全国版高三英语专题第18讲七选五之结构衔接讲义(学生版)

T啰 _ 亨V第十八善二E迷宝三结构衔接J、、^ -7/考情先知］1试题模式：给出一篇缺少5个句子的文章，对应有七个选项，要求学生根据文章结构、内容，选出正确选项。七选五题型的阅读材料长度为300词左右，体裁以说明文为主，且结构清晰，过程完整。2考查重点：主要考查学生对文章的整体内容、结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。3选项一般分为三类：主旨句（标题类、主题句类）、过渡句（反映文章结构）、细节理解句（反映上下文逻辑关系）。4反映结构关系的过渡句占1—2题。.对于七选五题型的考查，高中三个年级在出题类型上分布差异不大。都以细节题数量最多，主旨句与过渡句均匀分布。文章体裁都是以说明文为主。.对七选五阅读材料的选择，高一、高二的选择相对简单，常见一些提建议、列举优缺点等的文章题材；高三难度逐渐增加，一些科技方面的文章增加。.高一、高二、高三都要注重培养学生对文章整体把握的能力以及逻辑推理能力。选择合适的句子填入空白处。Everyoneknowsthatfishisgoodforhealth.1Butitseemsthatmanypeopledon'tcookfishathome.Ainencanseatonlyaboutfifteenpoundsoffishperpersonperyear,butweeattwiceasmuchfishinrestaurantsasathome.Buying,storing,andcookingfishisn'tdifficult.2Thistextisabouthowtobuyandcookfishinaneasyway.3Freshfishshouldsmellsweet:youshouldfeelthatyou'restandingattheocean'sedge.Anyfishyorstrongsmellmeansthefishisn'tfresh.4Whenyouhaveboughtafishandarrivehome,you'dbetterstorethefishintherefi'igeratorifyoudon'tcookitimmediately,butfreshfishshouldbestoredinyourfridgeforonlyadayortwo.Frozenfishisn'tastastyasthefreshone.Therearemanycommonmethodsusedtocookfish.5First,cleanitandseasonitwithyourchoiceofspices(调料).Putthewholefishonaplateandsteamitinasteampotfor8to10minutesifitweighsaboutonepound.(Alargeronewilltakemoretime.)Then,it'sreadytoserve.Donotbuyit.Theeasiestistosteamit.Thisishowyoucandoit.Itjustrequiresalittleknowledge.Thefishwillgobadwithinhours.Whenbuyingfish,youshouldfirstsmellit.Thefatsinfisharethoughttohelppreventheartdisease.精讲精练)精讲精练)文章结构的分类这一考查题型对阅读理解提出了更高层次的要求，即不仅要有阅读速度，要对所读文章的主旨要义、具体信息要有所了解，尤其重要的是要掌握作者的写作意图、观点，区分出论点和论据，并且能够把握文章的写作结构和脉络层次，只有了解了这一切，才能比较准确地确定应该选择哪个选项。不过，只要了解了这种新题型所考查的要点，出题位置，在阅读文章时有意识地加强对文章写作思路和结构组织安排的理解，掌握英语文章常见的几种写作结构，对迅速增强此类新题型的应对能力还是非常有帮助的。1.描述性结构主要介绍事物、问题或倾向的特点，对人物的描述如传记，包括人身体特征、家庭背景、成长过程、个性爱好、成就贡献等内容进行描述，因此时间、地点往往是出题重点。2释义性结构解释某一理论、学科、事物，主要用例子比喻类比阐述。3比较性结构把两个人或事物功能、特点、优缺点进行对比。4原因性结构这种结构主要分析事物的成因，客观的、主观的、直接的、间接的。5驳斥性结构这种结构主要是先介绍一种观点，然后对其评论或驳斥，然后分析其优点缺点、危害性、最后阐明自己的观点。结构衔接的解题思路试题的位置不同，解题策略也不同。1.若问题在段首 1)通常是段落主题句。认真阅读该段落，根据段落一致性原则，查找相关词或者同义词，从而推测出主题句，找到答案。 2)与后文是并列、转折、因果关系等。着重阅读后文第一两句，锁定线索信号词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词。一般来说正确答案与它后面的一句话的在意思上是衔接的，所以通常情况下，这两句话中会有某种的衔接手段。3)段落间的过渡句。这时要前瞻后望找启示，即阅读上一段结尾部分，通常正确答案与上一段结尾有机地衔接起来，并结合下一段内容，看所选的答案是否将两段内容连贯起来。【即学即练】Self-Expression40Therearemanywaystoexpressthoughtsandideas—music,acting,drawing,building,photography.Youmayfindthatyourchildisattractedbyonemorethananother.Encouragekidstocookwithyou.Andwecan'tforgetscienceeducation.Wecangivekidschancestothinkaboutmaterialsinnewways.Sohowcanwehelpourkidsprepareforjobsthatdon'tyetexist?Gardeningisanothergreatactivityforhelpingkidsdevelopthisskill.Wecandothisinreallifeoraskquestionsaboutcharactersinstories.BeingabletocommunicateideasinameaningfulwayisavaluableskilL\2.若问题在段尾1）空白前的一句或两句是重点语句，重点阅读以锁定关键词。2）通常是结论、概括性语句。要注意表示总结的信号词，如therefore,asaresult,hence,thus,tosumup,toconclude,inshort,inaword等词语，选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。