2015博士英语试题

财政部财政科学研究所2015年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试

英语试题PARTONE:Grammar(15points)Directions：Beloweachsentence,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordinthesentenceorthatbestcompletesthesentence.PleasewritethecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.Thequalityofteachingshouldbemeasuredbythedegreethestudents’potentialityisdeveloped.A.ofwhichB.withwhichC.inwhichD.towhichAnotherfoodcropraisedbyIndiansstrangetotheEuropeanwascalledIndiancorn.A.whowereB.thatwere C.thatwasD.whowasWemovedtothenewhouseinthesuburbssothatthekidswouldhaveagarden.A.inwhichtoplayB.toplaywithC.toplayD.wheretoplaycontributessignificantlyD.thatitprovidesthebuildingD.providedthatTherearemanycopperminesinthestateofArizona,tothestatecontributessignificantlyD.thatitprovidesthebuildingD.providedthatA.afact B.whichfactC.whosefactHydrogenisthefundamentalelementoftheuniverseblocksfromwhichtheotherelementsareproduced.A.sothatB.butthat C.inthatNearlyalltreescontainsamixofpolymersthatcanburnlikepetroleumproperlyextracted.A.after B.if C.whenitD.isTheearlyyearsoftheUnitedStatesgovernmentwerecharacterizedbyadebateconcerningorindividualstatesshouldhavemorepower.whetherthefederalgovernmenteitherthefederalgovernmentthatthefederalgovernmentthefederalgovernmentExplorationoftheSolarSystemiscontinuing,andatthepresentrateofprogressalltheplanetswithinthenext50years.A.willhavebeencontacted B.willhavecontactedC.willbecontacted D.willcontactBytheyearof2025,scientistsprobablyacureforcancer.A.willbediscovering B.arediscoveringC.willhavediscovered D.havediscoveredThomasEdison,sfirstpatentedinventionwasadeviceinCongress.A.forcountingvotesB.thatcountingvotesC.countsvotesD.countedvotesUsingmanysymbolsmakestoputalargeamountofinformationonasinglemap.A.possible B.itispossible C.itpossible D.thatpossibleAnnawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelytotheoutsideworld.A.beinglost B.havinglost C.losing D.lostBeefcattleofalllivestockforeconomicgrowthinthecertaingeographicregions.A.themostareimportant B.arethemostimportantC.isthemostimportant D.thataremostimportantadvanceandretreatintheireternalrhythms,butthesurfaceoftheseaitselfisneveratrest.A.Notonlywhenthetidesdo B.AsthetidesnotonlydoC.Notonlydothetides D. Do thetidesnotonlydivorceourselvesfromthemassesofthepeople.A.Innotimeweshould B. In notimeshouldweC.Atnotimeweshould D. At notimeshouldwePARTTWO:Readingcomprehension(20points)Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedsentences.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandwritethecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.Passage1(5points)Thegoodnewsmadeheadlinesnationwide:Deathsfromseveralkindsofcancerhavedeclinedsignificantlyinrecentyears.Butthenewshastobebittersweetformanycancerpatientsandtheirfamilies.Everyyear,morethan500000peopleintheUnitedStatesstilldieofcancer.Infact,morethanhalfofallpatientsdiagnosedwithcancerwilldieoftheirdiseasewithinafewyears.Andwhileit,struesurvivalislongertodaythaninthepast,thequalityoflifeforthesepatientsisoftengreatlydiminished.Cancer-andmanyofthetreatmentsusedtofightit-causespain,nausea,fatigue,andanxietythatroutinelygoundertreatedoruntreated.Inthenation’ssingle-mindedfocusoncuringcancer,wehaveinadvertentlydevaluedthecriticalneedforpalliativecare,whichfocusesonalleviatingphysicalandpsychologicalsymptomsoverthecourseofthedisease.Nothingwouldhaveagreaterimpactonthedailylivesofcancerpatientsandtheirfamiliesthangoodsymptomcontrolandsupportivetherapy.YettheNationalCancerInstitute(NCI),thefederalgovernment’sleaderincancerresearchandtraining,spentlessthanonepercentofits1999budgetonanyaspectofresearchortraininginpalliativecare.Thenationneedstogetseriousaboutreducingneedlesssuffering.NCIshouldcommittoandfundresearchaimedatimprovingsymptomcontrolandpalliativecare.NCIalsocoulddesignate“centersofexcellence”amongthecancercentersitrecognizes.Togetthatdesignation,centerswoulddeliverinnovative,top-qualitypalliativecaretoallsegmentsofthepopulationsthecentersserve;trainprofessionalsinmedicine,nursing,psychology,socialwork,andotherdisciplinestoprovidepalliativecare;andconductresearch.Insurancecoverageforpalliativeandhospicecarealsocontributestotheproblembyforcingpeopletochoosebetweentreatmentorhospicecare.This“either/or”approachdoesnotreadilyallowthesetwotypesofessentialcaretobeintegrated.TheMedicarehospicebenefitisdesignedspecificallyforpeopleinthefinalstagesofillnessandallowsenrollmentonlyifpatientsareexpectedtosurvivesixmonthsorless.Thebenefitexcludespatientsfromseekingbothpalliativecareandpotentiallylife-extendingtreatment.Thatmakeshospiceenrollmentanobviousdeterrentformanypatients.Andhospices,whichmayhavethemostskilledpractitionersandthemostexperienceinadministeringpalliativecare,cannotoffertheirservicestopeoplewhocouldreallybenefitbutstillarepursuingactivetreatment.Itisinnatelyhumantocomfortandprovidecaretothosesufferingfromcancer,particularlythoseclosetodeath.Yetwhatseemsself-evidentatanindividual,personallevelhasnotguidedpolicyatthelevelofinstitutionsinthiscountry.Deathisinevitable,butseveresufferingisnot.Toofferhopeforalonglifeofthehighestpossiblequalityandtodeliverthebestqualitycancercarefromdiagnosestodeath,ourpublicinstitutionsneedtomovetowardpoliciesthatvalueandpromotepalliativecare.Palliativecareisconcernedwithimprovingpatients′.survivalratesqualityoflifelifespansoptionsforhealthinsuranceprovidersAccordingtotheauthor,researchonpalliativecarefOr.ismoreimportantthanresearchforcancercureshasbeenoverlookedbyresearchersisvirtuallynon-existentisregardedbyresearchersasafrivoloustopicThemainproblemofinsurancecoverageforhospicecareandactivetreatmentisthat.itdoesnotallowpatientstoseekbothitonlycoverspatientswhoselifeexpectancyislessthansixmonthsitdeprivespatientsoftherighttochoosebetweentwoproventreatmentmethodshospicecareisonlycoveredwhenitmayextendapatient’slifeexpectancyHospicesoffercancerpatients.analternativetopalliativecarecomfortintheirearlystagesofillnessskilledandexperiencedpalliativecareanalternativetoactivetreatmentThistextismainlyabout.improvingcancerresearchintheU.SreforminginsurancecoverageforcancerpatientsunderstandingdifferentoptionsforcancertreatmentandcarereducingthesufferingofcancerpatientsPassage2(5points)Manandwomendothinkdifferently,atleastwheretheanatomyofthebrainisconcerned,accordingtoanewstudy.Thebrainismadeprimarilyoftwodifferenttypesoftissue,calledgraymatterandwhitematter.Thisnewresearchrevealsthatmenthinkmorewiththeirgraymatter,andwomenthinkmorewithwhite.Researchersstressedthatjustbecausethetwosexesthinkdifferently,thisdoesnotaffectintellectualperformance.PsychologyprofessorRichardHaieroftheUniversityofCalifornia,IrvineledtheresearchalongwithcolleaguesfromtheUniversityofNewMexico.Theirfindingsshowthatingeneral,menhavenearly6.5timestheamountofgraymatterrelatedintelligencecomparedwithwomen,whereaswomenhavenearly10timestheamountofwhitematterrelatedtointelligencecomparedwithmen.