外贸英语课件5

chapter5Insurance5.1Thescopeofmarinecargoinsurancecoverage5.2Conditionsofmarinecargoinsurance5.3LondonInsuranceInstituteCargoClauses5.4InsuranceClausesinthecontractandformsofInsuranceContractchapter5Insurance5.1Th1

Thescopeofmarinecargoinsurancecoverageincludes:1.Perilsofthesea海上风险5.1Thescopeofmarinecargoinsurance

coverage

2.Marinelosses海上损失3.Maritimecharges海上费用4.Extraneousrisks外来风险Thescopeofmarinecargo2

Perilsoftheseaarethosecausedbynaturalcalamitiesandfortuitousaccidents.Naturalcalamities:Theyarecausedbytheforcesresultingfromthechangesofnature,e.g.,vileweather,thunder,lightning,tsunami,earthquake,flood,etc.Fortuitousaccidents:Theyincludeaccidentsresultingfromunexpectedcauses,e.g.,shipstranded,strikingupontherocks,shipsinking,shipcollision,collidingwithicebergsorotherobjects,fire,explosion,shipmissing,etc.1.Perilsofthesea海上风险Perilsoftheseaaretho3

Marinelossesaredamagesorlossesoftheinsuredgoodsincurredbyperilsofthesea.Accordingtotheextentofdamage,losses，marinelossesfallintotwotypes:totallossandpartialloss.Totallossisfurtherdividedintoactualtotallossandconstructivetotalloss;partiallosscanbedividedintogeneralaverageandparticularaverage.Averagemeanslosssustainedinseatransportation.2.Marinelosses海上损失Marinelossesare4

(1)ActualTotalLoss:

Itmeansthattheinsuredcargoistotallyandirretrievablylostordamagedortotallyvaluelessonarrival.Specificallyspeaking,thelossisactualtotalloss:whentheinsuredgoodsaretotallydestroyed;whentheinsuredgoodsaresodamagedastobevalueless;whentheinsuredisirretrievablydeprivedofthegoods.IncaseofActualTotalLoss,theinsuredcangetindemnityagainstthetotallossoftheinsuredvalueofcargo.ⅰTotalloss全部损失(1)ActualTotalLoss:Itme5

(2)ConstructiveTotalLoss:Itisestimatedthattheactualtotallossofcargoisinevitableorthecostofsalvageorrecoverycouldhaveexceedthevalueofthecargo.Thecostofsalvageorrecoveryincludesthecosttobeincurredinrecoveringorreconditioningthegoodstogetherwiththeforwardingcosttothedestinationnamedinthepolicy.ⅰTotalloss全部损失ⅰTotalloss全部损失6

(1)Generalaverage:Itreferstoacertainspecialsacrificeandextraexpenseintentionallyincurredforthegeneralinterestsoftheship-ownerandtheownersofthevariouscargoesaboardtheship.Forexample,ashipmayhavestrandedandalleffortstorefloatithavefailed.Inordertosavetheshipfrombreakingup,themastermaydecidetojettisonpartofthecargoestolightentheship.ThecargolosssustainedbytheownerofthegoodsisGeneralAverage.ⅱ

Partialloss部分损失(1)Generalaverage:Itre7

Accordingtomaritimelaw,thoseinterestswhosepropertywassavedmustcontributeproportionallytocoverthelossesoftheonewhosepropertywasvoluntarilysacrificed.Sothislossisbornebyallthepartiesconcernedmentionedaboveinproportion.ⅱPartialloss部分损失TheCarryingvesselmustreallyrunupagainsttheriskthatthreatensthesafetyoftheshipandthecargoes.

