英语介词 史上最全内容

英语介词史上最全内容一、介词的定义二、介词的类型三、介词的宾语四、介词短语的句法功能一、介词的定义介词(preposition又称前置词,是十分活跃的一个词类,可以与名词或名词性词语结合成介词短语,说明地点、方向、时间、原因、方法等,在句中主要起状语和定语的作用,也可以充当表语和补语,还可以充当主语和介词宾语。例如:Hestayedinhisseat.Anoldfarmerinthebackrowlookeduptowardstheceiling.Thestudentsareinterestedinthesubject.上述第一句里的介词in和isseat所构成的介词短语说明动词stayed的位置,第二句里的介词短语inthebackrow限定名词anoldfarmer,第三句里的介词短语inthesubject表示areinterested的范畴。二、介词的类型介词可分为简单介词和复合介词两类:(一简单介词(SimplePrepositions凡是由一个单词组成的介词都称为简单介词,例如:in,on,across,underneath等等。简单介词约有80个,其中包括一些由动词或形容词转化而成的介词,例如:except,excepting,concerning,considering,following,including,granted,pending,less,like,near,save,unlike,worth等。(二复合介词(ComplexPrepositions凡是由两个或两个以上单词组成的介词都称为复合介词。根据它们的结构,复合介词可以细分为下列三种:A副词+介词:alongwith,apartfrom,asfor,asto,outof,togetherwith,upto等。B动词(形容词、连词等+介词:exceptfor,owingto,dueto,butfor,becauseof等。C介词1+名词+介词2:bymeansof,inadditionto,incomparisonwith,onaccountof,withregardto等等。三、介词的宾语介词短语是由介词与介词宾语组成的。介词宾语通常是名词或代词(宾格;此外,还可以是副词、形容词、短语(包括介词短语、动名词短语、不定式短语、复合结构或名词性从句。(一名词或代词做介词宾语(二副词做介词宾语(三形容词做介词宾语(四短语做介词宾语(一名词或代词做介词宾语例如:Wesawyourfriendatthemeetinglastnight.Isupposedthattheoldladyintheflataboveourswasmovingthefurnitureabout.Whilewearewaitingforher,let'shavesomecoffee.Note:A介词之后的代词一般都要用宾格,但有时也用主格。例如,介词but(“除……以外”之后的代词如果在意思上与句子的主语平行,则倾向于用主格,这时的but也可以看成是连词。例如:Allbuthehadfled(=Allhadfled,buthehadnotfled.Isawnothingbuthim.B在口语中,如果动词或介词之后接两个代词作宾语,那么第二个代词常用主格。例如:Hewon'tletmywifeandIintothehouse.AlldebtsareclearedbetweenyouandI.Cas,than,but,save等连词有“准介词”之称,他们之后可接主格代词,也可接宾格代词。接主格代词时算是连词,接宾格代词时算是介词。例如:OnedayyouwillbeasoldasI/me.Youareabetterplayerthanhe/him.(二副词做介词宾语例如:Imethimayearago,sincethenIhaven'tseenanythingofhim.Wheredoeshecomefrom?Youshouldbeoutinsteadofinonsuchafineday.Note:当副词作介词宾语时,其作用相当于一个名词或代词。这类介词短语通常用来表示时间或地点。例如:untilnow(到现在,sincethen(从那时以来,inthere(在那里面,fromheretothere(从这里到那里,fromabroad(从国外等。(三形容词做介词宾语形容词作介词宾语主要见于某些固定词组,例如atworst(在最坏的情况下,oflate(近来,ofold(从前,forgood(永远,forlong(长久,ingeneral(一般说来,invain(徒然,onhigh(在高空,atfirst(最初,atleast(最少等。这些形容词本来可能接一个名词,如forlong在意思上相当于foralongtime,,但forlong已经形成了固定的词组,其中的形容词实际上已经名词化了。例如:Heisafoolat(thebest,butat(theworsthe'sacriminal.Wethoughtshe'dcomeforavisit,butitseemsshe'sstayingforgood.Thedrowningmanshoutedinvain,nobodyheardhim.(四短语做介词宾语A介词短语做介词宾语介词短语象副词一样,也可以用作介词宾语,但也有人把fromoverhisglasses里的fromover看成是一个复合介词,其中的over表示方位,from表示运动的出发点。例如:Hewaslookingatmefromoverhisglasses.Theystayedheretillaftermidnight.YoucanfindthatsortofthingnowherebutinEngland.B动名词短语做介词宾语例如:Hewastryingtomakealittlemoneybysellingnewspaper.Iamnotinapositionofcomplyingwithyourrequest.C不定式短语做介词宾语不定式短语一般不用作介词宾语,仅出现于少数几个介词之后,介词之后的不定式符号to有时可以省略。例如:Ihadnochoicebuttoaccepttheoffer.Shedoesnothingbutcomplain.Theirhousemaiddoeseverythingexcept(towashthecar.D复合结构做介词宾语例如:Hewasannoyedatyousayingthat.Youmaydependonmetobethereearly.Helayonhisbedwiththebedroomdoorshut.Note:在口语中,介词之后的动名词的逻辑主语通常用名词或代词的通格,在书面语中则用名词或代词的所有格。