英语四级15-17年阅读真题及答案

英语四级15-17年阅读真题及答案英语四级15-17年阅读真题及答案英语四级15-17年阅读真题及答案资料仅供参考文件编号：2022年4月英语四级15-17年阅读真题及答案版本号：A修改号：1页次：1.0审核：批准:发布日期：2015.6(一)PassageOne

Questions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Ifyouthinkahigh-factorsunscreen(防晒霜)keepsyousafefromharmfulrays,youmaybewrong.Researchinthisweek'sNatureshowsthatwhilefactor50reducesthenumberofmelanomas(黑瘤)anddelaystheiroccurrence,itcan'tpreventthem.Melanomasarethemostaggressiveskincancers.Youhaveahigherriskifyouhaveredorblondhair,fairskin,blueorgreeneyes,orsunburneasily,orifacloserelativehashadone.Melanomasaremorecommonifyouhaveperiodicintenseexposuretothesun.Otherskincancersareincreasinglylikelywithlong-termexposure.Thereiscontinuingdebateastohoweffectivesunscreenisinreducingmelanomastheevidenceisweakerthanitisforpreventingothertypesofskincancer.A2011Australianstudyof1,621peoplefoundthatpeoplerandomlyselectedtoapplysunscreendailyhadhalftherateofmelanomasofpeoplewhousedcreamasneeded.Asecondstudy,comparing1,167peoplewithmelanomasto1,101whodidn'thavethecancer,foundthatusingsunscreenroutinely,alongsideotherprotectionsuchashats,longsleevesorstayingintheshade,didgivesomeprotection.Thisstudysaidotherformsofsunprotectionnotsunscreenseemedmostbeneficial.Thestudyreliedonpeoplerememberingwhattheyhaddoneovereachdecadeoftheirlives,soit'snotentirelyreliable.Butitseemsreasonabletothinksunscreengivespeopleafalsesenseofsecurityinthesun.Manypeoplealsodon'tusesunscreenproperlyapplyinginsufficientamounts,failingtoreapplyafteracoupleofhoursandstayinginthesuntoolong.Itissunburnthatismostworryingrecentresearchshowsfiveepisodesofsunburnintheteenageyearsincreasestheriskofallskincancers.Thegoodnewsisthatacombinationofsunscreenandcoveringupcanreducemelanomarates,asshownbyAustralianfiguresfromtheirslip-slop-slapcampaign.Soifthereisaheatwavethissummer,itwouldbebestforus,too,tosliponashirt,slopon(抹上)sunscreenandslaponahat.56.Whatispeople'scommonexpectationofahigh-factorsunscreen?(B)

A.Itwilldelaytheoccurrenceofskincancer.

B.Itwillprotectthemfromsunburn.

C.Itwillkeeptheirskinsmoothandfair.

D.Itwillworkforpeopleofanyskincolor.57.WhatdoestheresearchinNaturesayaboutahigh-factorsunscreen?(A)

A.Itisineffectiveinpreventingmelanomas.

B.Itisineffectiveincaseofintensesunlight.

C.Itisineffectivewithlong-termexposure.

D.Itisineffectiveforpeoplewithfairskin.58.Whatdowelearnfromthe2011Australianstudyof1,621people?(D)

A.Sunscreenshouldbeappliedalongsideotherprotectionmeasures.

B.High-riskpeoplebenefitthemostfromtheapplicationofsunscreen.

C.Irregularapplicationofsunscreendoeswomenmoreharmthangood.

D.Dailyapplicationofsunscreenhelpsreducetheincidenceofmelanomas.59.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutthesecondAustralianstudy?(C)

A.Itmisleadspeopletorelyonsunscreenforprotection.

B.Ithelpspeopletoselectthemosteffectivesunscreen.

C.Itisnotbasedondirectobservationofthesubjects.

D.ItconfirmstheresultsofthefirstAustralianstudy.60.Whatdoestheauthorsuggesttoreducemelanomarates?(A)

A.Usingbothcoveringupandsunscreen.

B.Stayingintheshadewheneverpossible.

C.Usingcoveringupinsteadofsunscreen.

