2016英语语言学期末试题练习+答案

英语语言学练习题I.MatchingMatcheachofthefollowingtermsinColumnAwithoneoftheappropriatedefinitionsinColumnB.ColumnA1.ponentialanalysis2.langue10.motivation18.context3.suprasegmentalfeature11.arbitrariness19.blending4.deeppetence20.culture5.predicationanalysis13.broadtranscription21.learningstrategies6.idiolect14.morphology22.selectionalrestrictions7.pidgin15.category23.phrasestructurerules8.mistakes16.errors24.culturediffusionColumnBLearners'independeysttemofthesecondlanguage,whichisofneitherthenativelanguagenorthesecondlanguage,butacontinuumorapproximationfromhisnativelanguagetothetargetlanguage.9Learner'sattitudesandaffectivestateorlearningdrive,havingastronignpactonhiseffortsnlearningasecondlanguage.21Therulesthatspecifytheconstituentsofsyntacticcategories.23Throughcommunication,someelementsofcultureAentercultureBandbecomepartofcultureB.24Apersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselementsregardingregional,social,gender,andagevariations.6Aspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.7Thekindofanalysiswhichinvolvesthebreakingdownofpredicationsintotheirconstituents-——argumentsandpredicates.5Theyrefertoconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.22ThestructureformedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead'subcategorizationproperties.4Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.3Thestudyoftheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesthatgoverntheruleofwordformation.14Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.2Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Itisoneofthedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguage.1Learner'csnscious,goal-orientedandproblem-solvingbasedeffortstoachievelearningefficiency.10Thetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguagethatcharacterizesthelifeofthehumancommunity.20Thecommonknowledgesharedbyboththespeakerandhearer.18Thewayofwordformationbywhichnewwordsmaybeformedbycombiningpartsofotherwords.19Agroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguage,suchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.15Awayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.Thisapproachbelievesthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents.17Theidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Oneofthepropertiesofhumanlanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.11Awaytotranscribespeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonly.13Theyreflectgapsinalearner'sknowledgeofthetargetlanguagejigiioileielf16Theyreflectoccasionallapsesinperformance.8n.Blank-filling.Fillinthefollowingblankswithaword,whoseinitialletterhasbeengiven.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet."Thisquotationisagoodillustrationoftheanatureoflanguage.ArbitraryThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadstudy.DiachronicChomskydefinescastheidealuser'knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.CompetenceIntheproductionofvowelstheairstreamcomingfromthelungsmeetswithnoo.Thismarkstheessentialdifferencebetweenvowelsandconsonants.ObstructionThedifferentphonesthatcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheaofthephoneme.AllophoneAllophonesofthesamephonemecannotoccurinthesamephoneticenvironment.Theyaresaidtobeincdistribution.ComplementaryWhenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi.IntonationThemunitofmeaningistraditionallycalledmorpheme.MinimumImorphemesareboundmorphemesthatareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkers,signifyingsuchconceptsastense,number,caseandsoon.InflectionalPhrasesthatareformedofmorethanonewordusuallycontainthreeelements:head,specifier,andc.ComplementConcerningthestudyofmeaning,conceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto;rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofcinthemind.conceptThesenserelationbetween“animal"and"dog"iscalledhyponymyPreferstothephenomenonthatthesamewordmayhaveasetofdifferentmeanings.PolysemyWhatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecofuseistakenintoconsideration.ContextSreferstothelinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticularsocialclass.SociolectWHOisanaderivedfromtheinitialsof“WorldHealthAcganymation〞AccordingtoHalliday,languagevariesasitsfunctionvaries;itdiffersindifferentsituations.Thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituationisar.RegisterIncross-culturalcommunication,someelementsofcultureAentercultureBandbecomepartofcultureB,thusbringingaboutthephenomenonofculturald.DiffusionWhilethefirstlanguageisacquireds,thesecondorforeignlanguageismorecommonlylearnedconsciously.SubconsciouslyLanguageareferstoanaturalabilityforlearningasecondlanguage.AcquisitionVibrationofvocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalled",whichisa"vfeatureofallvowelsandsomeconsonantsinEnglish.VoiceThephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentarecalledsfeatures.SuprasegmentalMorphologyreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandrulesforwordf.FormationTheminimalunitofmeaningistraditionallycalledm.MorphemeThesenserelationbetweenautumn""andfall"iscallees.SynonymHreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,.e.,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.HomonymyIndailycommunication,peopledonotalwaysobservethefourmaximsoftheco-operativeprinciple.Conversationaliwouldarisewhenthemaximsareflouted.ImplicatureSARSisanaderivedfromtheinitialsof“SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome".AcronymIisapersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselementsregardingregional,social,gender,andagevariations.IdiolectRP,theshortformof“RPronunciationreferstotheparticularwayofpronouncingstandardEnglish.Receivedin.Multiplechoice.Choosethebestanswertothefollowingitems.isconsideredtobethefatherofmodernlinguistics.A.N.ChomskyB.F.deSaussureC.LeonardBloomfieldD.M.A.K.HallidayInthescopeoflinguistics,formthepartoflanguagewhichlinkstogetherthesoundpatternandmeaning.A.morphologyandsyntaxB.phoneticsandsemanticsC.semanticsandsyntaxD.morphologyandsemanticsstudiesthesoundsfromthehearer'spointiowvthwsioeindsareperceivedbythehearer.A.auditoryphoneticsB.acousticphoneticsC.articulatoryphoneticsWhichofthefollowingwordsbeginswithavelarvoicedstop?A.godB.bossC.cockD.dogWhichofthefollowingwordsendswithadental,voicelessfricative?A.roseB.waveC.clothD.massageWhichofthefollowingwordscontainsaback,openandunroundedvowel?A.godB.bootC.walkD.taskWhichofthefollowingisNotavelarsound?A.[h]B.[k]C.[g]D.[?]WhichofthefollowingisNotaminimalpair?A.bat,biteB.kill,pillC.peak,pig,D.meat,seatWhichofthefollowingisanopenclasswords?A.emailB.butC.theD.theyTheunderlinedmorphemesinthefollowingbelongtotheinflectionalmorphemesexceptA.paintsB.painterC.paintedD.paintingWhichofthefollowingwordshasmorethanthreemorphemes?A.psychophysicsB.boyfriendsC.forefatherD.undesirabilityThepairofwords“deadandalive"iscalled.A.gradableantonymsB.relationaloppositesC.complementaryantonymsWhichpairofthefollowingwordscanbecategorizedasstylisticsynonyms?A.torch&flashlightB.die&deceaseC.amaze&astoundD.luggage&baggageX:Johnhasgivenupsmoking.Y:Johnusedtosmoke.ThesenserelationbetweentheabovesentencesisA.XentailsYB.XpresupposesYC.XissynonymouswithYD.XisinconsistentwithYX:MyfatherhasbeentoLondon.Y:MyfatherhasbeentoUK.ThesenserelationbetweentheabovesentencesisA.XentailsYB.XpresupposesYC.XissynonymouswithYD.XisinconsistentwithYWhenweviolateanyofthemaximsofCo-operativePrinciple,ourlanguagemightbecomeA.impoliteB.incorrectC.indirectD.unclearAccordingtoSearl'sclassificationofspeechacts,whichofth祖owingisaninstanceofdirectives?Ifireyou!Yourmoneyoryourlife!I'msorryforthemessIhavemade.Ihaveneverseenthemanbefore.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?A.treeB.crashC.typewriterD.bangTheword"Kodak“isa(n).A.blendB.coinedwordC.clippedwordD.acronym