例如上述的第一个句子在书面语中应改成:Hewasannoyedatyoursayingthat.E名词性从句做介词宾语例如:Iamnotinterestedinwhetheryouliketheplanornot.Youhavenoideaastohowbadlyhewrites.HeisthankfulforwhatIhavedoneforhim.四、介词短语的句法功能介词短语在句中主要用作状语和定语,此外,也可以用作表语和补语,偶尔还用作主语或介词宾语。(一介词短语作状语(二介词短语作定语(三介词短语作表语(四介词短语作补语(五介词短语作主语、介词宾语(一介词短语作状语A介词短语作状语,用来修饰动词。例如:Welivequitenearmyoffice.(地点Whoknowswhatwillhappeninthefuture?(时间Thesewingmachineisworkedbyfoot.(方式We'rewaitingforthemtoarriveforlunch.(目的Heworkedhimselftodeath.(结果HeissousefultomethatIcan'tdowithouthim.(条件Withallyourfaults,Istilllikeyou.(让步Helayonhisbedwiththesunlightfallingonhisface.(伴随状语Idon'tbelieveindream.(范畴Whatcountrydoyoucomefrom?(来源Everythingdependsonwhetherheispunctual.(根据Themenwhogovernthecountryarechosenbythepeople.(行为者B介词短语作状语,用来修饰形容词例如:Hewasnotconsciousofmypresenceintheroom.Iamnotinterestedindoingbusinesswiththatfirm.Theyareproudoftheircleverchildren.C介词短语作状语,修饰副词(比较少用例如:Johnisnowsomewhereonthehighseas,andwewishhimapleasantholiday.DoyoulivehereinMiddleTown,MrJohn?D介词短语作状语,修饰整个句子例如:Onthewhole,Jackhasbeenagoodfriend.(二介词短语作定语例如:Theweatherduringthelastfewdayshasbeenperfect.Thehandsoftheclockpointedtohalfpastsix.Hehashadaquarrelwithhisfatherandlefthome.(三介词短语作表语例如:Twosoldiersarealwaysonguardoutsidethepresident'shouse.Hiswifeisamemberofmanycommitteesandisalwaysonthego.Shortdresseshavegoneoutoffashion.(四介词短语作补语例如:Thesoldierssuddenlyfoundthemselvesunderfireonallsides.Thesethingsshouldbekeptinrepair.Wewereleftwithalltherefugeesonourhands.(五介词短语作主语、介词宾语例如:Betweensixandsevenwillsuitme.(主语BeforebreakfastiswhenIdomybestwork.(主语Hewentnowhereexcepttoschool.(介词宾语五、介词宾语的转位介词宾语通常紧接在介词之后,但有时因结构、修辞等的需要,介词宾语反而位于介词之前。在口语中,特殊疑问句中的疑问词,限定性定语从句中的关系词以及不定式所带的关系代词或连接代词,通常与介词分离,使介词位于句末。A.特殊疑问句中介词宾语的转位例如:Whichclassareyouin?WhatamIsittingon?B.限定性定语从句中介词宾语的转位(介词与关系词分离时,这个关系词在口语中通常省略。例如:Isn'tthattheman(whomyoucamewith?Thelittleschool(whichweusedtogotohasdisappearedandnowthere'savastcomprehensiveschoolinitsplace.C.不定式中介词宾语的转位例如:Givemeaknifetocutthebreadwith(=Givemeaknifewithwhichtocutthebread.Iamnotsurewhichrestauranttoeatat(=Iamnotsureatwhichrestauranttoeat.Note:1.在口语中通常用who代替whom,用whom反而不自然。但是与介词连用时,只能用whom,不能用who。Whoareyouspeakingto?Towhomareyouspeaking?你在跟谁讲话?2.带介词的不定式短语相当于一个带介词的定语从句。例如“Givemeaknifewithwhichtocutthebread.”相当于“GivemeaknifewithwhichIcancutthebread.”但在口语中通常将介词移至句末。这时关系代词必须略去(即:Givemeaknifetocutthebreadwith.3.如果不定式短语前面有一个连接代词,介词通常移到句末。这种不定式短语相当于一个名词从句,连接代词不能省略。虽然可以说“Idon'tknowtowhomtogiveit.”,但口语中通常说“Idon'tknowwhotogiveitto.”在下列情况下,不论是否用于口语,介词都必须移至句末:A关系代词that引导定语从句时:ThereareseveralquestionsthatImusttalktoyouabout.B连接代词what引导名词从句时:ThisiswhatIamlookingfor.C在被动语态的结构中:Whenwefirststartedsuchsuccesswasneverdreamedof.Note:1.在被动语态结构中,句子的主语常常是介词的逻辑宾语;在某种非被动语态结构中,有时句子的主语也是介词的逻辑宾语。例如:Heisimpossibletodealwith.