D.Applyingtherightamountofsunscreen.PassageTwo

Questions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Acrosstherichworld,well-educatedpeopleincreasinglyworklongerthantheless-skilled.Some65%ofAmericanmenaged62-74withaprofessionaldegreeareintheworkforce,comparedwith32%ofmenwithonlyahigh-schoolcertificate.Thisgapispartofadeepeningdividebetweenthewell-educatedwell-offandtheunskilledpoor.Rapidtechnologicaladvancehasraisedtheincomesofthehighlyskilledwhilesqueezingthoseoftheunskilled.Theconsequences,forindividualsandsociety,areprofound.Theworldisfacinganastonishingriseinthenumberofoldpeople,andtheywilllivelongerthaneverbefore.Overthenext20yearstheglobalpopulationofthoseaged65ormorewillalmostdouble,from600millionto1.1billion.Theexperienceofthe20thcentury,whengreaterlongevity(长寿)translatedintomoreyearsinretirementratherthanmoreyearsatwork,haspersuadedmanyobserversthatthisshiftwillleadtoslowereconomicgrowth,whiletheswellingranksofpensionerswillcreategovernmentbudgetproblems.Butthenotionofasharpdivisionbetweentheworkingyoungandtheidleoldmissesanewtrend,thegrowinggapbetweentheskilledandtheunskilled.Employmentratesarefallingamongyoungerunskilledpeople,whereasolderskilledfolkareworkinglonger.ThedivideismostextremeinAmerica,wherewell-educatedbaby-boomers(二战后生育高峰期出生的美国人)areputtingoffretirementwhilemanyless-skilledyoungerpeoplehavedroppedoutoftheworkforce.Policyispartlyresponsible.ManyEuropeangovernmentshaveabandonedpoliciesthatusedtoencouragepeopletoretireearly.Risinglifeexpectancy(预期寿命),combinedwiththereplacementofgenerousdefmed-benefitpensionplanswithlessgenerousdefined-contributionones,meansthateventhebetter-offmustworklongertohaveacomfortableretirement.Butthechangingnatureofworkalsoplaysabigrole.Payhasrisensharplyforthehighlyeducated,andthosepeoplecontinuetoreaprichrewardsintooldagebecausethesedaystheeducatedelderlyaremoreproductivethantheprecedinggeneration.Technologicalchangemaywellreinforcethatshift:theskillsthatcomplementcomputers,frommanagementknowhowtocreativity,donotnecessarilydeclinewithage.61.Whatishappeningintheworkforceinrichcountries?(B)

A.Youngerpeoplearereplacingtheelderly.

B.Well-educatedpeopletendtoworklonger.

C.Unemploymentratesarerisingyearafteryear.

D.Peoplewithnocollegedegreedonoteasilyfindwork.62.Whathashelpeddeepenthedividebetweenthewell-offandthepoor?(B)

A.Longerlifeexpectancies.

B.Arapidtechnologicaladvance.

C.Profoundchangesintheworkforce.

D.Agrowingnumberofthewell-educated.63.Whatdomanyobserverspredictinviewoftheexperienceofthe20thcentury?(A)

A.Economicgrowthwillslowdown.

B.Governmentbudgetswillincrease.

C.Morepeoplewilltrytopursuehighereducation.

D.Therewillbemorecompetitioninthejobmarket.64.WhatistheresultofpolicychangesinEuropeancountries?(C)

A.Unskilledworkersmaychoosetoretireearly.

B.Morepeoplehavetoreceivein-servicetraining.

C.Evenwealthypeoplemustworklongertolivecomfortablyinretirement.

D.Peoplemaybeabletoenjoygenerousdefined-benefitsfrompensionplans.65.Whatischaracteristicofworkinthe21stcentury?(D)

A.Computerswilldomorecomplicatedwork.

B.Morewillbetakenbytheeducatedyoung.

C.Mostjobstobedonewillbethecreativeones.

