【上课用】高考英语复习之语法透析：词性转换（构词法）课件

词性转换（构词法）2022高考复习之语法透析01知识导图构词法转化法派生法动词、形容词转化为名词名词、动词转化为形容词形容词转化为副词的规律表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀变动词的前缀和后缀名词→动词water(n.水→v.浇水)动词→名词dream(v.→n.)梦想形容词→动词slow(adj.慢的→v.减慢)形容词→副词hard(adj.难的→adv.努力地)02考点精析考点一派生法在一个词的词根之前或之后加上某个词缀来生成一个新词的构词法，即称作派生法。加在词根之前的词缀叫作前缀，加在词根之后的词缀叫作后缀。一、动词、形容词转化为名词02考点精析动词转化为名词后缀­-alapprove→approval

赞成；批准.arrive→arrival

到来；到达survive→survival

幸存propose→proposal

提议；建议02考点精析动词转化为名词后缀­ion/­tion/sion/­ationexpect→expectation

期望correct→correction

改正attract→attraction

吸引discuss→discussion

讨论；辩论admit→admission

接纳；准许入学compete→competition

比赛，竞争pronounce→pronunciation

发音describe→description

描写decide→decision

决定celebrate→celebration

庆祝；庆祝会conclude→conclusion

结论invite→invitation

邀请graduate→graduation

毕业explain→explanation

解释02考点精析动词转化为名词后缀-­er/­-orread→reader读者drive→driver

司机；驾驶员announce→announcer

广播员conduct→conductor

指挥；售票员02考点精析动词转化为名词后缀­mentpunish→punishment惩罚achieve→achievement

功绩；成就treat→treatment

对待；治疗equip→equipment

装备；设备govern→government

政府argue→argument

辩论；论据02考点精析动词转化为名词后缀­ance/­enceappear→appearance出现；外貌perform→performance

表演；节目exist→existence

存在；生存prefer→preference

偏爱refer→reference

参考；查阅guide→guidance

指引；指导02考点精析动词转化为名词后缀­-ingbegin→beginning

开始­-ure/­turefail→failure

失败；倒闭press→pressure

压力depart→departure

离开；出发mix→mixture

混合；混合物expose→exposure

暴露02考点精析动词转化为名词后缀­-yrecover→recovery恢复；痊愈discover→discovery

发现其他choose→choice

选择vary→variety

多样化；种类tend→tendency

趋向；趋势02考点精析形容词转化为名词后缀­-ageshort→shortage不足；短缺­-cyaccurate→accuracy

准确性private→privacy

隐私；私密efficient→efficiency

效率；功效fluent→fluency

流利；流畅frequent→frequency

频率02考点精析­-domfree→freedom自由；自主bored→boredom

厌烦wise→wisdom

明智；智慧­-nessweak→weakness虚弱；弱点kind→kindness

仁慈；好意careless→carelessness

粗心大意tired→tiredness

疲劳形容词转化为名词后缀02考点精析形容词转化为名词后缀­thwarm→warmth温暖；热情deep→depth

深度long→length

长度wide→width

宽度strong→strength

力气；强项02考点精析形容词转化为名词后缀­y/­ty/­ityhonest→honesty

诚实difficult→difficulty

困难safe→safety

安全cruel→cruelty

残酷；残暴disable→disability

无能；伤残responsible→responsibility

责任02考点精析名词、动词转化为形容词后缀­ableaccept→acceptable

可接受的comfort→comfortable

舒适的fashion→fashionable

时髦的suit→suitable

合适的reason→reasonable

有道理的02考点精析名词、动词转化为形容词后缀­almusic→musical音乐的origin→original