ThefollowingconditionsofG.A.mustbeprovidedwith:Accordingtomaritimel8

Therisksmustberealandactuallyexisted.Ifmistakesaremade,theunderwritersshalldeclinethepayment.ⅱPartialloss部分损失Thesacrificeofgeneralaverageandtheexpensespaidmustbereasonable.”Reasonable”meansthatthemasterofavesselmustactreasonablywhenmakingasacrificeforpreservingtheproperty.Andanyexpensesincurredmustbereasonable.ⅱPartialloss部分损失Thesacr9

Thesacrificeofgeneralaveragemustbeawillingandintentionalaction.”Willingandintentional”meansthattheactionofmakingasacrificeisintentionallymadeonwillingnessratherthantheordersofothers.ThesacrificeandexpensesmustbeextraordinaryinnatureThesacrificeandexpensesaremadeforthebenefitofallparties.Thepurposeofthesacrificeandexpensesistosavetheship,cargoandfreightandtheactionshouldbesuccessfulinsavingtheshipandcargo.ⅱPartialloss部分损失Thesacrificeofgeneralave10

(2)Particularaverage:Itreferstothepartiallossofcargoorshipresultingfromtheriskswithinthescopeofinsurancecoverage.Whenthereisaparticularaverageloss,otherinterestsinthevoyagedon’tcontributetothepartialrecoveryoftheonesufferingtheloss.Thecargoownerwhosegoodsweredamagedorlostshouldrefertohisinsurancecompany,ifhispolicycoversthespecifictypeoflosssuffered.ⅱPartialloss部分损失(2)Particularaverage:I11

SueandLaborcharges:Whentheinsuredcargosuffersnaturalcalamitiesorfortuitousaccidentswithinthescopeofinsurancecover,theinsuredorhisagentoranyemployeespaystheexpensescausedinsavingtheinsuredcargoinordertopreventthelossesfromfurtherexpanding.Theinsurerisheldresponsibletocompensateforsuchcharges.3.Maritimecharges海上费用SueandLaborcharges:12

Salvagecharges:

Whentheinsuredcargosuffersnaturalcalamitiesorfortuitousaccidentswithinthescopeofinsurancecover,thethirdpartywhohasnocontractedrelationswiththeinsuredandtheinsurersalvagesthecargo.Accordingtotherelativelaws,thesalvorshallbepaid.Theexpensespaidtothethirdpartyarecalledsalvagecharges.Butthereisaprinciple,i.e.,“nocure-nopay”.3.Maritimecharges海上费用3.Maritimecharges海上费用13

Extraneousrisks

areriskscausedbyextraneousreasons,includinggeneralextraneousrisksandspecialextraneousrisks.Generalextraneousrisks:Itincludestheftorpilferage,freshandrainwaterdamage,shortage,leakage,sweatingandheating,intermixtureandcontamination,taintofodor,hookdamage,breakageofpacking,rusting,etc.

Specialextraneousrisks:Itincludeswarrisks,strikes,non-deliveryofcargo,refusaltoreceivecargo,etc4.Extraneousrisks外来风险4.Extraneousrisks外来风险141.BasiccoverageandAdditionalcoverage

5.2Conditionsofmarinecargoinsurance2.Exclusionsofbasiccoverage3.CommencementandTerminationofInsuranceDuty1.BasiccoverageandAddition15AccordingtoPeople’sInsuranceCompanyofChinaOceanMarineCargoClauses,theinsuranceismainlyclassifiedintotwogroups:BasiccoverageandAdditionalcoverage.TheapplicantcanonlypurchaseBasiccoverage.ButAdditionalRiskscannotbepurchasedindividually.1.BasiccoverageandAdditionalcoverageAccordingtoPeople’sI16

1.BasiccoverageandAdditionalcoverage

(1)Freefromparticularaverage(F.P.A.)