(=Itisimpossibletodealwithhim2.在下句中,介词与介词宾语形成相对固定的组合,因此介词与介词宾语不能分离。Idon'tknowbywhattrainhewillgo.3.有时为了强调介词宾语而将介词宾语提前到句首。TwothingsIcannotlivewithout--truthandlove.六、时间介词的省略(一表示时间的短语,如果冠有last,next,this,that以及every,some等词,它们的时间介词几乎总是省去。例如:Itrainedlastnight.ThemeetingwillbeheldnextJanuary.Haveanybodythoughtofagoodwaytospendourvacationthissummer?Iwasverybusythatday.Thedoctorcameeveryotherday.SomedayIshouldgothere.Note:1.下列各句中的时间短语均带介词:Heoughttohavebeenherebythistime.Isendyoumybestwishesonthishappyoccasion.Wehaveameetingoneveryotherday.2.在下列词序倒装的时间短语里,英国英语通常要求带有介词:Myvacationstarts(onFridaynext(=startsnextFriday.Wemet(inJunelast(=metlastJune.(二Today,tomorrow,yesterday等词分别含有this,next,last的意思,它们不带介词,直接用作时间副词。Shewrotehergrandmotheranicelongletteryesterday.Maywemeetyouatthehoteltomorrowmorningatten?(三当我们间接地提到过去或将来某个时间时,这个时间短语前面的介词在口语中通常省略。例如:(onthedayaftertomorrow(前天,(onthedayafterhisdeath(他死后的第二天。WearrivedinNewYork(intheDecemberbeforelast.Wouldyouliketodrivearoundthecitywithme(onthedayaftertomorrow?Theyaregoingtogetmarriedtomorrowweek.Shedied(onthefollowingday.(四在美国口语中,周日之前的介词on通常省略,在英国口语中偶尔也有省略现象。IusuallyleavehereFridaynightandcomebackSaturdayorSunday.(五介词for用来表示行为或状态延续的时间长短时,经常可以省略,但在正式文体里最好不省略,而当时间长度短语前有all时,for必须省去。Theperformancelasted(forthreehours.Weshallstay(fortwoweeks.Hehasbeenworkingall(theday.Note:表示时间延续长度的for用于句首或用于否定词之后时,一般不能省略。例如:Forayearwewaitedtohearwhathadhappenedtohim.Thetrainwillnotarrivefortwohours.七、介词短语的强调词某些副词可以用来修饰介词短语,起强调作用。例如:Ijustatthatmomentthoughtofit.Hemustbewellpastforty.Hehastravelledallovertheworld.Gostraightalongtheroadandyou'llfindnumber86rightattheend.Tellhimtocomeassoonafternineaspossible.八、带介词的动词有些动词能跟介词组成比较固定的短语,它们的作用相当于一个及物动词,在它们之后需要接一个宾语。在意义上这个宾语可以看成是这个“及物动词”的宾语,但在语法上,这个宾语应是介词宾语。例如:Hisfriendsrefusedtodealwith(associatewithhimafterhisreleasefromprison.MrRobinsonspendsmostofhistimerunningafterhissecretary,manypeoplethinkhewillmarryher.Shecameat(attackedmelikeatiger.Note:1.动词之后带介词时,大多数介词并不影响动词的意思。2.英语中有大量的动词能与副词组成固定的短语动词,这其中的副词大部分与介词同形。试比较下列句子:Peterturnedontheboastfulyouthandstuckhim.Johnturnedonthegot-watertap.上述句子都包含这样的结构:turn+on+宾语,但第一句中的on是介词,说明theboastfulyouth与动词turn之间的敌对关系,因此on之后接的是介词宾语;而第二句中的on却是副词,它与动词构成一个短语动词,相当于汉语的“开(水龙头、灯等”,因此on之后接的是动词宾语。同样,下列第一句中的upon是介词,第二句中的off是副词:Thepresidentcalleduponthenationtoeconomiseasmuchaspossible.Theyoungcoupledecidedtocalloffthewedding.3.动词与副词结合可以形成不及物的短语动词,也可以形成及物的短语动词,及物短语动词中的副词可以与动词分离,移到宾语之后(而动词之后接介词时,介词则不能移到介词宾语之后。Mrs.Browncutupthecake(=cutthecakeupandgaveeachofusapiece.4.如果短语动词的宾语是人称代词时,副词通常移到人称代词之后。例如:Heknewhewasbeingfollowedbutcouldnotshakethem(hispursuersoff.Iforgottowindit(theclockup.九、介词性副词某些词既可以用作介词,又可以用作副词。例如:Theyclimbedupthesteepcliff.Theyclimbedupandsoonreachedthesteepcliff.Thefactorywasbytheriver.Theaccidentoccurredwhennobodywasby.从以上例句可以看出,up,by等可以用作介词,后接介词宾语。