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自上而下的阅读模式在初中英语阅读教学中的应用独创性声明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果,尽我所知,除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成••蠢果,也不包含本人为获得内蒙古师范大学或其它教育机构的学位‘',,1或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示感谢。签名:献。娼觚日期:∥。1年<月}7日关于论文使用授权的说明本学位论文作者完全了解内蒙古师范大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定:内蒙古师范大学有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘,允许论文被查阅和借阅,可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文,并且本人电子文档的内容和纸质论文的内容相一致。保密的学位论文在解密后也遵守此规定。签名:氓韵歹峙师签名:彳岛矽日期:矿,,年厂月f7日•内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文中文摘要随着现代社会的发展,英语作为一门语言己成为一种工具。为了能与人更好的相处,我们应该得到更多的信息,而阅读是一个最好的方法。它能给学习者提供重要和足够的语言输入。“自上而下"的阅读模式可以有效的帮助大学的学生在课堂中轻松的完成与读训练,但在初中英语中的应用研究还比较少。本篇论文是为了研究中国初中学生使用“自上而下”的阅读策略的情况和训练效果而构思的,文中的实验也是为了了解初中生使用“自上而下”阅读模式而进行的尝试研究。1976年Goodman(古德曼)提出了“自上而下"的阅读理论。他认为阅读是“心里猜测游戏”,就是主动的“猜测一证实"的活动。它是一种阅读对象与阅读者之间相互作用的过程。《英语课程标准》指出:阅读教学的目的是培养学生阅读策略,培养语感,特别强调培养学生在阅读过程中获取和处理信息的能力。如何有效地提高学生的英语阅读理解能力、提高阅读技巧是摆在每位英晤教师面前的一项重要任务。阅读理解是中学英语教学的侧重点,是各单元教学的核心。中学英语阅读课程应当有意识地运用与阅读相关的理论来指导学生的阅读模式,帮助学生建立正确的阅读模式,以提高学生对阅读材料的正确理解。本文将“自上而下”阅读模式运用到了初中英语阅读教学中并通过实验进行了英语阅读教学的研究:实验对象为吗海市普通中学初中二年级两个班的学生,其中一个为实验班另一个为普通班。实验将分别对这两个班的学生采用自上而下的英语阅读模式和传统的阅渎训练方式,进行对比研究。实验时间为~个完整的教学年,在实验中主要采用阅读测,可行性ABSTRACTWiththedevelopmentofmodemsociety,Englishasaforeignlanguagehasbecomeat001.Inordertogetalongwellwithpeople,weshouldgetmoreinf.ormation,whilereadingisoneofthebestmethod.ItcangiVeleamerstoprovideimportantandenoughlanguageinput.¨Top'down¨readingmodelcaneff色ctivelyhelpuniVersitystudentsinarelaxedclasswithtraining,butinjuniorhi曲schoolreadingEnglishapplicationresearchalsoless.ThispaperistostudyChinesejuniormiddleschoolstudentstouse¨top—down”readingstrategies,thepaperexperimentisalsot拶ingtounderstandmiddle。schoolstudentsuse”top—down¨modeIofreading.1976Goodman(Goodman)putforwardthetheo巧of"top—down¨reading.Hethinksthatreadingis”conjecturedthatgame¨,namely¨guess—connrmedtheinitiative¨.ItisakindofobIjectandthereadertoreadtheinteractionprocess.The‘‘Englishcurriculumstandard''pointedout:thepu叩oseofteachingreadingistocultiVatestudents'readingstrategies,withpanicularemphasisontrainingstudents'languageinthisitiontiVelyiprehensasksforemphasihemiddldconscidethesteprocessoandprocesmproVestuionandreaeachteachsisthecoreschoolEnouslyandrudents'refreadingsingcapadents'Endingsk-lerinthemeofteachglishreaeadingreadingpatinf.omatcity.HowgIishrealsareimpiddleschingandledingcourlatedthetem,helpionacqutoeffecdingcomortantI001.Theaming.Tseshoul09toguistudentageinthisitiontiVelyiprehensasksforemphasihemiddldconscidethesteprocessoandprocesmproVestuionandreaeachteachsisthecoreschoolEnouslyandrudents'refreadingsingcapadents'Endingsk-lerinthemeofteachglishreaeadingreadingpatinf.omatcity.HowgIishrealsareimpiddleschingandledingcourlatedthetem,helpionacqutoeffecdingcomortantI001.Theaming.Tseshoul09toguistudentABSTRACTdemoebedyChpechththdemoebedyChpechththedevelopmentofmodemsocietyEnglsaforeignlanguagehasbecomeat001.Inotogetalongwellwithpeopleweshouldgeeinf.ormationwhilereadingisoneofthtmethod.ItcangiVeleamerstoprovideimantandenoughlanguageinput.Topdowadingmodelcaneff色ctivelyhelpuniVerstudentsinarelaxedclasswithtrainingnjuniorhi曲schoolreadingEnglishapplionresearchalsoless.Thispaperistostuinesejuniormiddleschoolstudentstousp—downreadingstrategiesthepaperexmentisalsot拶ingtounderstandmiddle。slstudentsusetop—downmodeIofreadinruttg.1976Goodman(Goodman)putforwardthetheo巧of"top—down¨reading.Hethinksthatreadingis”conjecturedthatgame¨,namely¨guess—connrmedtheinitiative¨.ItisakindofobIjectandthereadertoreadtheinteractionprocess.The‘‘Englishcurriculumstandard''pointedout:thepu叩oseofteachingreadingistocultiVatestudents'readingstrategies,withpanicularemphasisontrainingstudents'languageintheprocessofreadinginf.omationacquisitionandprocessingcapacity.Howtoeffec

