思辨英语第三册U1参考答案

思辨英语第三册U1参考答案思辨英语第三册U1参考答案思辨英语第三册U1参考答案资料仅供参考文件编号：2022年4月思辨英语第三册U1参考答案版本号：A修改号：1页次：1.0审核：批准:发布日期：Unit1ThinkingSociologicallyTextAPreparatoryWork(1)Micro-levelsociology:abeMacro-levelsociology:cd(2)Sociologyisthestudyofsocialbehaviororsociety,includingitsorigins,development,organization,networks,andinstitutions.Likesociology,psychology,economics,history,demographyareallrelatedtothestudyofsocietyandhumanactivities.Inthiswaytheysharesimilarities.Thedifferenceslieinthefollows:Psychologyisthestudyofhumanbehaviorandmind,embracingallaspectsofconsciousandunconsciousexperienceaswellasthoughtofthehumanbeings.Economicsfocusesonthebehaviorandinteractionsofeconomicagentsandhoweconomieswork,thatistheeconomicactivitiesofthehumankind.Historyisthestudyofthepasteventsaswellasthememory,discovery,collection,organization,presentation,andinterpretationofinformationabouttheseevents,particularlyhowitrelatestohumans.Demographyisthestatisticalstudyofpopulations,especiallyhumanbeings.Asaverygeneralscience,itcananalyzeanykindofdynamiclivingpopulation,i.e.,onethatchangesovertimeorspace.(3)(open)Teachingsuggestion:Youcanrefertothefollowingtextbooks:JohnJ.Macionis&NijoleV.Benokraitised.,SeeingOurselves7thed.(UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PearsonPrenticeHall,2007)JamesM.Henslined.,DowntoEarthSociology:IntroductoryReadings14thed.(NewYork:FreePress,2007)(4)(open)Teachingsuggestion:Youcanrefertothelasttwopartsofthetext:“WhatWorkDoSociologistsDo”and“HowisSociologyUsefultoMeandtotheWorld”(paragraph19-26)forpositivereasons.Negativereasonsvary(whynotchooseacareerrelatedtosociology),forinstance,nointerest(insocialsciences),characterreasons(notcutoutfordealingwithpeople),andpracticalreason(nohighpay).CriticalReadingI.Understandingthetext1.PartPara(s).MainideaIIntroduction1-2KeytopicstobecoveredinthemainpartsIIDefiningsociology3-6RelationshipwithothersocialsciencesIIIContentsofsociology7-12WhatwillIlearnfromsociologyIVNecessityofstudyingsociology13-18WhatabilitieswillsociologyhelpyoudevelopVThejobofasociologist19-23JobpotentialsofasociologymajorVIIConclusion24-26Summaryoftheusefulnessofsociologytoindividualsandtheworld2.(1)Toemphasizetheimportanceofsociologyandarousereaders’interestin(studying)sociology.(2)Theintendedaudienceoftheessayareuniversityandcollegestudents.Theaudienceisyoungandcuriousabouteverythingbutneedssomeguideinchoosingtheircoursesinuniversitystudy.(3)InPara.7,CarganandBallantinetrytodemonstratethatsociologyisbasedonsystematicandobjectivestudyofhumanbehavior.(4)Theyillustratethedifferencebetweenindividualexplanationandgroupexplanationusingdivorceasanexample.Individualexplanationconsidersadivorceasapersonalproblemcausedbyconflictbetweenthehusbandandwifewithinthefamily.Sociologycanhelpusmovebeyond“individual”explanationstoconsiderthesocialsurroundingsthatinfluencethesituation:economicconditions,disruptionscausedbychangingsexroles,andpressuresonthefamilytomeettheemotionalneedsofitsmembers.(5)Wecanseethatthefirstlistofskills(sociologytrainsusin)isbroaderandmoregeneralcategory,andthesecondlistofskills(employerslookfor)istheoverlappingorsubcategoryoftheformerlist.Sowecansimplyputtheskillsofthesecondlistintoitsrespectivecategoriesinthefirstlist(actually,someoftheskillsinthesecondlistcanbeputintotwoormoregeneralcategoriesinthefirstlist).Note:thisisonlyonewayofreorganizethetwolists,andnotnecessarilythebestone.Abilitytoviewtheworldmoreobjectively:abilitytoplaneffectively;self-confidenceaboutjobresponsibilities;abilitytolistentoothers;self-motivation;effectiveleadershipskillsToolstosolveproblemsbydesigningstudies,collectingdata,andanalyzingresults:abilitytoorganizethoughtsandinformation;abilitytoconceptualizeproblemsclearlyAbilitytounderstandgroupdynamics:abilitytoworkwithpeers;self-motivation;abilitytointeracteffectivelyingroupsituations;abilitytolistentoothersAbilitytounderstandandevaluateproblems:effectiveproblem-solvingskills;effectiveleadershipskills;Abilitytounderstandyourpersonalproblemsinabroadersocialcontext: willingnesstoadapttotheneedsoftheorganization;abilitytohandlepressureII.Evaluationandexploration(1)Yes.Thetitleisaquestiontothekeyissueofsociology,whichisveryclearandfocused.Andthetextprovidesandelaboratestheanswerstothekeyquestion“whystudysociology”.(2)Theintroductionisveryeffective.Itstartswithsixquestionsaboutsociologytoarousethereaders’interestorcuriosityinthistopic.