这些介词说明了介词宾语和句中另一个词之间的某种关系。在从上下文可以理解的情况下,介词宾语常可以不表示出来,因此,up,by等又起副词作用。这类副词可以称为介词性副词。Note:1.常见的介词性副词有:about,above,after,along,around,before,below,between,by,down,in,of,on,over,past,since,through,under,up,without等。2.有些介词不能转为介词性副词,如at,beside,for,from,into,of,till,to,until,with等;outof也永远是介词,转为副词时只能用out.Themanjumpedoutofthewindow.Themanrantothewindowandjumpedout.十、介词的释义和用法aboardaboard原来是指“上船”、“在船上”,后又延伸表示“上车”、“在车上”、“上飞机”、“在飞机上”等,例如:Weareaboardtheship.Hegotaboardthetrain.Shecameaboardaplane.Hewentaboardahorse.Note:aboard也可用作副词,如下例所示:Hecameaboardoftheship.aboutabout表示“在……各处”、“向……各处”、“在……周围”、“在……附近”、“在……身边”等空间位置;又引申表示“大约”、“即将”、“关于”、“从事于”等意思。A.“向……各处”、“在……各处”例如:Wewanderedaboutthecityonourfirsteveningthere.Thechildrenhadlefttheirtoyslyingabouttheroom.Thecowslipsdottedaboutthefield.Note:在英国,口语中常用about表示“向……各处”、“在……各处”。在美国口语中常用,around代替about表示这个意思,about只用于正式文体。B.“在……周围”例如:Shehasagoldchainaboutherneck.Wecouldseethehighwallabouttheprison.Note:about的这个意思只用于正式文体,一般口语中应说round或around。C.“在……附近”例如:Thestreetsaboutthecastlearefullofplacesofhistoricinterest.Thebombfellabouthere.Note:1.around常用来代替about表示这个意思,尤其是在美国英语里。2.about有时不指“在……附近”,而含有“在……里头”的意思(somewherewithinagivenplaceorarea。MrsJonesdoesnotappeartobeaboutthehouse,soIpresumeshehasgoneout.D.“在……身边”、“在……身上”例如:Doyouhappentohavehisletteraboutyou?Thereisastrangesmellabouthim.Note:介词on,with等也可以表示“在……身上”、“在……身边”的意思。E.“大约”、“近于”、“左右”例如:Ishallbehomesomewhereaboutlunch-time.Mywatchhasbeengainingabouttenminutesadayforsometime.HishouseisabouttenmilesfromLondon.Heisaboutmystatue.Note:1.介词about可以用于表示“时刻、数量、大小”等的“大约”数字或程度;表示“时刻”时,也可以说atabout,但这里的about已转化为副词。Iwoke(ataboutseveno'clock.2.在其他情况下(不是表示“时刻”时,about之前的at是不能省略的(这里的about是副词。Theysoldatabout$3ashare.3.about之前可以根据表达的需要加用其他介词。Hehasbeenintheofficeforaboutanhour.I'llgoforafittinginaboutaweek'stime.F.“正要”、“即将”例如:Theyareabouttobemarried(=Theyaregoingtobemarried.Ifeelthatsomethingterribleisabouttohappen.Note:“beabouttodosth”表示即将发生的行为,因此不需要再用表示将来时间的状语。其主语可以是有生命的,也可以是无生命的,但用“on/uponthepointofdoingsth”时,主语通常是有生命的。Wewereonthepointoftelephoningyouwhenyourtelegramarrived.G.“关于”、“对于”例如:Ihadn'theardaboutthat.Rogerisratherfussyaboutfood.Becarefulaboutthepronunciationof"quiet"and"quite"Thestoryisaboutgiants.Note:1.在某些动词之后,有时可以用of代替about表示“关于”的意思,例如speakof,tellof,dreamof等。这些短语相当于speakabout,tellabout,dreamabout。但of通常用于比较正式的文体,因此平常比较少用。Thesoldieroftendreamsabout/ofhome.2.有些及物动词与about/of连用时转化为不及物动词,行为的直接对象变成了间接对象,语义也随之发生变化。Idon'tknowMrSmithbutIknowabout/ofhim.我不认识史密斯先生,但我听说过这个人。Ireadthebook.我曾读过这本书。Ireadabout/ofthebook.我曾读过关于这本书的介绍。3.动词think后面接about或接of,意思不一样。试比较:I'vebeenthinkingabout(=consideringthequestionforalongtime.这个问题我已经考虑很久了。Suchathingisnoteventobethoughtof.(=tobebroughttomind这种事情不可思议。4.当about所构成的短语修饰名词时,about通常不能改用of或concerning。Haveyouanybooksaboutstamp-collecting?5.在口语中,“What/Howabout…?”这类句子用于表示“提议”或“提问”。