmingaccelerates.Sinceanyevolutionaryadaptationcomeswithtrade-offs(妥协),itisunclearhowfartheprocessmightgo.Biggerbeaksmightmakefeedingharder,forinstance.Largerwingsareheavier,andbiggerlegscostmoreenergytogrow.A．However,lookingatthebiggerpicturemakesthepatternclearer.B．Fornow,atleast,theincreaseissmall,nevermuchmorethan10%.C．Animalswillhavetorelyonchangingtheirbodiesortheirbehaviors.D．Itseemsthatthefutureworldisgoingtobehotterthanhumansareusedto.E．Therefore,thenegativeeffectsofawarmerworldarevisibleintheseanimals’bodies.F．Suchadaptationsboostananimal’ssurfacearearelativetoitsbody,helpingittoreleaseextraheat.G．Similartrendsareseeninmammals,withspeciesofmiceandbatsevolvingbiggerears,legsandwings答案：CGFAB【解析】这是一篇说明文。讲述了地球变暖正在改变动物的外貌，如嘴巴变大。61．上文“Forhumans,adaptingtoclimatechangewillmostlybeamatte