欢迎考研马拉松老师题源报精读第五课

Demographershaveknownforsometimethatthenumberofpeople surpassthenumberinChina,thetwomostpopulouscountriesintheworld.Buttheydidnotanticipatethatthechangewouldhappensoquickly.TheUnitedNationsreportedonWednesdaythat’spopulationwillprobablysurpassChina’sby2022,not2028,astheorganizationhadforecastjusttwoyearsago.Inits2015revisionreport,thepopulationdivisionoftheUnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairssaidChina’spopulationwasnow1.38billion,comparedwith1.31billion .Butinsevenyears,thepopulationsofbothareexpectedtoreach1.4billion.Thereafter,thereportsaid,’spopulationwillgrowfordecades,to1.5billionin2030and1.7billionin2050,whileChina’sisexpectedtoremainfairlyconstantuntilthe2030s,whenitisexpectedtoslightlydecrease.Overall,thereportsaid,theworld’scurrentpopulationof7.3billionisexpectedtoreach9.7billionby2050,slightlymorethanthe9.6billionforecasttwoyearsago.Thenumbercouldreach11.2billionby ofthecentury.Muchoftheoverallincreasebetweennowand2050isexpectedinhigh-countries,mainlyinAfrica,orincountrieswithlargepopulations,thereportHalfthegrowthisexpectedtobeconcentratedinjustninecountries:,Nigeria,Pakistan,theDemocraticRepublicofCongo,Ethiopia,Tanzania,theUnitedStates,IndonesiaandUganda.Bycontrast,thepopulationsof48countriesareexpectedtodeclineinthatperiod,mainlyinEurope,becauseofaslowdowninfertilityratesthatstarteddecadesago.Thereportsaidseveralcountriesfacedapopulationdeclineofmorethan15percentby2050,includingBosniaandHerzeina,Bulgaria,Croatia,Hungary,Japan,Latvia,Lithuania,Moldova,Romania,Serbiaand Amongthe10largestcountriesbypopulation,oneisinAfrica(Nigeria),fiveareinAsia(Bangladesh,China,,IndonesiaandPakistan),twoareinLatinAmerica(BrazilandMexico)oneisinNorthAmerica(theUnitedStates),andoneisinEurope(Russia).Amongthese,Nigeria’spopulation,currentlyrankedseventhlargest,isgrowingthefastest,anditisexpectedtosurpassthepopulationoftheUnitedStatesby2050,whichwouldmakeittheworld’sthirdmostpopulouscountry.Thepopulationrevisionreportalsoincludedsomenotablefindingsonaging.Thenumberofpeople80orolderisprojectedtomorethantripleby2050andincreasemorethansevenfoldby2100,thereportsaid.In2015,28percentofallpeople80andolderlivedinEurope,butthatshareisexpectedtodeclineto16percentin2050andto9percentby2100,asthepopulationsofotherareasincreaseinsizeandgrowolder.Therevisionreportconfirmedthatsubstantialimprovementsinlifeexpectancyhavebeenmadeinrecentyears.Globally,lifeexpectancyhasrisento68yearsformenand73yearsforwomenin2010-15,from65yearsformenand69yearsforwomenin2000-05.Thehighestlevelsoflifeexpectancyin2010-15areinHongKong,followedbyJapan,Italy,Switzerland,Singapore,Iceland,Spain,AustraliaandIsrael.Globally,thereportsaid,lifeexpectancyisprojectedtoriseto77yearsin2045-50and83yearsin2095-2100,from70yearsin2010-15.ThepopulationestimatesandprojectionsfromtheUnitedNationsareanimportantbenarkforglobaltrends,aswellasforhelprovidedemographicdatatocalculatemanyotherimportantindicators,includinghealthdata,aroundtheworld.high-fertilityrevisionn.校 beprojectedto预 arkn.标 demographicadj.人口方面预测的2028年。达到17亿，而口数量则有望保持平稳，并且从2030年始小幅下降。量有望下滑。报告称，到2050年，部分国家15%以上的人口跌幅，其中包括波斯尼亚口数量将增长三倍以上，到年将增长七倍以上。年，80岁及以上的人群中有28％居住在欧洲，但随着其他地区人口数量的增长及化的加重，预计到年和年，居住在欧洲的80岁及以上的人群占比将分别下降至16％和9％。2010—2015，是人类平均最长的地区，紧随其后的是、意大利、瑞 年的岁延长 第9篇-交通类（选自《时代》2011年5月OnApril5,LucianoDucci,themayorofCuritiba,Brazil,boardedtheworld’slargesturbanbusonitsinauguralrideacrosstown,markingyetanothercoupforthecity’stransportationsystem.Poweredexclusivelybybiofuels(madefromsoybeans),the92-ft.-long(28m)megabuscancarry250passengersatatimeandmakesjustfourstopsalonga6-(10km)route.Withaprojectedfleetof24vehicles,thesystemwillferryaageof25,000peopleperday.Curitibamaybetheoriginalsmartcity.Intheearly1960s,itwasdbysprawlandcongestion.ArchitectJaimeLernerrespondedwiththeCuritibamasterplan,anurban-designstrategywhosecenterpiecewasanaffordableandefficienttransportationsystem.Adoptedin1968,themasterplanbecamethecornerstoneofCuritiba’sdesign—andLernerwentonto emayor.Oneofthehallmarksofthecityisitspublic-privatepartnerships.Inthe1970s,forexample,Curitibawasfastapproaching1millionresidents,thetypicalthresholdforinstallingasubwaysystem.However,thepricetagwasanunaffordable$300million.Lernerpresentedtheprivatesectorwithauniquesolution:withthe