tiVelyimproVestudentsEngIishreadingcomprehensionandreadingsk-llsareimportantIasksforeachteacherinthemiddlesch001.Theemphasisisthecoreofteachingandleaming.ThemiddleschoolEnglishreadingcourseshouldconsciouslyandreadingrelatedthe09toguidethestudentsreadingpattemhelpstudent内蒙吉师范大学硕士学位论文establishcorrectreadingschema,toimproVethestudents。readingspeed,andtostrengthenthecoITectunderstandingofthereadingmaterials.Thisarticlewilluse¨top—down¨waytojuniormiddleschoolbyreadingthroughtheteachingofEnglishreadingresearch.ExperimentalsubjectsaretwoclassesofstudentsofGradeTwoinWuHaiordina叫middlesch001.0neisexperimentalclass,andtheotherisregularclass.TheexperimentwillrespectiVelyonthetwoclassofstudentsusingatop—downEnglishreadingmodeandordina叫readingtrainingformsascomparatiVestudy.ExperimentteachingtimewilltakeawhoIeteachingterm,anditwillusepretestingandaRertestasmeasurementtocollectresearchresults.Throughtheexperiment,thestudentsinexperimentclassnotonlytheirscoreshasbeenrisenbutalsotheirleamingmotiVationhasbeeninspired,students'self二conndencehasbeenstrengthenedandlearninginteresthasbeenincreasedsignincantly.Thispaperexplored"top—down¨readingpattemoftheoreticalresearch,and向rtherconfirmedtheteachingof“top—down¨readinginjuniorhighschool,andalsocreatedef.fectiVeEnglishreadingclassroomleaming.TheBenefitsf.orjuniormiddleschooIEnglishteachingref.ormproVidesanewidea.KEYWORDS:JuniorEnglishreading,¨top—down¨reading,efnciency,feasibility‘▲‘?CONTENTSI.Introduction..。...⋯.。。....。......。。.。......。⋯...。。。⋯.......⋯........。l1.1Researchbackground1.2Briefintroductionofthestudy⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯.11.3Theneedforthepresentstudy⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯.2Ⅱ.LiteratureReview.。....。......。.。...。⋯.。..。⋯..。....。...。。.....。.。....42.1Definitionsofreading⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯.42.2Relatedresearchesonreadingmodels⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯..52.2.1Relatedstudiesbyforeignresearchers..72.2.2Relatedstudiesbydomesticresearchers⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯..72.3ThestudyonTbp—downreadingteachingatHome8Ⅲ.TheoreticaIfoundationonTbp.downreadingteaching....。。..。.103.1TheDeflnitionofTIop—downreading⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯.1O3.2TheadvantagesofTbp—downreading⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯1O3.3MajorMethodsofTop—downreading⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯?ll3.3.1Activatingbackgroundknowledge⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯.?113.3.2Beforereadingstrategies⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一1l3.3.3Cultivatingability⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯113.3.4Remainactiveclassroomatmosphere⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯l2Ⅳ.MethodoIogy⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯”134.1ResearchQuestions⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯?13内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文