D.Skillsarehighlyvaluedregardlessofage.2015.6(二)PassageOne

Questions56t060arebasedonthefollowingpassage．

Theendlessdebateabout“work—lifebalance”oftencontainsahopefulfootnoteaboutstayathomedads．IfAmericansocietyandbusinesswon’tmakeiteasieronfuturefemaleleaderswhochoosetohavechildren，thereisstilltherayofhopethatincreasingnumbersoffull—timefatherswill．Butbasedontoday’ssocioeconomictrends，thishopeis，unfortunately，misguided．It’struethatthenumberofmenwhohaveleftworktodotheirthingasfull—timeparentshasdoubledinadecade，butit’sstillverysmall：only0．8％ofmarriedcoupleswherethestay—at—hornefatherwasoutofthelaborforceforayear．Eventhatpercentageislikelyinflatedbymenthrustintotheircaretakerrolebyadownsizing．Thisissimplynotalargeenoughgrouptoreducethesocialstigma(污名)andforceotheradjustmentsnecessarytosupportingmeninthisdecision．evenifonlyworkmorethantheirfamily．Evenshortertimesawayfromworkforworkingfathersarealreadydifficult．Astudyfoundthat85％ofnewfatherstakesometimeoffafterthebirthofachild—butforallbutafew．it’saweekortwoatmost．Meanwhile，theaverageforwomenwhotakeleaveismorethanloweeks．Suchchoicesimpactwhomovesupintheorganization．Whileyou’reaway，someoneelseisdoingyourwork，makingyoursales，takingcareofyourcustomers．Thatcan’thelpyouatwork．Itcanonlyhurtyou．Women，ofcourse，facethesameissuesofreturningafteralongabsence．Butwithmanymorewomenthanmenchoosingtoleavetheworkforceentirelytoraisefamilies，returningfromanextendedparentalleavedoesn’traiseasmanyeyebrowsasitdoesformen．Womenwouldmakemoreiftheydidn’tbreaktheirearningtrajectorybyleavingtheworkforce，orifhigher-payingprofessionsweremorefamilyfriendly．Intheforeseeablefuture，Stayathomefathersmaymakeallthedifferenceforindividualfamilies．buttheirpresencewon’treducethenumbersofhighpotentialwomenwhoareforcedtochoosebetweenfamilyandcareer．

56．Whatgiveswomenarayofhopetoachieveworklifebalance

(A)

A.Morementakinganextendedparentalleave．

B.People’schangingattitudestowardsfamily．

C.Morewomenenteringbusinessmanagement．

D.Theimprovementoftheirsocioeconomicstatus．57．Whydoestheauthorsaythehopeformorefull—timefathersismisguided(C)

A.Womenarebetterattakingcareofchildren．

B.Manymenvalueworkmorethantheirfamily．

C.Theirnumberistoosmalltomakeadifference．

D.Notmanymenhavethechancetostayathome．58．Whydofewmentakealongparentalleave(A)

A.Alongleavewillhaveanegativeimpactontheircareer．

B.Theyjusthavetoomanyresponsibilitiestofulfillatwork．

C.Theeconomiclosswillbetoomuchfortheirfamilytobear．

D.Theyarelikelytogetfiredifabsentfromworkfortoolon9．59．Whatisthemostlikelyreactiontomenreturningfromanextendedparentalleave(B)

A.Jealousy．

B.Surprise

C.Admiration

D.Sympathy．60．Whatdoestheauthorsayabouthigh-potentialwomeninthenot—too-distantfuture(D)

