语法体系之句子结构及句子成分 学案 高考英语

“高考英语经典课程”语法体系之句子结构及句子成分课程内容（教学目标）句子结构学习：主谓宾定状补表同是什么？谓语动词是什么？非谓语动词是什么？有哪些从句？怎样快速拆解阅读BCD篇长难句？15篇高考英语真题长难句分析。30组长难句的仿写让你的作文大放异彩。知识点回顾：10大词性4大动词词性：在英语中根据词汇的语法特征将单词划分为以下十类：词类英语全称（缩写）作用例词实词名词（n.）表示人或事物的名称party政党China中国代词(pron.)用来代替名词、形容词或数词等He他that那数词(num.)表示数量或顺序one一first第一形容词（adj.）用来修饰名词表示人或事物的特性、性质safe安全great伟大副词(adv.)用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，表示动作或形状的特性quickly迅速地here这里动词(v.)表示人或事物的动作或状态eat吃fly飞虚词冠词(art.)用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物an，a，the介词(prep.)用在名词、代词等前面说明句子中词与词之间的关系under在……下in在……里连词(conj.)用来连接词、短语或句子and和but但是感叹词(interj.)表示说话时的感情或口气Hello喂Emm呃，嘿Tips:“一词多性”bookmilkfarmmean“一词多义”springn.fann.giftn.point“形修名，副修动”：在十类词性中______修饰_______；_______修饰________。Look!Thereisa______(good/well)picture.Lucycanplaybasketball_______(good/well).系动词：3be5官3保持5变得3其他专题精讲A.句子成分英语的句子成分主要有以下几种：即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语和同位语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾表，定状补同）。具体成分及作用如下。成分作用例句主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.宾语宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。Weareyoung.定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“……的”表示。ThetallboyunderthetreeisJohn.状语状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。Hewritescarefully.Hewalksslowly.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.补语宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。HisfathernamedhimDongming.Hewaselectedmonitor.同位语同位语是在名词或代词之后的并列名词或代词，对前者加以说明，近乎于后置定语。Westudentsshouldstudyhard.句子成分分析：ImetmybestfriendTomwhoistallandhandsomeatthestationyesterday.___________________________________________________________________________________________我刚刚看见我的同班同学Lisa在教室里认真地看书。___________________________________________________________________________________________主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构：

1.名词 2.代词 3.数词4.不定式 5.动名词 6.主语从句等表示。

7.名词化的形容词（如therich） 在英语中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。如果它们在句首时，句子可能是倒装句，真正的主语在后面。在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.4.HisjobistoteachEnglish.5.It’sacityfarfromthecoast.谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.

Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：

Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.

Hehascaughtabadcold.

Mysisteriscryingoverthere.

Ihavebeenwaitingforyouallthetime.

Iwouldstayathomeallday.

Hashecomeback?

Hedidn’tattendthemeetingyesterday.由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如：

Wearestudents.

Yourideasoundsgreat.表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。Theweatherhasturnedcold.Thespeechisexciting.Threetimessevenistwenty-one.HisjobistoteachEnglish.Hishobby（爱好）isplayingfootball.Themachinemustbeunderrepairs.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.宾语宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。画出下列句中的宾语,并说明由什么充当。Theyplantedmanytreesyesterday.(Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?)Ihavefive.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.Iwantedtobuyacar.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人.Hegavemesomebooks.定语:前置定语和后置定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“……的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。定语后置常见的有以下几种情况：Heisacleverboy.Theyarebuildingastonebridge.Thereare54studentsinourclass.DoyouknownBetty’ssister?Heboughtsomesleepingpills.Thereisasleepingbabyinbed.Hisspokenlanguageisgood.Imetafriendonmywayhome.口头翻译下列句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是由什么词性或结构充当。TheletteronthedeskisforMr.Wu.Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishismother.Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone.Shecarriedabasketfullofeggs.It’sabookworthnomorethanonedollar.It’sacityfarfromthecoast.Hehasmoneyenoughtobuyacar.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。Hewritescarefully.Hewalksslowly.(认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语)Thismaterialisenvironmentallyfriendly.（修饰形容词用副词，作状语）Herunsveryslowly.（修饰副词slowly,因此very是副词，作状语）Unfortunately,helostallofhismoney.（修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）A.几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式→地点→时间一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式→地点→时间。如：Ifoundalostpenoutsideourschoolyesterdaymorning.Hewaswalkingslowlyoutsidetheparkatthatmoment.B.英语中时间状语、地点状语的排列一般是从小到大先写时间，再写上/下午，再写星期几，再写几月几号。最后写几几年。Iinvitedhimtowatchamovieat5p.m.onThursday,August28th,2015.Iwasbornat6a.m.,March16,2000.Helivesat