4.2Hypothesis⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯l34.3Subjects⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯134.4Instruments⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯..134.5Procedures⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯144.5.1Proces44.5.2Examplesofteachingtraining4.5.3SymbolicDescription:⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯l84.5.4Experiment⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯l84.5.5DataAnalysis⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯一204.5.6Findings⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯.22V.ConcIusio24Reference6Appendi。.。.。。⋯28Appendi2.0Appendix.3lAppendix0Appendix.3lAppendix4..。32Appendi32Appendi34Achlowledgement⋯⋯。⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯38⋯⋯。.IntroductionReearchbackgroundReearchbackgroundLe锄ingforeignlanguagethroughlanguageVehicleismainlyabouttogainandexchangeinfo肿ation.NowadayssciencetechnologyiswelldeVeloped;readingisobvi叫slythechiefwayfromwhichwegainandexchangemessages.ReadingisoneoftheimponantlinksinteachingofaforeignlanguageWiththedeVelopmentofthem

ododemsocietyEnglishatoolwhichpeoplecanther.Inordertogetweshouldgetmoreinfo肿aabestway.ItgivesleaientmaterialsforlanefoundationtoimproVspeakingwritingandaSalanguagehasbecomecOmmunlcatewitheachollknownfromotherswetionofwhichreadingismersimportantandsumcguageinputanditisthestudentslisteningtranslationabilitiesOntheotherhand,studentsmustfacealltypesoftextsintheirlifewhichtheonreadingpartsisnotonlyimportantbuthasmorescores.Studentsmustdoexcellentreadingpanandtheycangethigherscore.SoinVariousgradesofEnglishtestsreadingstandsatthetopoftheworld.BecauseofthissometeachersandscholarsbegintoresearchnewteachingmethodsofEnglishreadinginordertoimproVestudentsreadingcomprehensionleveIanditisnecessaryforteacherstogiVetheproperwayofreadlngtotheirstudents12BrjefintroductionofthestudyThede6nedas‘‘constructingmeaningfromawrittentext,'processofreading,is(1996p.141).CarrellandEsdayaIsobelieVereadingisareceptlVelanguagep1.ocesslnthatitstanswithalinguisticrepresentationencodedbyawriterandendswlthmeanIngwhichthereaderconstructs.SuchdennitionshowsanimportantandactiVeroIethatreadersplayduringtheinteractjonwiththetext.Inthelast40yearsresearchersfGoodmilll196;Slnitll191;Widdowson1981983;DLlbinEskey&Grabeetal?1984)havedevelopedmo

deldelstodescribewhathappenswhenpeopleread,amongwhlcnbottom.uptop.downandinteractiVemodelsarethethreemostimponantmodeIsAebersoldandFieId(1997p.18)assertintheIealteachillgcontextwhichmodeltochoosedependsonthetypeoftext.readersbackgroundknowledgetheirlanguage内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文pronciencyleVelandeVentheirculturalbeliefSaboutEnglishreading.Basedonthebriefcommentsaboutreadingathomeandabroad,andalsobasedonthetheo巧andtop-downmodelofEnglishreading,thethesisdoaroughanalysisontheEnglishreadingability.Inthispaper,studentshadbeentrainedbydifl'erentwaysoftheEnglishreadingteaching;onef.orregularreading,theotheristhroughtop—downapproachtoreadinginstruction.Thereadingmaterialis”PentiumEnglishSpecialtrainingofnewjuniorhighschoolreadingcomprehensionofthedesign”.InordertoimprovetheirEn91.shreadingleVel,theteacherwouldtrainthe60students'readingthroughtheteachingofEnglishreadingeVeryday.Af!terasemesteroftraining,thetestscoresofmidtermand6nalexamswillbeanalyzed,theformoftheresultswillshowtheresultswhichbytwoclassesofhorizontalcontrast,aswe¨asdifrerentleVelsofComparisonoflongitudinalstudentachieVementoutcome.1.3TheneedforthepresentstudyAccAccordingtothesylfEnglishteachingatjodeVelopstudentsskkingreadingandwrisreadingisthemajorstimportantlanguagelabusin2000thegoalouniormiddleschoolistillsoflisteningspeating.Amongtheseskillone.Itisnotonlythemoskillsbutalsotheleamingskillsthatleamersshouldmaster.EnglishisleamedasaforeignlanguageinChina.AlthoughitisgiVenomcialprioritytheproblemofitstimeconsunlingandlowefnciencyhasnotbeensolVed.Especiallyforjuniormiddleschoolstudentstheylacklanguageknowledge,motiVationandreadingstrategies.TheyarestrugglinginlearningEnglishallthetime.MostofthemhaVestudiedEnglishsincetheyarepupiIsinprima巧schoolbuttheirEnglishreadingabilityisVerylow.Whenaskedthecaseoffailuretheysaythattherearetoomanyunknownwordsandthattimeissoshortthattheycantfinishthereadingcomprehensionpantsata11.Theseproblemshavecollectwithreadingability.ThereforewhetherintheoryorinpracticeitisVerysignincanttoseektheapproachestOimproVeVocationals【udenLsreadingability.ThispaperdoesnotVenturetoshowaf.ullpictureofthethreemodels,theauthorattemptstoargue,asfarasteachingreadingcomprehensionskillsisconcemed,thetop—downreadingstrategiestrainingis111【)reeff.ectiVet11anthebottom—upmodelinhelpingthejuniorschoolstudentsbecometluentandefbcientreadersinEng“sh.ThisI.Inn‘oductionpaperf.ocusesontheanalysisofusingthetop—downreadingmodelcanhelpstudentsle锄Englishreadingbetter.内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文II.LiteratureReview2.1De6nitionsofreadingAuthoritiesandexpertsonthedennitionsofreadinghaVedi妇erentviews.Seliger(1972thoughtthatcomprehensionisaninVariantconditionofreading.Read(1970)howeVerdisagreedthatreadingindispensabIinVolVedunderstandingCarroll(1970)expressedtheViewsimilartoSeligerwhenheidenti6edtheessentialskillsinreadingasgettingmeallingfIromaprintedorwrittenmessages.Inhisviewreadingistheidentificationoflinguisticf;)rmsf.romstringsofwrittenconngurationthatrepresentthemaseVidencedbproducingtheconVentionalsignsf.orthesamelinguisticforminsomeothersstemofpresentation"Ontheotherhand,readingisdennedasasequenceofcognitiVeeVents.Forexample,Harris(1966)belieVedthatreadingisthecomplexityofthereading——thinkingrelationshipandbytheprocessofreadingreaderscanleamandpracticetheaccuracofthoughtgoodjudgment,andaf.eelingofValues.FromthepscholinguisticperspectiVemostpscholinguisticstressedthatreadingwasacommunicationprocessinwhichthereaderinteractedwiththeprintthroughtheuseofpastexperienceandknowledgeofthelinguisticsystem.Althoughtherearediff.erentopinionsaboutaprecisedennitionofreading,mostoftheresearchersagreedthreepointsaboutreading:First,readingisadecodingprocess,especiallydecodingputintosound.Inthissense.readingtendstobemadeasdecodingleaderstosoundsoritisregardedasataskofidentif.yingwords.ThiskindofreadingisVisualinnatureandwhichafo门mofwordgettingbefIorecomprehensionsis.AndaIso,thisdennitiontendstoagreeonbeginninginstructionwithletters

and.words,payinglittleattentiontomeaningunt订substantialprogressindecodinghaVebeenachieVed.TheseconddennitionisIhatreadingisanunderstandingorconlprehension1)roccss.R,1isJel11iti‘)nIhclcaJcl.、、ilIu+>~cr)11alJtugcL【hc111canillgofabookoratextfromthepointofViewofauthors.However,asIrwin(1991)suggestedthatthewriterdidnotreallyconVeyideastothereadersbutonlystimulatedthellltoconstructideasoutoftheirownexperience.Thus,!!:生!!!堕!