A.Theywillbenefitfromthetrendofmorefathersstayingathome．

B.Theywillfindhigh—payingprofessionsabitmorefamily—friendly．

C.Theyareunlikelytobreaktheircareertrajectorytoraiseafamily．

D.Theywillstillfacethedifficultchoicebetweencareerandchildren．PassageTwo

Questions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage．

Someoftheworld’smostsignificantproblemsneverhitheadlines．Oneexamplecomesfromagriculture．Foodriotsandhungermakenews．Butthetrendlyingbehindthesemattersisrarelytalkedabout．Thisisthedeclineinthegrowthinyieldsofsomeoftheworld’smajorcrops．AnewstudybytheUniversityofMinnesotaandMcGillUniversityinMontreallooksatwhere．andhowfar．thisdeclineisoccurring．Theauthorstakeavastnumberofdatapointsforthefourmostimportantcrops：rice，wheat，cornandsoyabeans(大豆)．Theyfindthatonbetween24％and39％ofallharvestedareas，theimprovementinyieldsthattookplacebeforethel980ssloweddowninthel990sand2000s．Therearetwoworryingfeaturesoftheslowdown．Oneisthatithasbeenparticularlysharpintheworld’smostpopulous(人口多的)countries，IndiaandChina．Theirabilitytofeedthemselveshasbeenanimportantsourceofrelativestabilitybothwithinthecountriesandonworldfoodmarkets．Thatself-sufficiencycannotbetakenforgrantedifyieldscontinuetoslowdownorreverse．Second，yieldgrowthhasbeenlowerinwheatandricethanincollandsoyabeans．Thisisproblematicbecausewheatandricearemoreimportantasfoods，accountingforaroundhalfofallcaloriesconsumed．Cornandsoyabeansaremoreimportantasfeedgrains．Theauthorsnotethat“wehavepreferentiallyfocusedourcropimprovementeffortsonfeedinganimalsandcarsratherthanoncropsthatfeedpeopleandarethebasisoffoodsecurityinmuchoftheworld．”Thereportqualifiesthemoreoptimisticfindingsofanothernewpaperwhichsuggeststhattheworldwillnothavetodigupalotmorelandforfarminginordertofeed9billionpeoplein2050，astheFoodandAgricultureOrganisationhasargued．Instead，itsays，thankstoslowingpopulationgrowth，landcurrentlyploughedupforcropsmightbeabletorevert(回返)toforestorwilderness．Thiscouldhappen．Thetroubleisthattheforecastassumescontinuedimprovementsinyieldswhichmaynotactuallyhappen.61．Whatdoestheauthortrytodrawattentionto(C)

A.Foodriotsandhungerintheworld．

B.Newsheadlinesintheleadingmedia．

C.Thedeclineofthegrainyieldgrowth．

D.Thefoodsupplyinpopulouscountries．62．WhydoestheauthormentionIndiaandChinainparticular(B)

A.Theirself-sufficiencyisvitaltothestabilityofworldfoodmarkets．

B.Theirfoodyieldshavebeguntodecreasesharplyinrecentyears．

C.Theirbigpopulationsarecausingworldwideconcerns．

D1Theirfoodself-sufficiencyhasbeentakenforgranted．63．Whatdoesthenewstudybythetwouniversitiessayaboutrecentcropimprovementefforts(D)

A.Theyfailtoproducethesameremarkableresultsasbeforethel980s．

B.Theycontributealottotheimprovementofhumanfoodproduction．

C.Theyplayamajorroleinguaranteeingthefoodsecurityoftheworld．

D.Theyfocusmoreontheincreaseofanimalfeedthanhumanfoodgrains．64．WhatdoestheFoodandAgricultureOrganisationsayaboutworldfoodproductioninthecomingdecades(D)

A.Thegrowingpopulationwillgreatlyincreasethepressureonworldfoodsupplies．

B.Theoptimisticpredictionaboutfoodproductionshouldbeviewedwithcaution．

C.Theslowdownofthegrowthinyieldsofmajorfoodcropswillbe"reversed．

D.Theworldwillbeabletofeeditspopulationwithoutincreasingfarmland．65．HowdoestheauthorviewtheargumentoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganisation(B)