(2)Withparticularaverage(W.P.A.)(3)Allrisks1.BasiccoverageandAdditi17●Actualtotallossorconstructivetotallossofthewholeconsignmentherebyinsuredcausedinthecourseoftransitbynaturalcalamities,suchasvileweather,thunderandlightning,etc.●Totalorpartiallosscausedbyaccidents---thecarryingvesselbeinggrounded,stranded,sunk,orinthecollisionwithfloatingiceorotherobjects,aswellasfireorexplosion.●Partiallosscausedbybadweather,lightning,and/ortsunami,etc.,wheretheconveyancehasbeengrounded,stranded,sunk,irrespectiveofwhethertheeventoreventstotakeplacebeforeoraftersuchaccidents.(1)scopeofF.P.A.includes:Basiccoverage●Actualtotallossorcons18

●Partialortotallossconsequentonfallingofentirepackageorpackagesintoseaduringtheprocessofloading,unloadingortransshipment.●Reasonablecostincurredbytheinsuredinsalvagingthegoodsorpreventingorminimizingalossrecoverableunderthepolicy,providingthatsuchcostshallnotexceedthesuminsuredofthegoodssaved.●Partialortotallossc19●Specialchargesarisingfromloading,unloading,warehousingandforwardingofthegoodsatanintermediateportorrefugewhenconveyancemeetsnaturalcalamityandfortuitousaccidents.●Sacrificeinandcontributiontogeneralaverage,andsalvagechargesresultingfromtheabovementionedaccidentsaswellasotherreasonableexpensesinsalvagingthecargoesfromperils.●Underthecarriagecontract“bothtoblamecollision”clause,suchproportionoflosssustainedbytheshipownersasistobereimbursedbythecargoowner.Theabove-mentionedscopeindicatesthatF.P.A.doesn’tcoverpartiallossesandexpensescausedbyNaturalcalamity.●Specialchargesarisingf20

AsidefromtheriskscoveredundertheF.P.A.andW.P.A.conditionsasabove,thisinsurancealsocoversallrisksoflossesordamagetotheinsuredgoodswhetherpartialortotal,arisingfromgeneralexternalcausesinthecourseoftransit.(3)AllrisksAsidefromtheriskscov21

Asabove-mentioned,thiskindofriskcan’tbecoveredindependently;theyshallbecovereddependingononekindofthebasicrisks.Accordingtothenatureofgoodsinsured,thecargoownermaychooseanyofthethreebasiccovers.Ifmoreprotectionsareneeded,hemayfurtherinsurehisgoodsagainstoneorseveraladditionalrisks.AdditionalcoverageAdditionalcoverage22Riskoftheft,pilferageandnon-delivery(TPND)Riskoftheftandpilferagereferstotheriskagainstthecargo’sbeingstolenintransitofvoyage.Riskofnon-deliveryreferstotheriskagainstlossofcompletepackagesduetoimproperunloadingorforsomeunknownreasons.Riskoffreshwaterand/orraindamageRiskofshortage①Generaladditionalrisks①Generaladditionalrisks23RiskofintermixtureandcontaminationRiskofclashandbreakageRiskoftaintofodorRiskofsweatandheatingRiskofhookdamageRiskofbreakageofpackingRiskofrust①GeneraladditionalrisksRiskofintermixtureandcont24

Specialadditionalrisksdifferfromgeneraladditionalrisks.Thespecialadditionalriskscoverlossordamagecausedbysomespecialextraneousreasonssuchaspoliticalevents,militaryaffairs,nationalpoliciesandacts,andadministrativemeasures.Specialadditionalrisksmainlyinclude:②Specialadditionalrisks②Specialadditionalrisks25WarrisksStrikerisksOndeckrisksRejectionrisksAflatoxinrisksFailuretodeliveryStrike,riotandcivilCommotion(SRCC)②SpecialadditionalrisksWarrisks②Specialadditio26

Exclusionsrefertolossesandexpensesforwhichtheinsurancecompanydeclaresclearlynottoberesponsible.ExclusionsofF.P.A.,W.P.A.andAllRisksinclude:(1)Lossordamagecausedbyintentionalactorfaultoftheinsured;(2)Lossordamageduetotheresponsibilityoftheconsignor;2.Exclusionsofbasiccoverage2.Exclusionsofbasiccoverag27(3)Inferiorqualityorstorageinquantitybeforethecommencementoftheinsuranceduty;(4)Naturallosses,inherentviceornatureoftheinsuredgoods;(5)Lossofthemarketpriceoftheinsuredgoods;(6)Lossduetodelayintransportationandanyexpensesarisingtherefrom.(3)Inferiorqualityors28(1)CommencementandTerminationofBasicInsuranceThecommencementandterminationofbasicinsuranceareusuallystipulatedbyadoptingthecustomary“W/W”clause.(2)Commencementandterminationofmarinewarinsurance.Theinsuredgoodsarecoveredfromthetimewhentheyareloadedonboardtheshiporlighterattheportofshipmentnamedinthepolicy