WhichofthefollowingwordsisNotformedbymeansofclipping?A.memoB.motelC.quakeD.gymAccordingtoHalliday,modeofdiscoursereferstotheofcommunication.A.subjectB.roleC.situationD.meansWhichofthefollowingtheoriesoflanguageacquisitionbelievesthatlanguagelearningissimplyamatterofimitationandhabitformation?.A.ThebehavioristviewB.TheinnatistviewC.TheinteractionistviewD.ThecognitivetheoryWhichofthefollowingsentencesisanexampleofovergeneralization?.Janetoldmetogiveupsmoking.Janeaskedmetogiveupsmoking.Janeadvisedmetogiveupsmoking.Janesuggestedmetogiveupsmoking.WhichofthefollowinghypothesesisputforthbyDr.Krashen?.A.CriticalPeriodHypothesisB.InputHypothesisC.LanguageAcquisitionDeviceHypothesisD.Sapir-WhorfHypothesisWhoamongthefollowinglinguistsputforwardCo-operativePrinciples?A.PaulGriceB.JohnSearleC.KrashenD.LeechWhichofthefollowinglinguistsistheinitiatoroftransformationalgenerativegrammar?A.F.deSaussureB.N.ChomskyC.G.LeechD.M.A.K.HallidayWhenacomestobeadoptedbyapopulationasitsprimarylanguageandchildrenlealearnitastheirfirstlanguage,itbecomesA.creole...pidginC.regionaldialect...sociolectstudiesthesoundsfromthespeakerorganstoarticulatespeechsounds.B.pidgin...creoleD.sociolect...regionaldialectspointofview,i.e.,howaspeakeruseshisspeechA.AuditoryphoneticsB.AcousticphoneticsC.ArticulatoryphoneticsWeknowtheverb"put"requiresanNPfollowedbyaPPorAdv.Thus,theprocessofputtingwordsofthesamelexicalcategoryintosmallerclassesaccordingtotheirsyntacticcharacteristiciscalledA.categorizationB.subcategorizationC.syntacticcategoriesD.coordinationWhichofthefollowingwordscontainsafront,closeandunroundedvowel?A.badB.bedC.beatD.butTheunderlinedmorphemesinthefollowingbelongtothederivationalmorphemesexceptA.fasterB.writerC.lovelyD.conversionWhichofthefollowingisanopenclasswords?A.emailB.butC.theD.theyThepairofwordsborrowandlend"isadled.A.gradableantonymsB.relationaloppositesC.complementaryantonymsWhichpairofthefollowingwordscanbecategorizedascollocationalsynonyms?A.torch&flashlightB.pretty&handsomeC.amaze&astoundD.luggage&baggageX:Mysisterwillsoonbedivorced.Y:Mysisterisamarriedwoman.ThesenserelationbetweentheabovesentencesisA.XentailsYB.XpresupposesYC.XissynonymouswithYD.XisinconsistentwithYX:Johnmarriedablondheiress.Y:Johnmarriedablond.ThesentencerelationbetweenXandYisA.XentailsYB.XpresupposesYC.XissynonymouswithYD.XiscontradictorywithYAccordingtoSearl'sclassificationofspeechacts,whthefollowingisNotaninstanceofdirectives?Openthewindow!Yourmoneyoryourlife!Wouldyouliketogotothepicnicwithus?Ihaveneverseenthemanbefore.Theword“brunch"isa(n).A.blendB.coinedwordC.clippedwordD.acronymAccordingtoHalliday,fieldofdiscoursereferstotheofcommunication.A.subjectB.roleC.situationD.meansTherearedifferenttypesofaffixesormorphemes.Theaffix"ed"intheword"learned"isknownasa(n)A.derivationalmorphemeB.freemorphemeC.inflectionalmorphemeD.freeformWhichofthefollowingtheoriesoflanguageacquisitionholdsthathumanbeingsarebiologicallyprogrammedforlanguageandthatthelanguagedevelopsinthechildjustasotherbiologicalfunctionssuchaswalking?.ThebehavioristviewTheinnatistviewTheinteractionistviewThecognitivetheoryTheopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas.A.glottisB.vocalcavityC.pharynxD.uvulaWhichofthefollowinghypothesesisputforwardbyEricLenneberg?.CriticalPeriodHypothesisInputHypothesisLanguageAcquisitionDeviceHypothesisSapir-WhorfHypothesisMorphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalledmorpheme.A.inflectionalB.freeC.boundD.derivationalTherearemorphemesintheworddenationalization?A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.sixLanguageisA.instinctiveB.non-instinctiveC.staticD.geneticallytransmittedPitchvariationisknownaswhenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.A.intonationB.toneC.pronunciationD.voiceWhichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtomannersofarticulation?A.[z]B.[w]C.[e]D.[v]21.Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?A.[n]B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?A.[i:]B.[u]C.[e]D.[i]Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?A.VoicelessB.VoicedC.GlottalstopD.ConsonantWhenachilduses“mummytorefertoanywoman,mostprobablyhis“mummymeans.A.+HumanB.+Human+AdultC.