例如:Whataboutgoingtherenow?Howabout(havingadrink?What/Howaboutit?(=Whatshallwedo?或Tellmemorepreciselywhatyoumean.H.“就……的特征而言”例如:It'safunnythingaboutholidays;nomatterhowlongaholidaywehave,IalwaysfeelIwantafewdaysmore.Note:在口语中常说“Hehassomethingabouthim”,意思是”他很能干(很有个性“(havingenergy,forceofcharacter,etc.,反之就“Hehasnothingabouthim.”I.“从事于……”例如:Whatareyouabout(=at?IdonotliketobeinterruptedwhenIamaboutanimportantpieceofwork.Note:1.setabout与toabout都含有“着手做……”的意思。例如:Imustsetaboutmypacking.Hewentaboutthejobhalf-heartedly.2.seeabout含有“处理”、“照料”的意思。例如:Hepromisedtoseeaboutthematter.aboveabove的原意是“在……上面”,表示地理位置,后又引申表示(地位“在……之上”,(水平、数量、质量、价值等“超过……”,此外,还含有(因为太好,以致“不可能……”、(行为、意思“不屑于……”、“不至于……”等意思。A.“在……上面”(地理空间位置例如:Theshelfshouldbesixfeetabovethelevelofthefloor.Thecastletowersabovealltheland.Note:1.above只表示一物处于比另一物更高的位置(meaningsimplythatoneobjectisonahigherlevelthantheother,不一定在正上方,它与below相对应。over则通常表示两个物体之间垂直的相对位置(tendingtoindicateadirectverticalrelationship,与under相对应。over可以用来代替above,above却不能用来代替over。例如:Thefalconsailedabovetheclouds.Abirdhoveredover/aboveus.2.over与表示运动的记号连用时,有时含有“越过”的意思,相当于across,而above却没有这个意思,它只表示运动的位置是“在……上面”。试比较:Weflewover/acrosstheSahara.Weflewabovetheclouds.3.on(upon也表示“在……上面”,但仅用于两个物体相互接触的情况下。如果两个物体没有接触,那就应该用over或above。试比较:Inhisroomthereisaclockoverthefireplace.Thereisacatontheroof.4.above有时还引申表示“在……上游”的意思。例如:Thewaterfallisabovethebridge.B.“在……之上”(位置例如:Anavy-captainranksaboveanarmy-captain.Heisabovemeinrank.Note:above与over都可以表示地位、职位“高于……”;below与under都可以表示地位、职位“低于……”;但over与under还表示“统辖”、“支配”关系,above与below则只一般地说明地位、职位的高低。因此,表示“统辖”、“支配”时,只能用over或under。C.“越过……”、“超出……”(能力、水平例如:Asascholar,heisfaraboveme.Imustconfessitisabovemycomprehension.D.“在……之上”(数量例如:Abovetwohundredpeopleattendedthemeeting.Thetemperaturewasonlyafewdegreesabovethefreezing-point.Note:表示数量“在…以上”时,above与over可以互相替用。Over/Abovefivehundredpeoplewerepresentattheceremony.E.“胜于……”、“重于……”(质量、价值例如:Healthisabovewealth.Weshouldvaluehonourabovelife.F.“无可……”、“不胜……”(因为太好、太伟大而例如:Themissingboy'sunclewasabovesuspicion.Hisbehaviourisabovepraise.Note:这里的above经常可以与beyond互相替用。G.“不屑于……”、“不至于……”(行为、思想例如:Williamisabovemeanness(=Hewouldn'teverbemean.Allthesemenarehonestandabovebribery.Note:“notabove”含有“不耻于……”等意思。例如:Ifwewanttolearn,wemustnotbeaboveaskingquestions.Heisnotabovetellingalie,ifitwillservehispurpose.H.注意下列词组的意思:1aboveall(首先,首要的是ThinkaboutwhatIhavetoldyou;aboveall,don'tbreatheawordofittoHenry.2keepone'sheadabovewater(脱离困境,摆脱债务Erown'sbusinessisnotdoingwell;heisfindingitdifficulttokeephisheadabovewater.3getaboveoneself(自高自大Hegotabovehimself.4tobeaboveoneself(兴高采烈Heisabovehimself.5abovesb'shead(过于深奥使人不能理解Thelecturewasabovetheheadsoftheaudience.6overandabove(除……之外Hegetsanumberofperquisites,overandabovehissalary.7aboveboard(光明正大There'snothingsecretaboutwhatwearedoing.It'sallperfectlyaboveboard.accordingtoaccordingto是由副词according与介词to组成的复合介词,表示“根据”、“按照”等意思。