3）与前文是转折或对比关系。此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折、对比的关联词，同时注意选项中所讲内容是否与前文在同一主题上形成对立、对比关系。4）与前文是并列或排比关系。在这种情况下，通常是该段落要求补全说明本段主题的其他细节，因此根据段落一致性原则，在原文和选项中找到相关的特征词，通常在选项中会出现表示并列/递进关系的关联词或与前文类似的句式结构，或出现同义词等其他信号线索。前面的一句与正确答案的第一句是紧密相连的。要特别注意阅读这样相连的两句，通常会找到关键的线索词句。5）所选答案是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。6）如果第一段的段尾是空白，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。【即学即练】Eyesightplaysaveryimportantroleinourdailylife.Everywakingmomenttheeyesareworkingtoseetheworldaroundus.OverfortypercentofAmericansworryaboutlosingeyesight,butit'seasytoincludestepsintoourdailylifetoensurehealthyeyes.Herearefivesuggestionsforalifetimeofhealthyeyesight：Scheduleyearlyexams.1Expertsadviseparentstobringbabies6to12monthsofagetothedoctorforacarefulcheck.Thegoodnewsisthatmillionsofchildrennowcanhaveyearlyeyeexamsandfollowingtreatment,includingeyeglasses.ProtectagainstUVrays（紫夕卜线）.Long-termstayinthesuncreatesrisktoyoureyes.Nomatterwhattheseasonis,it'sextremelyimportanttowearsunglasses.2.Giveyoureyesabreak.Two-thirdsofAmericansspenduptosevenhoursadayusingcomputersorotherdigitalproducts.3Expertsrecommendthatpeoplepracticethe20/20/20rule：every20minutes,takea20-secondbreakandlookatsomething20feetaway.4Aspartofahealthydiet,eatmorefruitsandvegetableseachday.Vitamins（维生素）CandEhelpprotecteyesightandpromoteeyehealth.Practicesafewearandcareofcontactlenses（隐形眼镜）.ManyAmericansusecontactlensestoimprovetheireyesight.Whilesomefollowthemedicalguidanceforwearingcontactlenses,manyarebreakingtherulesandputtingtheireyesightatrisk.5Otherwise,youmayhaveproblemssuchasredeyes,painintheeyes,oramoreseriouscondition.Eatyourgreens.Eyecareshouldbeginearlyinlife.Theycanproperlyprotectyoureyes.Stayingoodshapebytakingmorevitamins.Parentsusuallydon'tcareabouttheirowneyesight.Alwaysfollowthedoctor^adviceforappropriatewear.Thisfrequenteyeactivityincreasestheriskforeyetiredness.3.若问题是一整个自然段1）承上启下是这个段落的主要任务，且自成一体，所以会有一个该段落主旨。考生可以从选项中较长的选项开始阅读，以此类推直至找到正确答案。2）着重阅读前一段结尾和后一段开头的一两句查找相关的线索，而且重要线索通常会在后一段开头，因此后一段开头往往比前一段结尾更为重要。3）分析段落之间的逻辑关系及内容的连贯性，注意段落间的衔接手段。将选项代入原文，如果前后内容连贯，符合逻辑，就能得出正确答案。【即学即练】AfunwaytobuildyourchildsimaginationWritingisoneofthemajorformsofcommunicationaswellasagreatwaytoexpressourselves.Creatingastorybookwithyourchildisafunwaytointroducehertocreativewriting.Youwillalsogettospendafewhoursofqualitytimetogetherandtheendresultwillbecomeafamilytreasureforyearstocome.\Youcandrawpicturestogether,ormakeacollage（拼贴画）outofoldphotosandmagazinecut-outs.Ofcourseyoucanalsoaddstickersoranythingelseyoucancomeupwith.2Theideaistocomeupwithastoryandwriteitdowninthenotebook.Ifyourchildhasnevermadeupastory,shewillneedsomeguidanceandhelpfromyou.Thinkaboutwhatsheisinterestedinrightnow:dogs,dinosaurs,ballet,charactersfromaparticularbookorTVshow,etc.Askyourchildtonamethemaincharactersandencouragehertodescribewhattheylooklike,whatclothestheyarewearingandwheretheyare.Yoifllbesurprisedathowquicklyshewillcomeupwithastorylinefromthere