竺坠∑!!!itithasIongsincebeenrecognizedthatgettingmeaningfromtheprintedpassageistoolimitedadefinitionofreading.Bringingmeaningtotheprintedpageindicatesmoreaccuratelythereciprocalprocessbetweentheprintedsymbolsandthemindofthereader.SoreadingmLlstbeseenasconstructiVethlnklngprocessThereforethethirddefinitionismoresuitablewhichnarrowsthepurposeotreadingdowntogetthemeaningfromtextinwrittenform.EverydaywemayreaddiaerenttypesofthingsinnewspaperssuchasfIeaturereportsnewsreportscampuslifeshortnovelsstoriesadvertisementsstatisticsandletters.Readingsuchmaterialsisaprocessofscanningto矗ndtheinformationneeded.Infactnomatterwhatwereadwesometimesareinterestedinthepronunciationofwhat、vereadexceptintinyminoritvofcasesmorethanweareinterestedinthegrammaticalstructuresused?Whenweread,wewanttogetthefacts,ideasandenjoyment厅omthewriting.Whateveritiswewanttogetthemessagethatthewriterhasexpressed,andweareinterestedinwhatthewritingmeans.As、veknowthepu巾oseofthewriter'sproducingatextistoinformandthereadersroleistonndoutthispurposeandgetthetextwriter'sinf0肌ation.Hencethethirddennitiontumsouttobethemostimportantandsuitabledefinitionofreading.Itshowsthefundamentalreasonforreading.Italsoshowsthatthereader'sroIeinreadingisactiveratherthanpassiVe.Readingteachingisofcommunication,bycommunicationandforcommunication.2.2RelatedresearchesonreadingmodelsTbp.downapproachtoreadingemphasistheroleofsearchingfor‘meaning'ratherthantheroleofccode.breaking'intheinitialteachingofreading.FrankSmith(1978)andGoodmanandGoodman(1979)areassociatedwiththetheoreticalunde印inningtoapproachesfavouring‘top.down'strategiesfordecodingbaSedonpredictionandguessing.JeniRileyde6nesthestrongpointoftheseapproachesaSfollows:‘MeaningDrovidesthedvnalllo孙I.t11ew110leactivityofrcading.giVingitpurpose'(Riley;l996,p.23).However'shejoinsothercriticsofextremef.onnsofthenlodel“1poilltingoutthat?whoIereading'or‘top.down'approachesdonothelpteacherswiththesystematlcteachingneededattheinitialstages.ThisopinionisembodiedintheRoseReport(2006)w11ichreconlmendsthatreaderss110Llldbetau曲tinitiallybegillningbya11exclLIsi、7elysyntheIicphonicmethod?Later内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文thereneedstobecarefulIyplannedworkatletterandwordleVel(‘bottom-up'approach)aswellasattentiontocontextandwholetextaspects(‘top-do、)m'approach).HerearetheViewsofsomeresearchersaboutthetop—downreadingmodel:FrankSmith,ajournalisttumedreadingresearcher:Readingisnotdecodingwrittenlanguagetospokenlanguage.?ReadingdoesnotinVolVetheprocessingofeachletterandeachword.?Readingisamatterofbrjngingmeaningtoprint,notextractingmeaningfromprint.(McCornlick,T.1988)KennethS.Goodman,readingspeciaIislattheUniVersityofArizona:?“⋯thegoalofreadingisconstructingmeaninginresponsetotext⋯ItrequiresinteractiVeuseofgrapho-phonic,syntactic,andsemanticcuestoconstructmeaning.”(Goodman,K.1981).?AlthoughGoodmanisoRenreferredtoaSaleadingadVocateofthetop-down印proach,hismodeIbyhisownadmissionisinteractiVe,“⋯itisonewhichusesprintasinputandhasmeaningasoutput.ButthereaderproVidesinputtoo,andthereader,interactingwithtext,isselectiVeinusingjustaslittleofthecuesfromtextaSnecessarytoconstructmeaning.”(Goodman,K.1981)Herearesomefeaturesofatop?downapproachtoreading(GoVe1983):?ReaderscancomprehendaselectioneVenthoughtheydonotrecognizeeachword.?Readersshouldusemeaningandgrammaticalcuestoidentifyunrecognizedwords.?ReadingformeaningistheprinlaryobjectiVeofreadingratherthanmasteryofletters.1etter/soundrelationships.andwords.?ReadingrequirestheuseofmeaningactiVitiesratherthanthemasteryofaseriesofword—recognitionskills.?Theprinlaryf.ocusofinstructionshouldbeIhereadingofsentences,paragraphs,a11dwholeselections.6II.LiteratureReview2.2.1Relatedstudiesbyf-oreignresearchersGoodman(1971)thoughtthatreadingisanactiVe—guessing-a?nddle——connnnprocess,kownasthetop—oownmodel.WhilereadingthereaderSareactiVeinchoosing,experiencingpredictingconnrminganddecidingwiththeknowledgewhichthereadersalreadyhavehadandtheinf-ormationofthevisualsenseappears,ThatisapsycholinguisticguessinggameD.E.Rumelhan(1980)thinksthatreadingisaninteractiVeexchangeprocess.Itconsistsofbothbottom—upmodelandtopdownmodel.ThatistheinteractiVemodel.Butnomatterwhatmodelsthereadertakesthereadingabilitymainlydependsontheirbackgroundknowledge.AsamatteroffactWiddowson(1990)thinksthatboththereaderslanguageknowIedgeandschematicknowIedgehaVegreatef.fectontheRumeRumelhart(1977)haatheoryinwhichreadiicschematacontentsschemata.Accordingtdingfirstofallistintoonesmind.Thenrhematathatcallexplautmessagealreadystotheseschemataarefoutained.OthensetherdwhattheyreadrunderstandingofthsestablishedtheschemngismadeupoflinguistchemataandrhetoricalotheschematheoryreaoputthewordsmessageseaderssearChforthescinorillustratetheinpredintheirminds.Whenndcomprehensionisobeaderscantunderstantext.2.2.2RelatedstudiesbydomesticresearchersHuChundong(1998)pointedoutthatreadingabilityisakindofspeechab订ityofpeopleandthespeechabilityref色rstotheabilitythatanndVdualussalanguagabltoflstiiieeiiyiingspeakingreadingandwritingGenerallyEnglishreadingabilitybelongstothecategoryofspeechcomprehensionability.HediVidesreadingabilityintotheabilitytounder踺andtheworksofspeechtheabilitytounderstandthecountofthe、vorksofspeechtheabilityofcommunicationideaandtheskillsofreading.TheyarethepillarsoftheEnglishreadingabilityaSawholeDuXue7engf19961PointedoutthatEnglishreadingisacomprehensiVeab订ityandhediscussedmanyrelationsbetweenreadingandunderstanding,readingandVocabulary,readingandgrammar,readingandbackgroundknowledge,readingspeed,readinginterestetc.HealsodiscussedmanyreadingskillsinEnglishreading.Heclaimedthatonecan'tunderstandthesimplereadingmaterialswithoutlargeVocabuIary,withoutknowingthedif艳rencesbet、、.censynon)'nls。、、'ithoutbasicgramlllarkno、、7ledge.especiallyaboLItVerbs7——————•———-—————一。一!!:兰!堡!型竺竺坠竺坐一一——intheearlystagesofreadingisthemosteffectiVeandemcientway”(1999,p.254).However'withthelearnerSwhohavealreadyhadcertainproficiency'“pre'reamng,schemabu订dingtasksdesignedtohelpthemapplywhattheyalreadyknowaboutasubjectcanhelpsignificantlyinreadingcomprehension”(1999,p.268).Thus.consideredthestudents'cognitivematurityandtheleVelofpronciency,thetop。do、Vnstrate舀est豫iningseemstobemoresuitableandef琵ctiVethanthebottom。uponesincateringfortheneedsoftheChineseuniversityEFLlearnersinteachingreadingskills.Inthesecondplace,duetotheinfluenceoftraditionalgrammartranslationapproachinChineseEFLteaching,foralongtime,readingstrategiestraininghasemphasizedonthebottom.upmodehl.goTeheswaeslsluwniltphttihonbeelhiienfdbSootftgom-upmaarptprraonasclebramationmethodinthattheyallconsiderEnglishleamingaLsconstructingawaIlinwhichbricks(thesmallestlinguisticunit)arethemostimportantcomponents(Nunan1998,p.101).WiththebeliefthatnewwordsshouldbesolVedasthenrststepofreadingcomprehensioninmostChineseEFLreadingclasseseVenattheuniVersityleVelteachinglanguagepointsexplainingdi踞cultsyntacticstructurestranslatingthetextf.romEnglishintoChineseaccountformostoftheclasstime.Asuccessfultranslationbetweenthetwolanguagesisconsideredasthecompleteunderstandingoftt.DuetothisChineseEFLstudentsrechonthedictionarytounderstandthematerialsandalmostignorethecontndstructuralknowledgewhichcanf.tethemtoinfbrmcaningoftheunf.amids.ThustheirreadingispepperedwquentIycstoppedwordsthatbreakthentrationandcomprehension(Ande1986;CitedinJohnson&Steelel996h0).Beagthnbnnienp.m。