A.“根据”、“按照”例如:Dothisproblemaccordingtothewayyouhavebeenshowed.Takeonetothreetablets,accordingtotheseverityofthepain.B.“据……所说”、“如……所示”例如:AccordingtotheBible,Adamwasthefirstman.Accordingtomywatchitishalfpasttwo.Note:accordingto用作介词;而accordingas则用作连词,后接从句,意思是“根据……而……”、“按照……而……”。例如:Youmaygoorstay,accordingasyoudecide.Peopleseethingsdifferentlyaccordingastheyarematerialistsoridealists.acrossacross含有“横过”、“在……另一边”、“交叉”等意思,并上“横过”引申为“经过”(一段时间、“遍及”(整个地区。A.“横过”、“穿过”例如:Hewentacrossthestreettothebaker's.Hewalkedacrossthesquare.Note:1.along与across相对应,across表示“横过一条直线或一个平面的运动”;along则只表示“沿着一条直线的运动”。Theywalkednotonlyalongthepathsbutalsoacrossthegrass.2.across表示“横过”时,可以与over替用。Theydroveacross/overthefrontier.B.“在……的另一边“例如:Theyboughtthosethingsacrosstheriver.Lincolnwascarriedunconscioustoahouseacrosstheroadfromthetheatre.Note:1.我们可以把across与from短语搭配使用,具体表明“出发点”或“观察点”。Helivedacrossthestreetfrommyhouse.2.across表示“静止空间位置”时,意思是“在……的另一边”;along表示“静止空间位置”时,含有“沿线”、“在……的另一端”等意思。Thereisahotelacrosstheroad.Therearetreesallalongtheriverbanks.C.“经过”(一整段时间,“遍及”(整个地区例如:Icanremember,acrosstheyears.Theytravelledacrossthecountry.D.注意下列短语的意思:1come(runacross(遭遇,巧遇Theycameacrossatigerinthejungle.Anideacameacrossmymind.2getacrosssb.(引起某人的不满或反对Dr.Jameshasgotacrossseveralofhispatientsbecauseofhisbrusqueoutspokenmanner.3acrosstheboard(全体成员Itisanacross-the-boardpayrise.afterafter的基本意思是“在……之后”,可以表示时间、顺序、位置等的先后,与before相对应。此外还表示“由于”、“尽管”、“仿照”、“依照”、“追踪”、“追赶”、“追求”、“关于”等意思。A.表示时间,“在……之后”例如:Afterasoundsleep,hewentforaswim.Afteraraintheairismuchcleanerthanatordinarytime.Note:1.表示时间“已过几点”或“几点过后”,在英国多用past,在美国则用after.It'shalfafter/pasttwo.It'safter/pasttwoo'clock.2.after与具体的时间数字连用时,含有“在若干时间之后”的意思(attheendofaspecifiedperiod,动词只能用过去时态。如:我们可以说“Hecamebackafterthreeyears.”(他三年之后回来了。而当表示“从说话时间起经过若干时间之后”时,则不用after,而用in。如:Hewould(willcomebackin(不用afterthreeyears.(他将于三年之后回来。试比较:AfteralittletimeMrsPriestleyjoinedusagain.Hesaidhewouldcomeagaininafewdays.3.after也可以用作副词,与具体的时间数字连用。当表示“在若干时间之后”时,动词也只能用过去时态;如果副词after单独使用,动词的时态则不受限制,这时的after相当于later或lateron。Hefellillon(uponMondayanddiedthreedaysafter.(=afterthreedays=threedayslaterWecandothatafter(=later=lateron.4.副词later与具体的时间数字连用表示“经过若干时间以后”时,时间起点可以是过去或将来,但不能是现在。如我们只能说Ishallseeyouinaweek.而不能说Ishallseeyouaweeklater.Icalledon(uponhimon25July,andcalledagainaweeklater.Ishallcallonhimon20October,andshallcallagainaweeklater.B.表示顺序,“在……之后”(behindinplaceofposition;(名望、地位“次于”、“亚于”(belowinrankorexcellence;“跟着”、“接着”(following,behind例如:TheycametoEnglandafterus(laterthanwedidYournamecomesaftermineinthelist.MiltonisusuallyplacedafterShakespeareamongEnglishpoets.wedrovemileaftermilethroughopenmoorland.Note:1.表示位置“在……之后”时,用behind比用after更为普通。Thesunwasbehind(hiddenbytheclouds.Theboywashidingbehindatree.2.behind可以由表示位置的“在……后面”引申为“落后”、“不如”等意思,而after则不能。