.3Ifyourchildisoldenoughtowrite,haveherwritethestoryherselfasyougoalongcreatingit.4Ifsheistooyoungtowrite,youshouldwriteitdownforher.5Startyournextcreativewritingbyreadingsomeofthestoriesyouhavealreadycreated.Allowyourchildtodecideeithertocontinuewiththesamesetofcharactersortocomeupwithsomenewones.Beforelongyouwillhaveanentirebookofstoriesthatyouwillbothtreasureforalongtime.A-Havefundecoratingorillustratingthestory.Encourageheralongtheway.Butlefsstartatthebeginning.Getkidstostartwritingatyoungage.Offertotaketurnsifsheisstillnewatwriting.Givekidsfreedomtowritethestoryinherway.Allyouneedisanotebookandapentowriteastory.4.小结简单来说，解答七选五题型最主要的两个步骤就是：1）理清文章的逻辑和结构。2）在所给的原文中找出关键词或者说是线索词。文章的整体思路能帮助你在答案中筛选出符合逻辑的选项，关键词则能帮助你确定更多的细节，排除相近的选项。这些技巧多练练就能熟能生巧。弋二〜演练方阵一］根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选。RulesoftheRoadforTeenDriversWhenyourteengetsadriver'slicense,itsimportanttosetsomerulesoftheroadbeyondtherelevantdrivinglaws.Byclearlydefiningyourexpectationsbeforeyouhandoverthecarkeys,you'llreducetheriskoffrustrating（使人沮丧的）conflicts,costlycrashes,andotherproblems.]Therulesyouestablish（制订）maycoverawiderangeoffactorssuchasseatbelts,passengersanddealingwithdistractionslikecellphones. 2Itswisetoprohibitmultitasking（多任务处理）whilesittingbehindthewheel,whetherit*stextmessaging,makingphonecalls,oroperatingaGPSorMP4player.Giveyourteenalternativestothesebadhabits,likepullingintoaparkinglottoanswerandmakecallsandplottingdirectionsbeforeleavingforanunfamiliarplace.3ManystatesofAmericarestrictthenumberoragesofpassengersthatteenscanhavewhentheyfirstgettheirlicenses.Learntherulesinyourstateandconsideraddingothers,basedonyourchildsdrivingexperienceandthedrivingsituationslikelytooccur.Youmightwanttostartbyprohibitingyourteenfromdrivingwithpeers,andthenIoosening（放松）therestrictionasyourteengainsexperience.45Itcanleadtopotentiallydeadlycrashes,costlyticketsandsoon.Makesureyouryoungdriverisawarethatheorsheisresponsibleforpayingspeedingticketsandanyinsuranceratehikestheycause.A.Thefollowingaresomeiulesyourteensshouldobey.Trytoinvolveyourteenintheprocessofcreatingtherules.What'smore,you'Hfeelmoreconfidentaboutyourteen'ssafety.D.Youshouldneverallowyourteendrivertotalktostrangerswhiledriving.E.Makesurethatyourteendriverunderstandstheconsequencesofspeeding.F.Butremember:themoreteenpassengersinthecar,thegreaterthecrashrisk.G.Andbesuretosetagoodexampleinthewayyouhandledistractionswhiledriving.BAfewyearsago,Iwantedtodosomethingspecialformybirthday.IrememberedhowmyparentsgavemeaveryspecialtreatwhenIwasachild.Ineverenjoyedbigparties,sotheydecidedtocelebratemybirthdaybyorganizingapartyforthelocalorphans（孤儿）.JWiththosememoriesinmind,tendaysbeforemybirthdayIplacedanorderforahugecakewithlovelydecorations.IalsoaskedforadaysleavefromtheofficewhereIworked.Thereitwas!Ahugecakewithbeautifuldecorations!Ifeltlikeakidmyself!Iboughtsomeotherfoodtogowiththespecialcake.Thensmilingbroadly,Idrovetoanorphanage（孤儿院）.Thereweretwodifferentbuildings:anorph