A.Itisbuiltonthefindingsofanewstudy．

B.Itisbasedonadoubtfulassumption．

C.Itisbackedbystrongevidence．

D.Itisopentofurtherdiscussion．2015.6(三)PassageOne

Questions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Junkfoodiseverywhere.We'reeatingwaytoomuchofit.Mostofusknowwhatwe'redoingandyetwedoitanyway.Sohere'sasuggestionofferedbytworesearchersattheRandCorporation:Whynottakealessonfromalcoholcontrolpoliciesandapplythemtowherefoodissoldandhowit'sdisplayed"Manypolicymeasurestocontrolobesity(肥胖症.assumethatpeopleconsciouslyandrationallychoosewhatandhowmuchtheyeatandthereforefocusonprovidinginformationandmoreaccesstohealthierfoods,"notethetworesearchers."Incontrast,"theresearcherscontinue,"manyregulationsthatdon'tassumepeoplemakerationalchoiceshavebeensuccessfullyappliedtocontrolalcohol,asubstance--likefood--ofwhichimmoderateconsumptionleadstoserioushealthproblems."Theresearchreferencesstudiesofpeople'sbehaviorwithfoodandalcoholandresultsofalcoholrestrictions,andthenlistsfiveregulationsthattheresearchersthinkmightbepronfisingifappliedtojunkfoods.Amongthem:Densityrestrictions:licensestosellalcoholaren'thandedoutunplannedtoallcomersbutareallotted(分配.basedonthenumberofplacesinanareathatalreadysellalcohol.Thesemakealcohollesseasytogetandreducethenumberofpsychologicalcuestodrink.Similarly,theresearcherssay,beingpresentedwithjunkfoodstimulatesourdesiretoeatit.Sowhynotlimitthedensityoffoodoutlets,particularlyonesthatsellfoodrichinemptycaloriesAndwhynotlimitsaleoffoodinplacesthataren'tprimarilyfoodstoresDisplayandsalesrestrictions:Californiahasaruleprohibitingalcoholdisplaysnearthecashregistersingasstations,andinmostplacesyoucan'tbuyalcoholatdrive-throughfacilities.Atsupermarkets,foodcompaniespaytohavetheirwaresinplaceswherethey'reeasilyseen.Onecouldremovejunkfoodtothebackofthestoreandbanthemfromtheshelvesatcheckoutlines.Theothermeasuresincluderestrictingportionsizes,taxingandprohibitingspecialpricedealsforjunkfoods,andplacingwarninglabelsontheproducts.56.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutjunkfood(B)

A.Peopleshouldbeeducatednottoeattoomuch.

B.Itiswidelyconsumeddespiteitsillreputation.

C.Itstemptationistoostrongforpeopletoresist.

D.Itcausesmoreharmthanisgenerallyrealized.

57.WhatdotheRandresearchersthinkofmanyofthepolicymeasurestocontrolobesity(

C)

A.Theyshouldbeimplementedeffectively.

B.Theyprovidemisleadinginformation.

C.Theyarebasedonwrongassumptions.

D.Theyhelppeoplemakerationalchoices.

58.Whydopolicymakersofalcoholcontrolplacedensityrestrictions(

D)

A.Fewpeopleareabletoresistalcohol'stemptations.

B.Therearealreadytoomanystoressellingalcohol.

C.Drinldngstrongalcoholcancausesocialproblems.

D.Easyaccessleadstocustomers'over-consumption~

59.WhatisthepurposeofCalifornia'sruleaboutalcoholdisplayingasstations(

D)

A.Toeffectivelylimitthedensityofalcoholoutlets.

B.Tohelpdriverstogiveupthehabitofdrinking.

C.Topreventpossibletrafficjamsinnearbyareas.

D.Togetalcoholoutofdrivers'immediatesight.

60.WhatisthegeneralguidelinetheRandresearcherssuggestaboutjunkfoodcontrol(

C)

A.Guidingpeopletomakerationalchoicesaboutfood.

B.Enhancingpeople'sawarenessoftheirownhealth.

C.Borrowingideasfromalcoholcontrolmeasures.

D.Resortingtoeconomic,legalandpsychologicalmeans.PassageTwo

Questions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Kodak'sdecisiontofileforbankruptcy(破产.protectionisasad,thoughnotunexpected,turningpointforaleadingAmericancorporationthatpioneeredconsumerphotographyanddominatedthefilmmarketfordecades,butultimatelyfailedtoadapttothedigitalrevolution.AlthoughmanyattributeKodak'sdownfallto"complacency(自满),"thatexplanationdoesn'tacknowledgethelengthstowhichthecompanywenttoreinventitself.Decadesago,Kodakanticipatedthatdigitalphotographywouldovertakefilm--andinfact,Kodakinventedthefirstdigitalcamerain1975--butinafatefuldecision,thecompanychosetoshelfitsnewdiscoverytofocusonitstraditionalfilmbusiness.Itwasn'tthatKodakwasblindtothefuture,saidRebeccaHenderson,aprofessoratHarvardBusinessSchool,butratherthatitfailedtoexecuteonastrategytoconfrontit.Bythetimethecompanyrealizeditsmistake,itwastoolate.Kodakisanexampleofafirmthatwasverymuchawarethattheyhadtoadapt,andspentalotofmoneytryingtodoso,butultimatelyfailed.Largecompanieshaveadifficulttimeswitchingtonewmarketsbecausethereisatemptationtoputexistingassetsintothenewbusinesses.

