实现机会平等应有期

看法认为，我国贫富差别扩大的根源在市场化持这种观点的人常常其实这种论调对于效率与关系的解释是不确切的收入不可以由不同的原因造成：它可以是由机会不或者起点不造成，也可以是结果不的直接表现。奥肯所说的效率与间的负相关关系，存在于后一种情况下。至于机会的程度，一般说来，却是与效率的高低正相关的。例如过去高考和就业中存在的“学好数理化，不一个好”的情况，就是发挥专业积极性和提高经济效率的极大。，经济系。曾师从著名派阿·。1983年赴耶鲁大学做研究员。现任发展研究员政治协商会议常务委员、经济，副，中国院教授、中国国际金融首席②活动：70年代以来，一些西方学者在分析社会现象时，提出了“”理论。以为代表的发现的根本原因在于运用行力对企业和个人的经济活动的干预权力，那么这种干预和便可能妨碍市场竞争，同时也为创造了凭借个力取得超额收入的机会。（A·Krueger）在《社会的政治经济学（ThePoliticalEconomyoftheRent-SeekingSociety）中，把这种超额收入称为“（rent（rent-seeking的现代化过程中，都出现了活动泛滥的情况。③奥肯(ArthurOkun1926-1980)：,1962年提出了经验经济规律。奥肯在对经济增长率与失业率之间的关系进行研究之后揭示出如下规律：△u=-0.5(y-2.25)。公式中的△u表示失业率的变化，y2.25%时，当经济增长率低于2.25%law“准的理论，我国经济学界就有人文章，探讨中国经济对奥肯定律偏离的问题。获奖译 中译JinglianWu:“EqualityofOpportunity”CanBeTheestablishmentofalaw-ernedmarketeconomyhelpstocurbtherent-seekingactivitiesandrealizeequalityofopportunity,whichwillbebeneficialtotheimprovementofefficiencyandrealizationofequal easwell. eandtheexcessivegapbetweentherichandthepoorisaseriousproblemfacingoursocietyforthetimebeing.Thenewernmenthaslaidgreatemphasisonprotectionoftheinterestsofthedisadvantagedgroups,takingaseriesofmeasures,suchasagriculturaltaxreform,raisingfarmers’ e,andassistanceforpeopletocollecttheirduewages.Thechallengeinthecomingyearfortheernmentwillbehowtomakemoreeffectiveeffortstonarrowdownthegapbetweentherichandthepoor.Firstandforemost,therootcauseofthecontinualenlargementofthegapbetweentherichandthepoorshouldbemadeclearinordertoseekappropriateremedytosolvetheproblem.Someattributethecausetothemarketreforminourcountry.OftenquotingthetheoryofAmericaneconomistArthurOkunon“themutualswitchoverbetweenefficiencyandequality(negativecorrelation)”,theycriticizedthatthedistributionprincipleof“givingprioritytoefficiencywhiletakingfairnessintoconsideration”inrelationtoChina’smarketorientationreformisself-contradictory,andevencanbeconsideredas“hangingupasheep’sheadsellingasdogmeat(abehaviorofdeception)”.However,thisinterpretationoftherelationshipbetweenefficiencyandequalityisnotexact. emaybecausedbyvariousreasons:itmaybetheconsequenceofunequalopportunityorstartingpoint,orthedirectreflectionofunequalresult.ThenegativecorrelationbetweenefficiencyandequalityaccordingtoOkunliesinthelatter.Withregardtotheextentofequalityofopportunity,generallyspeaking,itpositivelycorrelateswithefficiency.Forinstance,inthecollegeentranceexaminationandjobseekinginthepast,agoodacademicperformancewasoflesshelpthanhavingafatherofhighsocialstatus,whichwasagreatobstaclefortheenthusiasmrousingofprofessionalsandtheimprovementofeconomicefficiency.参考译文中译英“EqualOpportunity”MustBeAchievedSoonerRatherThan“EqualOpportunity”MustBeAchievedSoonerRatherThanLaterByWuJinglianTheestablishmentofalaw-ernedmarketeconomywillhelpcurbrent-seekingactivitiesandcontributetotheprovisionofequalopportunityforall.Therefore,itwillencouragethepromotionofefficiencyandequaldistributionof einoursociety.Oneofthemostseriousproblemsoursocietyiscurrentlyfacedwithisinequalityin distributionandtheexistenceoftoobigagapbetweenrichandpoor.Thenewlyelectedernmentisverymuchconcernedwiththeinterestsofthedisadvantaged,andhastodatetakenaseriesofmeasures----reformsonagriculturetax,increasingfarmers’ eanddemandingpaymentdueforoff-farmworkers,tomentionjustafew.Now,thequestionarisesastohowernmentwillmoreeffectivelybridgethatgapinthenewFirstofall,wehavetoidentifythedeeply-rootedcausesforthecurrentlygrowinggapbetweenrichandpoorbeforeweareabletosecurethemosteffectiveprescriptionfortheproblem.SomepeoplebelievethatitisChina’smarket-orientedreformthathasresultedinthewideninggap,andtheyoftenquoteOkun’slaw,atheorydevelopedbyAmericaneconomistArthurOkun,ontheexistenceofatrade-offbetweenefficiencyandequality(negativecorrelation)blamingourdistributionprinciple----“Efficiencycomesfirstwithreasonableconsiderationtoequality"asbeingself-contradictoryorevenas“cryingupwineandsellingTherealityisthattheirinterpretationofOkun’sefficiency-equalityrelationshipisfarfrombeingaccurate.Therearevariousreasonsfortheexistenceof einequality.Foronething,itmayarisefrominequalityofopportunityorfromdifferentstartingpositionsontheladdersofopportunity.Foranother,itmayjustbearepresentationofunequalconsequences.Okun’sargumentonnegativecorrelationbetweenefficiencyandequalityonlyappliestothelatter.