ungskiIs,wehinkingtoductop—downstsuchaprctlernngandf-0gomeangrrtdsmayhelpthtobecomemoreCheuniVesieefnntandnenyEFLlreade内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文Ⅲ.TheoreticaIfodingteaching3.1TheDeflnitioInl976,Americanundationon1'op—dnof7rop—downreadpsychologistGoodoodman),poillyinfbnnatifytheiralreVise,thentnderstandinn¨mode,itisfthereadershatthereadentedoutthation,butgueseadyacquireheysuspecttg.Thispattereadnowthep.Top-downrershouldusebthereaderislsFilteringadknowledgeaorealizeaccumiscalledtoositiVeinfluadingpattemmasicknowledgdunderanounderstandthethemeofthewholetextnotunderstandthepaSsageandthencastudywhathemeans.ItsuggestedthetenswiththemindreaderdriVerprocessodthetextinanassumption.ReadersidationisusedinlettersandwordstheyahemeaningofthetextgeW6dknowledge,ofnguatextoomuadingtuaIailitaarworhf.rerconc&Bos,35preadtionog,IntanWoramerss.9。wnreanghoe(GiterandVerndtorrateup—dowenceoeanste,IandingtGuessemllytbegiclosenti6csumet3.2TheadVantagesof7rop—downreadingManystudents,especiallythosewithlowleVelofEnglishleamingapproachemphasizespart”,suchastheglossaryandthegrammarstructurethisprocessisregardedas”bottom-up”readingmethods.AppIicationbottom—upmodelofreadingisbeganinwordsandphrasesandgrammarandmakethemtointeract,andfinallytounderstandthewholetext.Bottom—upreadingpatterninlanguageteachingproblemsIiesinitsnotf.ocusonproVidinganopportunityforreadersCecilia(2004)moreThispattemistoreadf如mthewordasthegeneralideaofthetextmessagestodecodeprocess.ReadersandthecontactisunilateralhecanonlythroughsuchaswordorphrasetounderstandsothereaderwilloftenpassiVeposition,itseasytofIaceaonlyknowthemeaningoftheworddidnotknowordontfullyunderstandthewholetextcarelessness.ForexamplethepricereferstoareagreementiftheliteraImeaningtotranslatebecameaseeeyetoeye:fomdi仟erentmeanings.Top—downmodclofreadinga11dbottom—upreadingpattern、、asopposite.Bottom-upwaypayattentiontothewordandthetop—downwaymaketheunderstandingtostanfromt11ebackgroundoft11ewholeIextmeaning.Dif亿rentfromthereadertoreadignorethetraditional、ie、Vslhiskindofmethodemphasizereadingwhenactivepanicipationofthereaders.First.tt11euseofVisualaspectsofreaderscan.nd.infomlationtoimprovelanguage,thetextinf.omation.SecondIy,readerscanusetheexperienceandknowledgeoflanguagetoVerif.ythatthetemporaryhypothesis.Finally,ther

eadertoreadagainaftertheassumptionsdoneconnrmorcorrected.3.3MajorMethodsof7rop—downreading3.3.1ActivatingbackgroundknowledgeBackgroundknowledgeref.erstothereadefsabouttheworldincludingknowledgeoflanguageknowledgeandnon-linguisticknowledge.BackgroundknowledgeinreadingcomprehensioninplaysaVeryimportantroleifthereisanarticleisjustthereadersarefamiliarwiththecontentsalthou曲manyofthewordsreaderscanunderstandthemeaningofthisConVerselyifthecontentofthereaderisjustsomethingcompletelyunfamiliarwordsevenifnotmanyalsohardtounderstandthemeaning.Theteachercanguidestudentstounderstandtheheadingsortothestudentraisessomequestionstoactivatestudents。backgroundknowledgeordirectlytoproVidestudentswiththerelevantbackgroundorcontacttheirstudentshavemasteredtheknowledgeitself.3.3.2BeforereadingstrategiesDifferentarticlescanusedif&rentmethodssuchasreadingreadingorjumpforreading.Theteachershouldteachstudentshowtocatchthekeywordsandsentencesseizethepu叩osesignincancethemainthemetoimproVestudentsunderstandingofthereadingspeedandtheaccuracyofunderstandingconscioustrainingthestudentstoreadthewhoIelaw.Theteachershouldteachstudentstolearntousesummarizationandthroughcontextistounderstand.ForexamplewhentheteacherspeaksSEFClAOlympicGamesclosethisclasstheteacherinthestudentcanreadbeforesomeproblemssuchaSHowoRenaretheOlympicsheld?