AlthoughKodakanticipatedtheinevitableriseofdigitalphotography,itscorporate

culturewastoorootedinthesuccessesofthepastforittomakethecleanbreaknecessarytofullyembracethefuture.Theywereacompanystuckintime.Theirhistorywassoimportanttothem.Nowtheirhistoryhasbecomealiability.Kodak'sdownfalloverthelastseveraldecadeswasdramatic.In1976,thecompanycommanded90%ofthemarketforphotographicfilmand85%ofthemarketforcameras.Butthe1980sbroughtnewcompetitionfromJapanesefilmcompanyFujiPhoto,whichunderminedKodakbyofferinglowerpricesforfilmandphotosupplies.Kodak'sdecisionnottopursuetheroleofofficialfilmforthe1984LosAngelesOlympicswasamajormiscalculation.ThebidwentinsteadtoFuji,whichexploiteditssponsorshiptowinapermanentfootholdinthemarketplace.61.WhatdowelearnaboutKodak(B)

A.Itwentbankruptallofasudden.

B.Itisapproachingitsdownfall.

C.Itinitiatedthedigitalrevolutioninthefilmindustry.

D.Itisplayingthedominantroleinthefilmmarket.

62.WhydoestheauthormentionKodak'sInventionofthefirstdigitalcamera(

A)

A.Toshowitsearlyattempttoreinventitself.

B.Toshowitsefforttoovercomecomplacency.

C.Toshowitsquickadaptationtothedigitalrevolution.

D.ToshowitswilltocompetewithJapan'sFujiPhoto.

63.Whydolargecompanieshavedifficultyswitchingtonewmarkets(

D)

A.Theyfinditcostlytogiveuptheirexistingassets.

B.Theytendtobeslowinconfrontingnewchallenges.

C.Theyareunwillingtoinvestinnewtechnology.

D.Theyaredeeplystuckintheirgloriouspast.

64.WhatdoestheauthorsayKodak'shistoryhasbecome(

A)

A.Aburden.

B.Amirror.

C.Ajoke.

D.Achallenge.

65.WhatwasKodak'sfatalmistake(

C)

A.Itsblindfaithintraditionalphotography.

B.ItsfailuretoseeFujiPhoto'semergence.

C.Itsrefusaltosponsorthe1984Olympics.

D.Itsoverconfidenceinitscorporateculture.2015.12(一)PassageOne

Questions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Whenit'sfiveo'clock,peopleleavetheiroffice.Thelengthoftheworkday,formanyworkers,isdefinedbytime.Theyleavewhentheclocktellsthemthey'redone.

Thesedays,thetimeiseverywhere:notjustonclocksorwatches,butoncell-phonesandcomputers.Thatmaybeabadthing,particularlyatwork.Newresearchshowsthatclock-basedworkscheduleshindermorale(士气)andcreativity.

Clock-timersorganizetheirdaybyblocksofminutesandhours.Forexample:ameetingfrom9a.m.to10a.m.researchfrom10a.m.tonoon,etc.Ontheotherhand,task-timershavealistofthingstheywanttoaccomplish.Theyworkdownthelist,eachtaskstartswhentheprevioustaskiscompleted.Itissaidthatallofusemployamixofboththesetypesofplanning.

What,then,aretheeffectsofthinkingabouttimeinthesedifferentwaysDoesonemakeusmoreproductiveBetteratthetasksathandHappierInexperimentsconductedbyTamarAvnetandAnne-LaureSellier,theyhadparticipantsorganizedifferentactivities-fromprojectplanning,holidayshopping,toyoga-bytimeorto-dolisttomeasurehowtheyperformedunder"clocktime"vs"tasktinge."Theyfoundclocktimerstobemoreefficientbutlesshappybecausetheyfeltlittlecontrolovertheirlives.Tasktimersarehappierandmorecreative,butlessproductive.Theytendtoenjoythemomentwhensomethinggoodishappening,andseizeopportunitiesthatcomeup.

Theresearchersarguethattask-basedorganizingtendstobeundervaluedandunder-supportedinbusinessculture.Smartcompanies,theybelieve,willtrytobakemoretask-basedplanningintotheirstrategies.