同样地,当after表示时间、顺序“在……之后”时,也不能代替behind。Thetrainwasbehindtime.Thecountryisfarbehinditsneighbours.C.“后果”、“结果”after还可以由上述的“在……之后”、“经过……以后”引申出某种“后果”、“结果”的意思。A“鉴于”、“由于”、“因为”(asaconsequenceof,asaresultof,becauseof例如:Youmustbefeelingtiredafterthatlongwalk.Idislikehimafterhistreatingusthus.B“尽管……但……”(inspiteof例如:Afterallmyadvice,hestillwenthisownway.Afterallmycareinpackingit,theclockarrivedbroken.Note:afterall单独用作状语时,有两种解释:1.“不管怎么样”、“到底”、“毕竟”等(inspiteofHefailedafterall(inspiteofallthathadbeendone.Afterallitisnotsohardasitlooks.2.“切记”、牢记“(ItmustberememberedthatIknowhehasn'tfinishedthework,butafterallheisaverybusyman.Whyshouldn'tsheeatthecake?Afterallshebakedit.D.“仿照”、“模仿”例如:Theseshipsarebuiltafterthesamemodel.Thepaintingisafterthegreatmaster.E.“依照”、“与……相一致”例如:Itisajobafterhisownheart.(=ofthekindheverymuchlikesTheboywasnamedSamuelafterhisuncle.H.“追赶”、“追求”、“追踪”例如:Theboyracedafterthebutterfly.Whatareyouafter?Theystartedaftertheenemyinhothaste.Note:1.在call,shout等动词之后接after时,含有“唤起某人注意”的意思(attemptingtoattractattention。例如:Ishoutedafterhim,butapparentlyhedidnothear,forhestillwenton.2.在某些动词(如seek,search,yearn,long等之后。可以接after,也可以接for,同样表示“寻求”的对象、目的(toshowtheaimorobjectofcertainactions,但for比after普通。例如:Wesearchedafter/forthelostkitten.Heyearnedafter/forhisson.3.lookafter与lookfor有语义上的差别,试比较:WillyoulookaftermyhousewhileI'maway?我不在的时候,请你照看一下我的家好吗?HewenttoAustraliatolookforgold.他到澳大利亚去寻找金子。I.“关于”例如:MrsJacksonaskedafteryouandthechildren.Heinquiredafteryourhealth.againstagainst可以表示“朝着”、“逆”、“反抗、反对”、“违反”、“倚靠在……上”、“撞在……上”、“在……对面”、“以……为背景”、“与……对比(对照”、“预备”、“预防”等意思。中心意思是“对立”。A.“朝着”、“对着”例如:Stopknockingthestickagainstthefence.Therainbeatsagainstthewindow-panes.B.“逆”例如:Itishardtoswimagainstthecurrent.Theysailedagainstthewind.Note:against表示方向的“对立”时,与with相对应。例如:Soundwavesgofasterwiththewindthanagainstthewind.Itismucheasiertorowwiththecurrentthanagainstit.C.“反抗”、“反对”例如:Istherealawagainstspittinginthestreetsinthiscountry?Note:1.在对某人某事表示反对或赞成时,against与for相对应。这里for的意思是infavourof。Areyoufororagainstthemotion?2.在对处于冲突或竞争状态的双方中的一方表示反对或支持时,against与with相对应。这里的with的意思是onthesamesideof。Areyouwithusoragainstus?3.against在与fight连用、表示“跟”、“同”(……竞争、对抗时,可与with互相替用。试比较:GreatBritainfoughtwith/againstGermanyintwowars.GreatBritainfoughtwith(onthesideofFranceagainstGermany.4.against有时引申为“对……不利”。Thingshavecomeoutagainstus.D.“违反”例如:Smokingisagainsttheschoolrules.Hediditagainsthiswill.E.“倚靠在……”例如:Herestedhisbicycleagainstthewall.Hestoodwithhisbackagainstthedoor.Note:动词lean之后有时接against,有时接on(upon。如果依靠在某一侧面上,通常用against,但也可以用on;如果是倚靠在某一平面上,则只能用on。例如:Heleanedtheladderagainst/onthewall.Heleanedhiselbowsonthetable.F.“与……相碰或相撞”例如:Hehithisforeheadagainstthekerbwhenhefell.AsIgropedmywaythroughthedarknessoftheroom,Iknockedagainstachair.G.“在……对面”例如:Againstthelaboratorystandsawatertower.实验室对面有一座水塔。Helivesoveragainsttheschool.他住在学校对面。