1120Green

Street,London.C.频度副词often,always,usually,sometimes,never等在句中要放在情态动词、系动词、助动词之后,实义动词之前。Youcannevertellwhathewilldo.Heisoftenlate.Heisalwayshelpingothers.Heoftencamelate.D.状语按意义分类在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?Mr.Smithlivesonthethirdfloor.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness.Theboyneedsapenverymuch.Theboyreallyneedsapen.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.考点7：补语主语补足语：补充说明主语的动作或状态。宾语补足语：补充说明宾语的动作或状态。1.Tiredandsleepy,Iwenttobed.2.Ifoundthatbookveryinteresting.考点8：同位语当两个同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，后者就叫做前者的同位语。Wehavetwochildren,aboyandagirl.Theman,myteacher,neverridesabike.Iwantthisdiaryitselftobemyfriend.总结：句子成分思维导图活学活用：句子成分练习题(一)(一).指出下列句中主语的中心词①Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.②Thereisanoldmancominghere.③Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.④Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteacher'shelpisverydifficult.(三)挑出下列句中的宾语①Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.③Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.⑦Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.⑧Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.⑨Youwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool.⑩Theydidn'tknowwho"FatherChristmas"reallyis.(四)挑出下列句中的表语①Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.②WhyisheworriedaboutJim?③Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.④SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.⑤Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.(五)挑出下列句中的定语①TheyuseMr./Mrs.withthefamilyname.②Whatisyourgivenname?③OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.④Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.⑤Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.⑥Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!(六)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.②Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.④TheycallmeLilysometimes.⑤IsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.⑥DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?(七)挑出下列句中的状语①Therewasabigsmileonherface.②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.④Themanonthemotorbikewastravelingtoofast.⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.⑥Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.⑦Iamafraidthatifyou'velostit,youmustpayforit.⑧ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.(八)划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语①Pleasetellusastory.②Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.③Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.④Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.B.十种简单句（基本句子结构）一:ＳＶ(主＋谓)二:ＳＶＰ(主＋系＋表)三:ＳＶＯ(主＋谓＋宾)四:ＳＶｏＯ(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)五:ＳＶＯＣ(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)六：ＳＶA(主＋谓+状)七：ＳＶＯA(主＋谓＋宾+状)八:ＳＶｏＯA(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾+状)九:ＳＶＯＣA(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补+状)十：Therebe结构基本句型一:Ｓ│Ｖ(不及物动词)谓语:不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构。1.Thesunrose.2.Whocares?3.Whathesaiddoesnotmatter.4.Theytalkedforhalfanhour.5.Thepenwritessmoothly基本句型二：Ｓ│Ｖ(是系动词)│Ｐ(表语)therebe1.ThisisanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.2.Thedinnersmellsgood.3.Hefellinlove.4.Everythinglooksdifferent.5.Heisgrowingtallandstrong.6.Ourwellhasgonedry.7.Hisfaceturnedred.基本句型三:Ｓ│Ｖ(及物动词)│Ｏ(宾语)此句型的特点是：谓语动词都是及物动词,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。1.Whoknowstheanswer?2.Hehasrefusedtohelpthem.3.Heenjoysreading.4.Hesaid“Goodmorning.”5.Headmitsthathewasmistaken.基本句型四：Ｓ│Ｖ(及物)│ｏ(多指人)│Ｏ(多指物)1.Sheorderedherselfanewdress.2.Hebroughtyouadictionary.3.Ishowedhimmypictures.4.Itoldhimthatthebuswaslate.5.Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.基本句型五:ＳＶＯＣ(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)1感2听3让4看半帮助此句型的特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词,形容词,不定式,动名词,分词,介词短语等。1.Thewarmadehimasoldier.2.Newmethodsmakethejobeasy.3.Ioftenfindhimatwork.4.Theteacheraskthestudentstoclosethewindows.5.Isawacatrunningacrosstheroad.基本句型六：ＳＶA(主＋谓+状)这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，动词后不可以直接接宾语，后面可以跟副词、介词短语等作状语,构成主谓状句型。常见的动词如：work,sing,swim,fish,jump,arrive,come,die,disappear,cry,happen等。如：Herunseverymorning.(时间状语)Theywereswimminginthesea.(地点状语)基本句型七：ＳＶＯA(主＋谓＋宾+状)这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词,后接宾语，宾语后面跟副词、介词短语等作状语,说明动作发生的情况，构成主谓宾状句型。例：Iboughtabookyesterday.Shelikesdancingverymuch.八:ＳＶｏＯA(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾+状)此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy,pass,lend,give,tell,teach,show,bring,send等。如：Herfatherboughtheradictionaryasabirthdaypresentyesterday.TheoldmanalwaystellsthechildrenstoriesabouttheheroesintheLongMarch.九:ＳＶＯＣA(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补+状)此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。这种句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。常见的动词有:tell,ask,advise,help,want,wouldlike,order,force,allow等。Youshouldkeeptheroomcleanandtidy.（形容词）Wemadehimourmonitor.(名词)Hisfathertoldhimnottoplayinthestreet.(不定式)Myfatherlikestowatchtheboysplayingbasketball.(现在分词)YesterdayIhadapicturetakenwithtwoAmericans.(过去分词)十：Therebe结构此句型是由there+be+主语+状语构成，用以表达存在有。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词be之后，there仅为引导词，并无实际语。Be与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如，现在有

thereis/are…过去有

therewas/were…将来有

therewillbe…/thereis/aregoingtobe...现在已经有

therehas/havebeen…可能有

theremightbe...