(3)Subtitlesinthetextareeffectiveandnecessaryindividingthetextintodifferentbutrelatedpartssothatthereaderscanhaveaclearstructuralframeworkabouttheorganizationofthetext.(4)ThebenefitsoftakingsociologydescribedinPara.13aregroupedintoagenerallistoffiveabilities/skillsinparagraph14and12skillsinparagraph15.Itisnotnecessarytouseexamplestoillustrateeverybenefitmentionedinalonglist.However,iftheauthorsaddedsomestatisticstosupportthefivecategories,theargumentwouldbemoreconvincing.(5)Theconclusionorstatementthat“sociologyisthebroadestofthesocialsciences”isreasonable.CarganandBallantinedescribedthewiderangeofareassociologycovers,andotherrelateddisciplinesthatsociologyoverlapswith,suchassocialpsychology,politicalsociology,anthropology,andsocialhistory.(6)Sociologynotonlycoversvastareasofsocialstudies,butalsoprovidesobjectiveperspectiveandscientificmethodsinunderstandingthesocietyandindividuals.Italsotrainsusinnecessarylifeandworkabilityorskillsincorrectlydealingwithissuesandproblems.Inaword,sociologyoffersusaplatformforcriticalthinking.(7)Sociologistsprobeintoasocialphenomenon/problemwithscientificmethods(groupexplanationinsteadofpersonal/individualone)thatthenextunitistodiscussindetails(theyincludeexperiment,survey,participantobservation/fieldwork,andavailabledataanalysis).(8)Structuralfunctionalism,orsimplyfunctionalism,isaframeworkforbuildingtheorythatseessocietyasacomplexsystemwhosepartsworktogethertopromotesolidarityandstability.Thisapproachlooksatsocietythroughamacro-levelorientation,whichisabroadfocusonthesocialstructuresthatshapesocietyasawhole,andbelievesthatsocietyhasevolvedlikeorganisms.Thisapproachlooksatbothsocialstructureandsocialfunctions.Functionalismaddressessocietyasawholeintermsofthefunctionofitsconstituentelements,namelynorms,customs,traditions,andinstitutions.Conflicttheoriesareperspectivesinsociologyandsocialpsychologythatemphasizethesocial,political,ormaterialinequalityofasocialgroup,thatcritiquethebroadsocio-politicalsystem,orthatotherwisedetractfromstructuralfunctionalismandideologicalconservatism.Conflicttheoriesdrawattentiontopowerdifferentials,suchasclassconflict,andgenerallycontrasthistoricallydominantideologies.Itisthereforeamacrolevelanalysisofsociety.KarlMarxisthefatherofthesocialconflicttheory,whichisacomponentofthefourparadigmsofsociology.Symbolicinteractionismisasociologicalperspectivewhichdevelopedaroundthemiddleofthetwentiethcenturyandthatcontinuestobeinfluentialinsomeareasofthediscipline.Itisparticularlyimportantinmicrosociologyandsocialpsychology.SymbolicinteractionismisderivedfromtheAmericanphilosophyofpragmatismandparticularlyfromtheworkofGeorgeHerbertMeadwhocoinedthetermandputforwardaninfluentialsummary:peopleacttowardthingsbasedonthemeaningthosethingshaveforthem,andthesemeaningsarederivedfromsocialinteractionandmodifiedthroughinterpretation.Utilitarianismisatheoryinnormativeethicsholdingthatthebestmoralactionistheonethatmaximizesutility.Utilityisdefinedinvariousways,butisusuallyrelatedtothewell-beingofsentiententities.Originally,JeremyBentham,thefounderofUtilitarianism,definedutilityastheaggregatepleasureafterdeductingsufferingofallinvolvedinanyaction.JohnStuartMillexpandedthisconceptofutilitytoincludenotonlythequantity,butqualityofpleasure,whilefocusingonrules,insteadofindividualmoralactions.LanguageEnhancementI.Wordsandphrases1.(1)C&D(2)A&C(3)C&D(4)A&C(5)C&D(6)C&E(7)C&D(8)B&C(9)A&E(10)C&F2.单日，单一天单身汉挑选出独立地（只身）通常的，常见的共同的（英国）平民院（下议院）宣判有……罪罪犯逃跑分解闯入中断、暂停爆发解体3.(1)majorin(2)curiousabout(3)interactwith(4)relateto(5)engagewith(6)leadto(7)specializein(8)conformto(9)basedon(10)refrainfrom4(1)breakawayfrom(2)convictof(3)bondwith(4)engagein(5)embarkon(6)profitfrom(7)involvedin(8)focuson(9)dependedon(10)encounterII.Sentencesanddiscourse1.Asyoulearnmoreaboutsociology,youwillgraduallyfindthelinksbetweenitsindividualandseparatepartsandseethewholepictureofsociology.Sociologists’interestswillimmediatelyarousedbyseeinganytwoormorepeoplewithcloserelationships.Youcanponderoverthephenomenonthatsomesocietiesallowandexpectpremaritalsexwhileotherspunishitwithbanishmentanddeath.Throughsystematicscientificstudy,sociologistscanfullyunderstandhumanbehavioringroups,whichisimpossiblethroughmerecommonsense.Sociologycanhelpusexplain“individual”casesmoreinsightfullybylinkingthemwiththecrucialsocialconditionsbehindthem.2.Hemajoredinchemistrywhenenrolledinwhilestud