最初的person→personal

个人的；私人的center→central

中央的；中心的nature→natural

自然的；天生的02考点精析名词、动词转化为形容词后缀­fuldoubt→doubtful

怀疑的forget→forgetful

健忘的harm→harmful

有害的hope→hopeful

有希望的peace→peaceful

和平的02考点精析名词、动词转化为形容词后缀­-edscare→scared

感到恐惧的confuse→confused

感到困惑的underline→underlined

加下划线的­-ingsurprise→surprising

令人惊讶的convince→convincing

令人信服的satisfy→satisfying

令人满意的02考点精析名词、动词转化为形容词后缀­ibleaccess→accessible容易取得的horror→horrible

可怕的；恐怖的terror→terrible

可怕的­iveact→active积极的；活跃的effect→effective

有效的；生效的attract→attractive

有吸引力的impress→impressive

给人印象深刻的02考点精析名词、动词转化为形容词后缀­ouscontinue→continuous不断的；持续的anxiety→anxious

忧虑的caution→cautious

十分小心的；谨慎的curiosity→curious

好奇的humor→humorous

幽默的02考点精析名词、动词转化为形容词后缀­-sometire→tiresome

令人厌倦的trouble→troublesome

麻烦的­-ytaste→tasty

美味的；可口的health→healthy

健康的wealth→wealthy

富裕的；丰富的02考点精析名词、动词转化为形容词后缀­-erneast→eastern

东方的；向东的west→western

西方的；向西的

­-ishchild→childish孩子气的fool→foolish

愚蠢的；可笑的self→selfish

自私的02考点精析形容词转化为副词的规律直接加­ly以“辅音字母加­y”结尾的形容词，变y为i再加­ly词尾为­ble/­le的形容词，去掉e，再加­y词尾为­ue的形容词，去掉e再加­lyclear→clearly清楚地great→greatly很，大大地happy→happily高兴地

heavy→heavily沉重地terrible→terribly可怕地；极度地gentle→gently轻轻地true→truly真实地02考点精析形容词转化为副词的规律词尾为ll的形容词，直接加­y词尾为­ic的形容词，加­ally特殊变化常考且易拼错的副词full→fully充分地；完全地

dull→dully迟钝地basic→basically主要地；基本上scientific→scientifically合乎科学地automatic→automatically自动地shy→shyly

害羞地

whole→wholly完全地dry→dryly/drily干燥地rudely、politely、widely、nicely、closely、fortunately、surprisingly、increasingly、hurriedly02考点精析前缀表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀dis-­agree→disagree

不同意advantage→disadvantage缺点appear→disappear消失comfort→discomfort不舒适的honest→dishonest不诚实的il-­legal→illegal

不合法的logical→illogical不合逻辑的02考点精析前缀im-­in-­polite→impolite

无礼的patient→impatient不耐烦的moral→immoral不道德的formal→informal非正式的convenient→inconvenient不方便的direct→indirect间接的02考点精析前缀ir-­regular→irregular

不规则的responsible→irresponsible

不负责任的mis-­lead→mislead

误导understand→misunderstand误解un­usual→unusual不寻常的willing→unwilling不愿意的happy→unhappy不高兴的known→unknown不出名的02考点精析后缀­lesshope→hopeless绝望的end→endless

没完没了的care→careless

粗心的help→helpless

无助的use→useless

无用的02考点精析前缀en­able→enable使能够large→enlarge扩大rich→enrich使充实；使丰富danger→endanger危及courage→encourage鼓励02考点精析后缀­en变动词的前缀和后缀weak→weaken削弱；减弱strength→strengthen