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatthereisapositivecorrelationbetweenthedegreeofequalopportunityandthatofequalefficiency.Forexample,thereusedtobeapopularsayinginChinaconcerninguniversityadmittanceandjob-hunting,whichgoeslike“Anacademicallyexcellentstudentpalesbycomparisontosomeonewithafatherofgoodbackground.”That,ofcourse,tookawaytheincentivesofprofessionalsandverymuchreducedeconomicefficiencyinoursociety.点 中译本文选自于2005年2月在《财经》杂志上的题为《实现“机会”应有期》Generalspeaking,(GenerallyIngenerallyspeaking,(GenerallyItisaseriousproblemfacingbyourcountry(……facedby……)4.promotionthe eofpeasants,(topromotethe eoffarmers)The ernmentgivesprioritytoprotecttheinterestsofthepoor,（介词用法Newernmenthaspaidseriousattentiontoprotectinterestsoftheweak,（冠词、介词用法Theestablishmentoflawmarketeconomycontributestorestraintheactivityofrent-seeking（介8.（something）iswhatsayonethinganddoanother.（宾语从句中的主语问题Sothe ernmentwithanewlevelareattachinggreatimportancetoprotecttheinterestoftheminoritycommunity(介词、单复数等问题)Theproblems，suchastheimbalanceofthe e，theever-enlarginggapbetweenthepoorandtherichwhichresultinmanyprominentimpactsinourcountry（句子结构不成立）Thereisakindofattitudeattributestherootofrich-and-poorgaptothemarketizationInfactthisviewaboutrelationshipbetweenefficiencyandequalityisnotproperly.（形容词和Asaresult,thisactivityisbenefitforproductivityaswellasthefairnessof e.（动词和First,weshouldfigureoutthebasiccauseforthecontinuousexpandofgapbetweentherichandthepoor,inngso,canwefindouttherightsolutionandrollouttheproblem.Oneoftheviewsisthatthereformofmarketizaionrootsinwideningthisgap.（动词和名词之间的区别，搭Therefore,itnotonlycanhelptoincreasetheefficiency,butalsoto plishtheidealthateveryonehasthesame ItTakesTimetoRealizeEqualOpportunity（最好将realize改为achieve，但整个句子与原上面这个可以很长很长，我们先就此打住。下面我来谈一下如何处理具有“回译”性质“奥肯定律”的英文表达有所了解，不然的话十有会说出外行话。本次擂台赛在给出原andequalityareinter-repalceable等说法都是自创出来的，很可能别人不懂你的意思，即使明最后谈一谈几个具有词语的翻译“法制的市场经济”可译为alaw-regulatedmarketeconomy，alaw-basedmarketeconomy或amarketeconomybasedon(under)theruleoflaw,alaw-ernedmarketeconomy等。thedisadvantaged比较合适，YOPwasonlyintendedtohelptheunemployedandthosewhohaddifficultyinfindingjobs----thedisadvantaged.Whatarethebenefitsforthepoor,thehomeless,thedisadvantagedintheeducationworldheraldedbythenewlegislation?Thelastfourteenyearshavebeenacatalogueofdisasterafterdisasterforallsectionsofthesociety,andespeciallythedisadvantaged----theyoung,theelderly,thedisabledandthethedisadvantaged指那些穷人、无家可归者、失业者、市场人民大学2002-2003社会发展《更加公正的社会》中对“弱势群体”有如下定socialvulnerablegroups。它主要是一个用来分析现代社会经济利益和社会权力分配社会结构不协调、不合理的概念。在社会学、政治会政策研究等领域中，它是一个概念”笔者没有采用socialvulnerablegroups的译法，原因是该译法学术味儿过浓、不够通俗，而文章中所socialvulnerablegroupssociallyvulnerablegroups。“农民工”的英译可谓五花八门，仅笔者见过的就有peasantworkers，migrantworkers，ruralworkers，farmers-turnedconstructionworkers等。笔者认为，上述译法均有不足。早在上个世纪七十年代许多英语母语就将汉语“农民译为peasant不妥应该用farmer一词。当时的中中就有thepoorandlower-middlepeasants（贫下中农）的说法。而ruralworkers的意思则不够明确，很容易产生歧义，人们很容易将其理解为rurallabours；至于farmers-turnedconstructionworkers的译法，其主要问题是界定范围太窄，不能涵盖“农民工”的所指范围。migrantworkers这一译法国内英文常采用，但九十年代末的一份文件（FactSheetNo.24,TheRightsofMigrantWorkers）却给出了如下定义：Theterm"migrantworker"referstoa whoistobeengaged,isengagedorhasbeenengagedinaremuneratedactivityinaStateofwhichheorsheisnotanational.显然migrantworkers此处是其实英语中就有off-farm eoff-work是指农民离开土地到城里所从事的工作，如果这类工作是季节性的，可以说seasonaloff-farmwork，如果是长期工则说permanentoff-farmwork。请看下面的例句：1）However,inalmostallcasestheoff-farmworkwasofaseasonalnature,lastingnomorethan6to8weeks.Factorywor