“Thesefindingssuggestedthathumanevolutionhascreatedtwodifferenttypesofbrainsdesignedforequallyintelligentbehavior,”saidHaier,addingthat,“bypinpointingthesegender-basedintelligenceareas,thestudyhasthepotentialtoaidresearchondementiaandothercognitive-impairmentdiseasesinthebrain.TheresultsaredetailedintheonlineversionofthejournalNeuroImage.Inhumanbrains,graymatterrepresentsinformationprocessingcenters,whereaswhitematterworkstonetworktheseprocessingcenters.Theresultsfromthisstudymayhelpexplainwhymenandwomenexcelatdifferenttypesoftasks,saidco-authorandneuropsychologistRexJungoftheUniversityofNewMexico.Forexample,mentendtodobetterwithtasksrequiringmorelocalizedprocessing,suchasmathematics,Jungsaid,whilewomenarebetteratintegratingandassimilatinginformationfromdistributedgray-matterregionsofthebrain,whichaidslanguageskills.Scientistsfinditveryinterestingthatwhilemenandwomenusetwoverydifferentactivitycentersandneurologicalpathways,menandwomenperformequallywellonbroadmeasuresofcognitiveability,suchasintelligencetests.Thisresearchalsogivesinsighttowhydifferenttypesofheadinjuriesaremoredisastroustoonesexortheother.Forexample,inwomen84percentofgraymatterregionsand86percentofwhitematterregionsinvolvedinintellectualperformancewerelocatedinthefrontallobes,whereasthepercentagesoftheseregionsinaman’sfrontallobesare45percentandzero,respectively.Thismatchesupwellwithclinicaldatathatshowsfrontallobedamageinwomentobemuchmoredestructivethanthesametypeofdamageinmen.BothHaierandJunghopethatthisresearchwithsomedayhelpdoctorsdiagnosebraindisordersinmenandwomenearlier,aswellasprovidehelpdesigningmoreeffectiveandprecisetreatmentsforbraindamage.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue,accordingtoparagraph1?Thebrainisamonolithicorgan.Intellectualabilitydependsonwhichpartofthebrainisused.Intellectualabilityvariesbetweenmenandwomen.Theanatomyofmen’sbrainsandwomen’sbrainsdiffer.Accordingtoparagraph2,thisdiscoveryissignificantbecause.itisnecessarytounderstandtheanatomyofthebrainwhendealingwithdiseasesaffectthoughtprocessesitshowsthatmenandwomenareequallyintelligentitshowsthatmenandwomenareequallyintelligentoverall,butspecializeindifferentwaysofthinkingmanydiseasesofthebrainarespecifictogenderortheotherWhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutgraybrainmatter?Ithelpsputtogetherinformationfromdifferentpartsofthebrain.Itisusedforprocessinginformation.Thereislessofitinmen’sbrains.Thereisadirectcorrelationbetweentheamountofgraybrainmatterandmathematicalability.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisfalseaboutwhitebrainmatter?Womenhavemoreofitthanmen.Itisusedforputtingtogetherinformationfromdifferentpartsofthebrain.Thereisdirectcorrelationbetweentheamountofwhitebrainmatterandlinguisticability.Theamountofwhitebrainmatterisnotdirectlyrelatedtooverallintelligence.Thefinalparagraphsuggeststhat.menandwomenareequallyintelligentmenandwomenhavedifferentfrontallobesheadinjuriescanhavevariedeffects,accordingtowhetherapersonismaleorfemaletheresearchwillbeusefultootherscientistsPassage3(5points)Somuchdataindicatetheworld’sprogresstowardsmeetingtheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs),asetoftargetsadoptedbyworldleadersattheUNmorethantenyearsago.Butthegoal-settingexercisehasfurtherpitfalls.Toooften,thegoalsarereducedtoworkingouthowmuchmoneyisneededtomeetaparticulartarget.Yetthecountriesthathavemademostprogressincuttingpovertyhavelargelydonesonotbyspendingpublicmoney,butbyencouragingfastereconomicgrowth.AsShantaDevarajan,theWorldBank’schiefeconomistforAfrica,pointsout,growthdoesnotjustmakemoremoneyavailableforsocialspending.Italsoincreasesthedemandforsuchthingsasschooling,andthushelpsmeetotherdevelopmentgoals.Yetthegoals,asdrawnup,madenomentionofeconomicgrowth.Ofcoursegrowthbyitselfdoesnotsolvealltheproblemsofthepoor.Italsoclearthatwhilemoneyhelps,howitisspentandwhatitisspentonareenormouslyimportant.Forinstances,campaignersoftenaskformoretobespentonprimaryeducation.Butthroughoutthedevelopingworldteachersonthepublicpayrollareoftenabsentfromschool.Teacher-absenteeismratesarearound20%inruralKenya,27%inUgandaand14%inEcuador.Inanycase,moneythatisallocatedforsuchservicesrarelyreachesitsintendedrecipients.Astudyfoundthat70%ofthemoneyallocatedfordrugsandsuppliesbytheUgandagovernmentin2000waslost;inGhana,80%wassiphonedoff.Moneyneedstobespent,therefore,notmerelyonbuildingmoreschoolsorhiringmoreteachers,butongettingthemtodowhattheyarepaidfor,andpreventingresourcesfromdisappearingsomewherebetweenthecentralgovernmentandtheirsupposeddestination.Thegoodnewsisthatpolicyexperimentscarriedoutbygovernments,NGOs,academicsandinternationalinstitutionsareslowlybuildingupabodyofevidenceaboutmethodsthatwork.Alarge-scaleevaluationinAndhraPradeshinsouthernIndiawasshown,forexample,thatperformancepayforteachersisthreetimesaseffectiveatraisingpupil’stestscoresastheequivalentamountspentonschoolsupplies.AndinUgandathegovernment,appalledthatmoneymeantforschoolswasnotreachingthem,tooktopublicizinghowmuchwasbeingallotted,usingradioandnewspaper.Moneywastagewasdramaticallyreduced.TheWorldBankhopestobringsuchinnovationstothenoticeofothergovernmentsduringthesummit,ifitcan.Forifthedriveagainstpovertyissucceed,itwillowemoretosuchideasandwiderusethantotargetssetatUN-sponsoredsummits.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingmeritscan’twederivefromeconomicgrowth?Itincreasesotherdemandssuchaseducation.ItmayhelpthegovernmenttofulfillMillenniumDevelopmentGoals.Fastergrowthwillliftthepooroutofpoverty.Economicgrowthmaysolvesomeproblemsofthepoor.Teacher-absenteeismiscitedasexample.tocallforgovernmentsapplyperformancepayforteacherstounderlinetheimportanceofmoneyshouldbespentonwhereitisneededtostatethattheallocatedmoneyshouldgetstaffstodowhattheyarepaidfortoshowthatAfricancountrieshavealongwaytogobeforereachingtheUN’sgoalpostsAccordingtotheauthor,weshouldwhendealingwithallocatedmoney.avoidtheleakageofmoneygivetheanti-povertyplanstheprioritypromoteeducationtoahigherlevelimprovepublicinfrastructurefirstOnwhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?Economicgrowthdoesnotmakemoremoneyavailableforsocialspending.MoneyleakageisabigproblemthatAfricaencounters.MillenniumDevelopmentGoalsmayinvolveeachc’souGnDtPrygrowth.MillenniumDevelopmentGoalshavecometoseenasapplyingtoeachdevelopingcountry.Wemayinferfromthelastparagraphthat.theWorldBankplaysanimportantroleinhelpingUgandafixmoneyleakagemoneyleakageisrampantlyflourishinginUgandaMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsmayhavefailedinliftingthepooroutofpovertyD.innovativeideasshouldcomebeforetargetssetbyUNPassage4(5points)Inthe20thcentury,allthenightmare-novelsofthefutureimaginedthatbookswobeburnt.Inthe21thcentury,ourdystopiasimagineaworldwherebooksareforgottenpluckjustone,GarySteyn’sghnaorvtelSuperSadTrueLoveStodreyscribesaworldwhereeverybodyisobsessedwiththeirelectronicApparatenmoreomnivorousi-phonewithaflickeringstreamofshoppingandrealityshowsandidhpvxrnsomehowcometobelievethatthefewremainingunreadpaperbooksleftoffaranksmell.Thebookobook,itsuggests,isclosing.Thebook-thephysicalpaperb-oksbeingcircledbyashoalofsharks,withsalesdown9percentthiysearalone.’sItbeingchewedbythee-book’s.bIetinggoredbythedeathofthebookshopandthelibrary.Andmostimportantly,thementalspaceitoccupisbeingerodedbythethousandWeaponsofMassDestructionthatsurr’souhnadrdusall.Ittoadmit,butweallsenseit:itisbecomingalmostphysicallyhardertoreadbooks.InhisgorgeouslittleHbe)010stArtofReadi-ghyBooksMatterinaDistractedTime,thecriticDavidUlinadmitstoastrangefeeling.Allhislife,hehadtakenreforgrantedaseat-hgtthen,afewyearsagBpchieeaware,inanapartmentfullofbooks,thatIcouldnolongerfindwithinmyselfthequietnec”e.ssHaerywotuoldresaidtdowntodoitatnight,ashealwayshad,andreadafewparagraphs,thenfindhisminwandering,imploringhimtocheckhisemail,orTwitter,orFacebook.