加强broad→broaden

使变宽ripe→ripen

使成熟sharp→sharpen

使尖锐wide→widen

加宽short→shorten

变短deep→deepen

加深dark→darken

使变暗hard→harden

使变硬02考点精析后缀­ifyclass→classify把……分类just→justify

证明……有理terror→terrify

使……害怕simple→simplify

简化beauty→beautify

美化02考点精析后缀­izeapology→apologize道歉emphasis→emphasize

强调memory→memorize

记住real→realize

认识到；实现commercial→commercialise

使商业化industrial→industrialize

使……工业化02考点精析考点二转化法转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法。这种构词法词形没有改变，转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。02考点精析名词→动词face(n.脸→v.面对)shoulder(n.肩→v.肩负)water(n.水→v.浇水)back(n.背→v.支持)name(n.名字→v.命名)house(n.房子→v.收藏，安置，提供住所)fuel(n.燃料→v.刺激，加强)engineer(n.工程师→v.设制；制造；改变)02考点精析动词→名词look(v.→n.)看try(v.→n.)尝试dream(v.→n.)梦想chat(v.→n.)聊天02考点精析形容词→动词empty(adj.空的→v.倒空)slow(adj.慢的→v.减慢)dirty(adj.脏的→v.弄脏)warm(adj.暖的→v.使变暖)02考点精析形容词→副词hard(adj.难的→adv.努力地)high(adj.高的→adv.高)deep(adj.深的→adv.深)wide(adj.宽的→adv.宽)02考点精析【注意】high、deep、wide用作副词时表示具体，而highly、deeply、widely表示抽象。特别区分：(1)late

adj.迟到的，later

adv.后来，

lately

adv.最近(＝recently)，latest

adj.最近的；(2)beside在……旁边，besides

除……以外；(3)hard

adj.坚硬的、困难的、努力的，adv.努力地、艰难地、猛力地、猛烈地，hardly

adv.几乎不。03方法解读如何突破词性转换？情况一从句法功能上看，厘清“修饰与被修饰”1.名词在句中作宾语时，放在冠词、形容词或形容词性物主代词之后。Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher____________(educate)．SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius,wholivedfromroughly551to479B．C.,influencedthe____________(develop)ofchopsticks.形容词性物主代词educationdevelopment03方法解读2.形容词在句中作定语时，常放在名词之前。ItwasareliefandIcametoa____________(suddenly)stopjustinthemiddleoftheroad.用形容词修饰后面的名词stopsudden03方法解读3.形容词在句中作表语时，常放在be、get、become、remain等系动词后。Atonetime,Ievenfeltmyparentscouldn'tunderstandmesoIhopedIcouldbe____________(freely)fromthem.用形容词作表语free03方法解读4.形容词在句中作宾语补足语时，其前常有使役动词、感官动词或介词with加名词或代词。AsIwalked,Ilookedup,tryingtorealizewhatmadethisdayso____________(beauty)．使役动词make之后跟复合宾语，用形容词作宾语补足语beautiful03方法解读5.副词在句中修饰动词(短语)、形容词或其他副词，还可修饰整个句子，表示状态、原因等。Thetitlewillbe__________(official)giventomeataceremonyinLondon.DadandIwere____________(terrible)worried.____________(lucky),healsohadacowwhichproducedmilkeveryday.作状语修饰谓语动词willbegivenofficially应用副词terribly修饰形容词worriedterribly副词用于句首，表示状态Luckily03方法解读6.要特别注意有使役用法的动词的分词形式用作形容词时的区别。如：amazed常修饰人的内心感受，意为“感到吃惊的”；amazing常修饰事物，意为“令人吃惊的”。Thereweremanypeoplewaitingatthebusstop,andsomeofthemlookedveryanxiousand____________(disappoint)．和anxious并列，表示人的内心活动，应使用­ed形式的形容词disappointed03方法解读情况二从“词性”变化上看，厘清“词形”的变化特点词形变化是重点，注意特殊的变化：以­e结尾的形容词变副词，需把e去掉加­ly；以­ble、­ple结尾的形容词都是去e加­y。另外需注意形副同形词。Instead，hehopesthathisbusinesswillgrow____________(steady)．Recentstudiesshowthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaks____________(regular)．使用副词steadily作状语修饰growsteadily用副词修饰谓语动词短语takeshortbreaksregularly04演练提升1.Giantssearchforplants,fisheggs,andothertreatsatthebottomoftheriverorlake,whichmakesthewater___________(cloud)．2.Icouldendeachdaywitha___________(glory)Africansunset.3.__________(hopeful),thesuccessofSanjiangyuanwillmarkthestartofagreenerfuture.4.Theexhibition,whichprovidedvisitorswithsomeknowledgeoflongstandingChinesecivilization,was___________(high)appreciatedfortheindividualityofeachterracottawarriorandtheunbe