H.“以……为背景”,“在……的衬托下”例如:Thehouselooksveryprettyagainstthewhitesnow.Thebeautifulvillastoodoutagainsttheslumssurroundingit.I.“与……对比”、“与……对照”例如:Fourstudentshavepassedthisyear'sexaminationagainstthreeoflastyear.3against0.Note:as可以与against连用,表示“对比”、“对照”。例如:Thebusinessdonethisyearamountsto￡2,000asagainst￡1,500lastyear.J.“防备”,“预防”例如:Shealwayshadaroomreadyagainstthearrivalofunexpectedvisitors.Wemusttakeprecautionagainstfire.alongalong可以表示“沿着一条直线在水平方向上的运动”,也可以表示“在沿着一条直线边上的地理位置”,有时还含有“在……的另一端”的意思。A.“沿着”、“顺着”----处于作为along的宾语的“道路”、“河流”等之中(inthedirectionofthelengthof例如:Agoodwalkbytheseaoralongthecliffeverydaywoulddoyouaworldofgood.Ourboatmadeherwayalongtheriver.Note:1.along与“运动的动词连用,通常表示沿着一条直线在水平方向上的运动,与across相对应。2.up与down通常表示沿着垂直方向向上或向下的运动,但up与down也可以转用于水平方向的运动,这时,up与down实际上等于along。3.along可以跟here或there连用,表示朝着这个方向或那个方向(inthisorthatdirection。Heiswalkingalonghere.Itflewalongthere.----处于作为along的宾语的“河流”或“道路”的近旁。(inalinenexttothelengthof例如:Helivesalongthestreet.Farmhousesweretobefoundhereandtherealongtheriver.Note:along可以表示“在沿着一条线的某些地方”,也可以表示“沿着整条线”(fromoneendtoanotherofthelengthorofanypartofthelength。但为了明确表示“沿着整条线”,along通常与副词all连用。例如:Therearetreesallalongtheriverbanks.Thereweremuddyfootmarksallalongthecorridor.B.“在……的另一端”例如:Thereisabankalongthestreet.Note:表示在一条线的中部时,可以用halfwayalong…这样的结构。例如:Halfwayalongthestreettheystopped.alongsidealongside的意思是along和beside两者的结合,含有“在……旁边”,“与……一起(并肩”,“横靠”等意思,此外还引申为“与……比较”的意思。A.“在……旁边”、“与……一起(并肩”、“横靠”(sidebysidewith。例如:Thedogranalongsidemealltheway.It'sapleasuretoworkalongsidesuchmen.Note:alongside经常与of连用,但这时它成了副词。例如:Thedogtrottedalongsideofus.B.“与……比较”(incomparisonwith例如:Hisworksaresecond-rateproductions,alongsidethoseofsomeofhiscontemporaries.alongwith这里的along实际上是副词,with才是介词,但在许多情况下,alongwith结合得很紧密,起着一个复合介词的作用,意思是“与……一道(一起”、“连同……”(inthecompanyof,togetherwith。例如:Hewentonthedangerousjourneyalongwithhistwofriends.Putthisletterinthefile,alongwiththeothers.Note:在口语中常说“Get/goalongwithyou.”意思是“滚开”或“我不相信你的话”。这里的along是一个独立的副词,与动词get/go组成一个意群,不同于前面论述过的复合介词alongwith。amid(stamid也可以写成amidst,意思是“在……当中”、“在……中”(inthemiddleof,among。例如:Heperseveredamidstallthesedifficulties.Thecurtainfellamidst(=intheaccompanimentofthecheersoftheaudience.Note:1.amid(st多见于文学用语。在英国口语中,amidst比amid常见,在美国口语中情况正好相反,即amid比amidst普通。2.amidst跟amongst一样,可以指“在某一数量不定的群体之中”(applytoanindefinitenumberofobjects。但amidst可以与物质名词或抽象名词连用,而amongst则只能与复数的名词或代词连用,试比较:Amidst/Amongsttheflowerstheroseisqueen.Theywalkedamid(stthesnow.among(stamong也可以写成amongst,为了声音的和谐或句子的韵律,有时用among,有时则用,在美国通常用。含有“在……的包围中”、“在……之中(之间”等意思,并引申为“其中之一”、“在……中间分配”、“通过……的联合行动”等意思。A.“在……的包围之中”、“在……之中”、“在……之间”例如:MyhomeisamongthemountainsofSwitzerland.Themotherissittingamongherchildren.Note:1.among(st跟动词连用时,表示“从……中间(穿过”(throughthemidstof。Hepassedamong/throughthecrowd.2.当among(st接具体物体时,有时可在among(st之前加用in。例如:Ifoundtheletterinamong