“WhatI’mstrugglingwith,”hewrites,“istheencroachmentofthebuzz,thesensethatthere’ssomethingouttherethatmeritsmya”ttention.Ithinkmostofushavethissensetoday,if weare honest. Ifyoureadabookwitlaptopthrummingontheothersideoftheroom, itcan be like tryingto readin themofaparty,whereeverybodyisshoutingtoeach other. To read, youneed toslow down.needmentalsilenceexceptforthewor’sdsg.etTthiantg harder to find.No,don’tmisunderstandme.Iadoretheweb,andtheywillhavetowrenchmyTwittefeedfrommycolddeadhands.Th’itsgiosinngtoturnintoanantediluvianrantagainsttheglorieofourwiredworld.Butthermsareasonwhythatword-wired”-meansboth“connectedtotheint”erannedt“high,frantic,unabletocon”c.entrateIntheageoftheinternet,physicalpaperbooksareatechnologyweneedmore,noInthe1950s,thenovelistHermanHesse“wrTohtee:moretheneedforentertainmentandmainstreameducationcanbemetbynewinventionst,hemorethebookwillrecoveritsdignityandauthority.Wehavenotyetquitereachedthepointwhereyoungcompetitors,suchasradio,cinema,etc,havetakenoverthefunctionsfromthebookitcan’taffordtolose.”Wehavenowreachedthatpoint.BymentioningtheworkofGarySteynghart,theauthorintendsto.advocatetheideathatreadingphysicalpaperbooksisoutoffashionintroduceabrandnewelectronicproductevenomnivorousthani-phoneprovethatbookswillbeoutweighedbyrealityshowsandporninthefutureindicatethatbooksareleftoutinfictionsdescribingthefutureworldThemostsignificantreasonforthefallingsalesofpaperbooksisthat.electronicbooksaretakingovermoreandmoremarketshareofpaperbookspeople’mindsdon’thavethespaceforreadingduetoallkindsoftemptationbookstoresareoutofbusinessaspeopleprefertoborrowingbooksfromthelibraryD.peoplethinkthingsontheInternetaremoreworthyoftheirattentionAccordingtoparagraph3,wecaninferthat.peopleareinclinedtotakereadingforgrantedpeople’mindsareencroachedbytheInternetit’shardtoconcentrateonreadingnowadaysDavidUlin’sbookgivesreadersastrangefeelingTheexplanationoftheword“wired”probablyindicatesthat.peoplealwaysmisunderstandthefunctionsofinternetInternetispartlyresponsibleforthevanishingofpaperbookspeoplecalltheinternet“wiredworld”forareasonInternetwilltakeoverthefunctionsofpaperbooksWhichofthefollowingwilltheauthormostprobablyagreeon?Truereaderscanmaintainreadinginallkindsofenvironment,includingnoisyone.TheInternetshouldbestrictlycondemnedforendangeringphysicalpaperbooks.Physicalpaperbooksarefacingextremedangerofbeingreplacedbyotherthings.Readingbooksisn’tinaccordancewiththeincreasingneedforentertainment.REE(20points)Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenontheAnswerSheet.Whenacompanyunexpectedlyfindsitselflosingmarketshareandtakingabeatingatthehandsofitscompetitors,it’saclearsignalthatachangeisneeded.Foravarietyofreasons,anycompanycansuddenlylosethecompetitiveadvantagethatitpreviouslyenjoyed.36.Themarkofastrongbusiness,however,isitsabilitytoovercomesuchsetbacksandreclaimitspositionsasthefrontrunnerinitsfield.Oneofthegreatestvariablesintheprocess,however,istechnology,whichononehandmakesbusinessmoreefficientandthusprofitablethanpreviouslythoughtpossible,butchangesatsucharapidpacethatfewbusinessesutilizeittoitsfullpotential.Thosecompaniesthatinvestheavilyinthelatesttechnologyofthedaymayfindtheirmachinesoutdatedandobsoletethenextyear,thuslosingtheadvantagethattheyhopedtogain,andalsoasubstantialamountofinvestmentmoneyaswell.37・Thosearemorecautiousandbuylessofthelatestmachinemaylearnthattechnologychangesmoreslowly,andtheircompet