Thismightbeasmallchangetothewayweviewworkandtheoffice,buttheresearchersarguethatitchallengesawidespreadcharacteristicoftheeconomy:workorganizedbyclocktime.Whilemostpeoplewillstillprobablyneed,andbe,tosomeextent,clock-timers,task-basedtimingshouldbeusedwhenperformingajobthatrequiresmorecreativity.It'llmakethosetaskseasier,andthetask-

doerswillbehappier.56.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftimedisplayedeverywhere(C)

A.Itmakeseverybodytime-conscious.

B.Itisaconvenienceforworkandlife.

C.Itmayhaveanegativeeffectoncreativework.

D.Itclearlyindicatesthefastpaceofmodernlife.

57.Howdopeopleusuallygoabouttheirworkaccordingtotheauthor

(A)

A.Theycombineclock-basedandtask-basedplanning.

B.Theygiveprioritytothemosturgenttaskonhand.

C.Theysetatimelimitforeachspecifictask.

D.Theyaccomplishtheirtasksonebyone.

58.WhatdidTamarAvnetandAnne-LaureSellierfindintheirexperimentsaboutclock-timers

(D)

A.Theyseizeopportunitiesastheycomeup.

B.Theyalwaysgettheirworkdoneintime.

C.Theyhavemorecontrol-overtheirlives.

D.Theytendtobemoreproductive.

59.Whatdotheresearcherssayabouttoday'sbusinessculture

(B)

A.Itdoesnotsupportthestrategiesadoptedbysmartcompanies.

B.Itdoesnotattachenoughimportancetotask-basedpractice.

C.Itplacesmoreemphasisonworkefficiencythanonworkers'lives.

D.Italmstobringemployees'potentialandcreativityintofullplay.

60.Whatdotheresearcherssuggest

(A)

A.Task-basedtimingispreferredfordoingcreativework.

B.Itisimportanttokeepabalancebetweenworkandlife.

C.Performingcreativejobstendstomakeworkershappier.

D.Ascientificstandardshouldbeadoptedinjobevaluation.PassageTwo

Questions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

MarthaStewartwascharged,triedandconvictedofacrimein2004.Asshenearedtheendofherprisonsentence,awell-knowncolumnistwrotethatshewas"payingherdues,"andthat"thereissimplynoreasonforanyonetoattempttodenyherrighttostartanew."

Surely,theAmericanidealofsecondchancesshouldnotbereservedonlyfortherichandpowerful.Unfortunately,manyfederalandstatelawsimposepost-convictionrestrictionsonashockinglylargenumberofAmericans.whoarepreventedfromeverfullypayingtheirdebttosociety.

Atleast65millionpeopleintheUnitedStateshaveacriminalrecord.Thiscanresultinseverepenaltiesthatcontinuelongafterpunishmentiscompleted.

Manyofthesepenaltiesareimposedregardlessoftheseriousnessoftheoffenseortheperson'sindividualcircumstances.Lawscanrestrictorbanvoting,accesstopublichousing,andprofessionalandbusinesslicensing.Theycanaffectaperson'sabilitytogetajobandqualificationforbenefits.

Inall,morethan45.000lawsandrulesservetoexcludevastnumbersofpeoplefromfullyparticipatinginAmericanlife.

Somelawsmakesense.Nooneadvocateslettingsomeoneconvictedofpedophilia(恋童癖)workinaschool.Buttoooftencollateral(随附的)consequencesbearnorelationtopublicsafety.Shouldawomanwhopossessedasmallamountofdrugsyearsagobepermanentlyunabletobelicensedasanurse?

Theselawsarealsocounterproductive,sincetheymakeitharderforpeoplewithcriminalrecordstofindhousingorlandajob,twokeyfactorsthatreducebacksliding.

Arecentreportmakesseveralrecommendations,includingtheabolitionofmostpost-convictionpenalties,exceptforthosespecificallyneededtoprotectpublicsafety.Wherethepenaltiesarenotamust,theyshouldbeimposedonlyifthefactsofacasesupportit.

Thepointisnottoexcuseorforgetthecrime.Rather,itistorecognizethatinAmerica'svastcriminaljusticesystem,secondchancesarecrucial.Itisinnoone'sinteresttokeepalargesegmentofthepopulationonthemarginsofsociety.Whatdoesthewell-knowncolumnist'sremarkaboutMarthaStewartsuggest(A)

A.Herpast