⋯WhatstheOlympicmottO?Whatdoseitmean?AndthenIetstudentstrytoreadthroughthemethodto6ndtheanswerandknowaboutthecontent.3.3.3CultivatingabilityTeachersshoLlldhell)snldentstoanalj,zetext.tocLllti、,ates“ldents'abililyIoimproveitsqualitystepbystep.Englishteachingshouldf.ollowtheprinciplesofintegrity,ratherthanthroughtheseparatetreatmenteachisolatedpieces.Theteachercanaskastudenttoreadfromthewhole,thenanaIyzedcarefuJly.Theteachershouldallowstudentsto丘ndeverypassage,accordingtolhepLIrposeofthearticleisdiVidedintose、,eralpurposeotherpal‘ts,andcallquickl)seizcda九icles,LllldcrsIalldthe111ainideasof.11内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文clues.Eachoneisdif氨:rent,socanusedif琵rentwaysaresummarized.Forexample,summarizesVerbscanclearlyshowthedeVelopmentprocessofevents,Summarizecharacterscanhighlightlhemaincharacter.Allofthese'canhelptoimprovestudents?readingskillsinpractice.3.3.4RemainactiVeclassroomatmosphereReadthecontentwiIlcombinewithlearnersinreallife.Letthestudentsinclassf.reelycanactiVeclas§roomatmosphere.Sometemporaryrandomeventscanalsohelptoregulateatmosphereinclass.Beforelearningapassage,theteachergivetherelatedquestionsfirst,thenletthestudentreplied,letstudentsopentheirbooks,studentswinsuddenlyenlighted,thewholereadingclassesw订lbeveryactive.Forexample,ifweleamsomethingaboutholiday

aRerastoryabouttravelin∥,theteachercaaRerastoryabouttravelin∥,theteachercan.askclaSsmatesomeproblemsbef.ore,suchas”WherehaSyourvirtue?-t.?BytrainorByplane?””Howto?””Howlongwillittaketogetthere?”Theseproblemscanstimulatestudents'interest,sotheclaSsroomisactive.2.Ⅳ.MethodoIogy4.1ResearchQuestionsThepu印oseofthispaperistoexpound”top-down¨waytoEnglishreadingteaching,especiallytheimpactofjuniormiddleschool'sEnglishreading.IⅥanyinvestigationsonthismodelofreadingstrategyuseshowsthat,theef.fectwayoftrainingstudentsusetop-down、VaytoreadcanhelpthemunderstandthepassageswelI.Therefore,itisgreatnecessarytoidentifythecognitionandunderstandingofstudentsaboutthewholepassagecanbedeVelopedwelliftheteachersusepropertrainingwayoftop-downreading.4.2HypothesisIfIusetop.downreadingmodelstrategytoo唱anizestudentstoIeamEnglishreadinganddeveloptheirschemataunderstandingatsametimetheEnglishreadingabilityofjuniorhighschoolsstudentswillbeimproVed43SubjctsTheparticipantsinthispaperare60middleschoolstudentsofGradeEightfIromWuHaiNo.Eightmiddleschool-Theyare30studentsinClass7and30studentsinClass8.Theiraverageageisl6。IntheexploratorystudyalltheparticipantsarediVidedinto3groupsgoodordinaryorpoorleamersgrouprespectivelyaccordingtotheirperfbmancesineVerydayEnglishclassesandthescoresinthelaSttwoEnglishtests.Goodleamergroupwere20subjectswhosescoreswerehi曲erandpoorleamersgroupwerelosubjectswithpwerscores.Theother30studentswereappliedasordina巧groupfortheirscoreswereiqthemiddleofallthesubjects.4.4Instn”11entsTheinstrumentusedinthissurVeywasEngIishreadingtests.TheywilIbeusedinbeforeandaRertheexperiment.AttheendofthesemesteLthescoresofthethreegroupswillbeconductedagaintosee、Vhetherthereexistsanysignincantdif琵rencebetweenthestudents.内蒙古9币范大学硕士学位论文4.5Procedures4.5.1ProcessInthispaper,thestudentsofthedifferentcIasseswhichf.romClass7andClass8hadbeentrainedbydif五erentwaysoftheEngIishreadingteaching,onef.0rregularreading,theoIheristhroughtop-downapproachtoreadinginstruction.Thereadingmate“alis”PentiumEn91.sh--Specialtrainingofnewjuniorhighschoo

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