ernment,buildarapidbussystemthatwouldhavealltheamenitiesofasubway—speed,reliability,affordabilityandfrequency.Companieswouldinvestinthefleetofbuses,andtheernmentwouldcharttheitineraries.Theresult—thebusrapidtransit(BRT)network—becametheworld’sfirstmetronizedbussystem.Morethan2.3millionpeopleperdaynowtravelonit,andCuritibahasthelowestlevelofatmosphericpollutioninAtleast83citiesworldwidehavecopiedCuritiba’sBRTsystem.Asruralpopulationsrushintourbanareas,thechallengesthousandsofcitiesfacearecongestionandtraffic.InChinaalone,350millionpeoplewillmigratefromvillagestocitiesby2030.InGuangzhou,oneofthefastest-growingcitiesinChina,theBRTsystemcarries800,000passengersadayandhascuttheaveragecommutingtimeinhalf.MajorcitiesintheU.S.arealsopayingattention.OnApril15theChicagoTransitAuthorityapproveda$1.6milliongranttoexploreintroducingaBRTsystemalongWesternAvenue.OnecanonlyhopethatNewYorkCitywillmakeasimilarmove.TheWorld’sSmartestCuritiba’sbusysystemactuallyresemblesasubway,withexclusivetransitlanes,prepaid-ticketcountersandbussensorsthatcommunicatewithsmarttrafficlights,allowingbusestomovealongatcontinuousspeeds.ChinaHeavytrafficisendemicintheMiddleKingdom.That’swhyfast-growingcitieslikeGuangzhouareadoptingtheBRTsystemtocarryhundredsofthousandsofpassengersadaymorequickly.WasteNot,WantPublic-privatepartnershipsmakethingsworkinCuritiba,whereyoungchildrenaretaughthowtoseparategarbagefromrecyclablesandthengohomeandteachtheirparentshowtottoo.coupn.妙计 biofueln.生物megabusn.超级巴士ferryvt.运送 bedby被……所困sprawln.蔓生hallmarkn.标志pricetag价格grantn.拨 transitlanes车 syndromen.综合endemicadj.行成为当地城市交通系统的另一重大举措。该车由生物(大豆制成)提供动力，92装费。①勒纳向私营部门提出了一个独特的解决方案:和一起合作，建立一个快速千个城市着拥堵和交通问题。2030年，仅中国就将有3.5亿人口从农村迁移至城市。广10-心理与生物类（20135月TheBonoboandtheAtheistandHowAnimalsGrieveshowthatwemustbecarefulwhenstudyinganimalstolearnabouttheoriginsofhumantraitsandbehaviours.Wheredoesmoralitycomefrom?ThroughoutthehistoryofWesterncivilisation,thinkershaveusuallyansweredeitherthatitcomesfromGod,orelsethroughtheapplicationofreason.ButinTheBonoboandtheAtheist,primatologistFransdeWaalarguesthatthere’sanotheranswerthatfitsthedatabetter:moralitycomesfromourevolutionarypastasasocialprimate.Likeourclosestrelativestheapes,humansevolvedinsmall,tightlyknit,cooperativegroups.Asaresult,againliketheapes,weareexquisiysensitivetooneanother’smoods,needsandintentions.Thiswell-developedempathyprovidedthetrellisonwhioralitylaterflowered.DeWaal,whoisbasedatEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,hasbeenmakingthiscaseeloquentlyformanyyearsandoverseveralbooks,notablyinGoodNaturedbackin1997,andinPrimatesandPhilosophers,12yearslater.Inhisnewwork,hebolsterstheargumentbydrawingonalotofnewresearch,carefullyfootnotedforthosewhowanttodigdeeper.DeWaaldistinguishestwodegreesofmorality.Thefirsthecalls“one-on-onemorality”,whichernshowanindividualcanexpecttobetreated,andthesecond“communityconcern”,alarger,moreconceptthatextendstotheharmonyofthegroupasaChimpsandbonoboscertainlyhavetheformer—theyrespectownership,example,andexpecttobetreatedaccordingtotheirplaceinthehierarchy.ButdeWaalpresentsseveralexamples—suchasachimpstepintostopafightbetweentwoothers—thatsuggestthattheyalsohavearudimentaryformofthelatter.Thebook’stitle,incidentally,drawsonbonobosbecausetheyaremorelikelythanchimpstobehavemorally,tohaveconcernforeachother,tovalueharmonyandsoon.This,imagines,deWaal,issomethingmorallyinclinedatheistswouldwanttoemulate.Ifhumansinheritedmoralityfromourancestors,though,whatarewetomakeofreligion?HeredeWaalmovesintoterritoryhehasnotexploredbefore.Clearly,religionmustdosomethingimportant,sinceeveryhumanculturehasit.Butinsteadofreligiongivingusmorality,deWaalturnsthetables.Morality,heargues,probablygaveusreligionasawayofreinforcingthepre-existingcommunityconcern.Ifhe’sright,thentheremaybenoabsolutecodeofrightandwrongouttheretobediscovered.Instead,eachindividual’sevolvedsenseofempathyandconcernforthegroupmayhelpshapethegroup’sconsensusonwhatkindofbehaviourisappropriate.Inshort,saysdeWaal,moralitymaybesomethingweallhavetoworkouttogether.It’sapersuasiveargument,anddeWaal’scautiousandevidence-basedapproachisonethatmanyNewScientistreadersaresuretofindcongenial.“Individualempathyandconcernforthegroupmayshapeconsensusonwhatbehaviourisappropriate”Thatcarefulapproachislessevidentinanotherbookcoveringsomeofthesameground.InHowAnimalsGrieve,anthropologistBarbaraKingsetsouttoexplorethequestionofwhethernon-humananimalsgrievefortheirdead.It’sanintriguingquestion,butunfortunayKing’sbookislargelyasuccessionofa