+Human+Adult-MaleD.+Human+Adult-Male+ParentTheutterance"We'realreadyworking25hoursaday,eightdaysaweek."obviouslyviolatesthemaximof.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.mannerThepairofwords“north"and"south"is.A.gradableoppositesB.relationaloppositesC.co-hyponymsD.synonymsWhichofthefollowingsentencesisNOTanexampleofcross-association?A.other/anotherB.much/manyC.stalagmite/stalagtiteD.bow/bowdescribeswhetherapropositionistrueorfalse.A.TruthB.TruthvalueC.TruthconditionD.Falsehood"JohnsentMaryapostcard."isacaseofA.one-placepredicationB.two-placepredicationC.three-placepredicationD.no-placepredication"JohnkilledBillbutBilldidn'tdie"isa(n)A.entailmentB.presuppositionC.anomalyD.contradictionreferstotheprocesswherebyawordisshortenedwithoutachangeinthemeaningandinthepartofspeech.A.BlendingB.Back-formationC.ClippingD.ConversionWhichofthefollowingaspectsisNOTthecoreofthestudyofgenerallinguistics?A.soundB.structureC.meaningD.applicationIV.Trueoffalsejudgment.Judgewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.WriteTinthecorrespondingbracketforatruestatementandFforafalseone.Linguisticsstudieslanguagesingeneral,butnotanyparticularlanguage,e.g.English,Chinese,Arabic,andLatin,etc.TModernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasthenaturalorprimarymediumofhumanlanguage.FInnarrowtranscription,wetranscribethespeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlywhileinbroadtranscriptionwetranscribethespeechsoundswithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.TBydiachronicstudywemeantostudythechangesanddevelopmentoflanguage.TCompletehomonymsareoftenbroughtintobeingbycoincidence.TOfthethreephoneticsbranches,thelongestestablishedone,anduntilrecentlythemosthighlydeveloped,isacousticphonetics.FThemeaningoftheword“sealinthesentence“thesealcouldnotbefound"cannotbedeterminedunlessthecontextinwhichthesentenceoccursisrestored.TAnInnatistviewoflanguageacquisitionholdsthathumanbeingsarebiologicallyprogrammedforlanguage.TAccordingtoco-operativeprinciple,theconversationalparticipantshavetostrictlyobservethefourmaxims,sothattheconversationcangoonsuccessfully.FThesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationinpeopleunderdifferentculturalbackground.TAchildwhoentersaforeignlanguagespeechcommunitybytheageofthreeorfourcanlearnthenewlanguagewithoutthetraceofanaccent.TIncommunicationitwillneverbethecasethatwhatisgrammaticalisnotacceptable,andwhatisungrammaticalmaynotbeinappropriate.FModernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.TSincethereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds,languageisabsolutelyarbitrary.FVowelsmaybedistinguishedasfront,centralandbackaccordingtothemannerofarticulation.FAppliedlinguisticsistheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.FAphonologicalfeatureoftheEnglishcompoundsisthatthestressofthewordalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,andthesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.FAlltheaffixesbelongtoboundmorphemes.TApolysemicwordistheresultoftheevolutionoftheprimarymeaningoftheword.TAccordingtotheinnatistviewoflanguageacquisition,onlywhenthelanguageismodifiedandadjustedtothelevelofchildrencomprehension,dotheyprocessandinternalizethelanguageitems.FWhenachildacquireshismothertongue,healsoacquiresalanguage-specificcultureandbecomessocializedincertainways.TAccordingtoAustin,theperformativeutteranceisusedtoperformanaction,italsohastruthvalue.FChildrencanlearntheirnativelanguagewellwhenevertheystartandwhateverkindsoflanguagesamplestheyreceive.FDualityisoneofthecharacteristicsofhumanlanguage.Itreferstothefactthatlanguagehastwolevelsofstructures:thesystemofsoundsandthesystemofmeanings.TLinguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituationswhilelinguisticformswiththesamereferencealwayshavethesamesense.FV.Giveashortanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.Senseandreferencearetwotermsoftenencounteredinthestudyofwordmeaning.Whataretheyandhowaretheyrelatedtoeachother?P66According