肯定有

theremustbe…/theremusthavebeen...过去一直有

thereusedtobe…

似乎有

thereseems/seem/seemedtobe…

碰巧有

therehappen/happens/happenedtobe…此句型有时不用be动词，而用live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive,等。活学活用【Practice】指出下面句子分别属于哪个句型。①Iwillspendthissummerholidayinthecountryside.②Inthemoderncity,therearesomeproblems,suchasairpollution,over-crowdednessandnoise.③InthecountrysideIcanenjoyacomfortableandquietlife.④There,theairisfreshandthewaterisclean.⑤Icanhearbirdssinginginthegreentrees.⑥Icanalsogoboating,fishing,andswimminginthelake.Icanalsobuysomefreshvegetablesformyparents.⑦Allthiswillbeinterestingandgoodformyhealth.⑧SoIwanttogotothecountrysideforachange.1.(S+V)_______________2.(S+V+O)_________________3.(S+V+C)____________________4.(S+V+IO+DO)_______________5.(S+V+O+C)__________________6.Therebe句型______________句子扩展练习：加时间地点，加形容词，加定语从句常用的英语句子除了基本句型的成分不变通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。Wefoundthehallfull.我们发现礼堂坐满了。Wefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteachers.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。Wefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteacherslisteningtoanimportantreport.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听一个重要报告。WefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteacherslisteningtoanimportantreportmadebyacomradefromthePeople'sDailyoncurrentaffairsinEastEurope.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听人民日报的一位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告。活学活用1：我看见我的最好朋友Lisa。我刚刚看见我的最好朋友Lisa在教室里。我刚刚看见我的最好朋友Lisa在教室里认真地复习功课。我刚刚看见我的最好朋友Lisa在教室里认真地复习今日学的功课。活学活用2：Isawflowers.当堂过手训练十种简单句翻译：我们学生可以从读书中获益很多。我刚刚看见一个出名的艺术家在公园里认真地画画。昨天我的钥匙在办公室突然消失了。前几天我的哥哥给我买了一辆新自新车。到目前为止，我的钱已经用完了。他即将前往北京度假。下周，我们学校里将有一场足球赛。我们选他当班长。他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。老板让他整天做那项工作。昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁长了一个晚上。这只小鸟每天早上在花园里唱歌特别动听。学英语最好的方法就是用心学习。你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。昨天我在街上和两个美国人合照了一张照片。拓展练习（语法填空+短文改错限时训练）一．阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。ThepolarbearisfoundintheArcticCircleandsomebiglandmassesasfarsouthasNewfoundland.Whiletheyarerarenorthof88°,thereisevidence61theyrangeallthewayacrosstheArctic,andasfarsouthasJamesBayinCanada.Itisdifficulttofigureoutaglobalpopulationofpolarbearsasmuchoftherangehasbeen62(poor)studied;however,biologistscalculatethatthereareabout20,000-25,000polarbearsworldwide.Modernmethods63trackingpolarbearpopulationshavebeenemployedonlysincethemid-1980s,andareexpensive64(perform)consistentlyoveralargearea.InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunavut65(report)increasesinbearsightingsaroundhumansettlements,leadingtoa66(believe)thatpopulationsareincreasing.Scientistshaverespondedby67(note)thathungrybearsmaybecongregating(聚集)aroundhumansettlements,leadingtotheillusion(错觉)thatpopulationsare68(high)thantheyactuallyare.Of69nineteenrecognizedpolarbearsubpopulations,threearedeclining,six70(be)stable,oneisincreasing,andninelackenoughdata.二．短文改错（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1．每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2．只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。Ibecameinterestinginplayingfootballthankstoasmallaccident.OneafternoonwhereIwasinprimaryschool,Iwaswalkingbytheschoolplayground.Suddenlyfootballfelljustinfrontofmebutalmosthitme.Istoppedtheballandkickedithardlybacktotheplayground.Toeveryone`ssurprising,theballwentintothenet.Allthefootballplayerontheplaygroundcheeredloudly,saythatIhadatalentforfootball.Fromnowon,Istartedtoplaymyfootballwithclassmatesafterschool.Iamagoodplayernow.作文高端句仿写假定你是李华，暑假在伦敦学习，得知当地美术馆要举办中国画展。请写一封信申请做志愿者，内容包括：1．写信目的：2．个人优势：3．能做的事情。注意：1．词数100左右；2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3．结束语已为你写好。_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________高考英语一轮复习基本句型与句子成分一、用单词的适当形式完成句子1．In______(conclude),parentshavetochangesomeoftheirbeliefsabouthowchildrenshouldberaised.2．Tobeagoodreporter,oneneedstobecurious,which_________(enable)onetoaskmanydifferentquestionsandacquirealltheinformationheneedstoknow.3．Due________carelessness,yourmistakesmayhaveseriousresults.4．Awomanonthebusshouted,“Ohdear“Itis______（I）”.5．Mother’sDayiscoming.I’msorrythatIamabroadandcan’tsend________(your)f