3.CommencementandTerminationofInsuranceDuty3.CommencementandTerminatio29andcontinuetobecovereduntiltheyaredischargedattheportofdestinationnamedinthepolicy.Ifthecargoesarenotdischargedfromtheshiporlighter,thenthetimeofinsurancedutyshallbelimitedto15dayscountingfromthemidnightofthedaywhenthevesselarrivesattheportofdestination.外贸英语课件530TheChinesecompaniesusuallyadoptCICclause,buttheforeignfirmsadoptICCclause.ThenewlyrevisedLondonInsuranceInstituteCargoClausesinclude6kinds:ICCA;ICCB;ICCC;InstituteWarClauseCargo;InstituteStrikesClauseCargo;MaliciousDamageClause.5.3LondonInsuranceInstituteCargoClausesTheChinesecompaniesusu311.InsuranceClauseinthecontract

2.Examplesofinsuranceclauseincontracts3.FormsofInsuranceContract5.4InsuranceClausesinthecontractandformsofInsuranceContract1.InsuranceClauseinthecont32

Insuranceclausemainlyincludes:Theinsurancecoverer(whoshallcovertheinsurance，thesellerorthebuyer)Theinsurancecompanyandtheinsuranceclauses(CICclauseorICCclause)1.InsuranceClauseinthecontract1.InsuranceClauseinthecon33TheinsuranceconditionsTotalamountinsuredCalculationofinsuranceamountandpremiumInsuranceamount=CIFprice×(1+markuppercentage)Premium=insuranceamount×premiumrateTheinsuranceconditions34Example

AChinesecompanyexportedhisgoodstoanAmericantrader.Thecontractstipulates:quantityis100M/TS,andUS$1000permetrictonCIFNewYork.ThesellercoveredW.P.A.andShortagefortheinvoicevalueplus10%.Thepremiumrateis0.3%and0.2%respectively.Pleasecalculatetheinsuranceamountandthepremiumpayabletotheinsurer.Example35Solution:

Theinsuranceamount=CIFprice×(1+markuppercentage)=1000×100×(1+10%)=US$110,000Premium=Insuranceamount×premiumrate=110,000×（0.2%+0.3%）=US$550Solution:36(1)InsurancetobeeffectedbytheselleragainstF.P.A.forinvoicevalueplus10%subjecttotherelevantOceanMarineCargoClausesofthePeople’sInsuranceCompanyofChina.(2)TheshipmentundercontractNo.234516istobecoveredbytheselleragainstW.P.A.plusWarriskfor150%ofinvoicevaluewithPICC;extrapremiumshallbeforbuyer’saccount.(3)Insurancetobeeffectedbythebuyer.2.Examplesofinsuranceclauseincontracts(1)Insurancetobeeffec37InsurancePolicy保单

Itisthemostwidelyusedinsurancedocument.Contentsoftheinsurancepolicyusuallyinclude:

(1)Namesandaddressesoftheinsuredandtheinsurer;(2)Subjectmatterinsured;(3)Kindsofrisksandaccidentscovered;3.FormsofInsuranceContract3.FormsofInsuranceContract38ABCCO.

(4)Commencementdateofinsuranceaswellastimelimit;(5)Insuranceamount;(6)Insurancepremium;(7)Dateandplaceoftakingoutthepolicy;(8)Signatureoftheinsurer;(9)Wordsevidencingtheestablishmentoftheinsurancerelationshipbetweentheinsuredandinsurer;ABCCO.(4)Commencement39

(10)Particularsoftheinsuredgoods;(11)Coverage,placeofclaimandsatisfactionanddeclarationoftheinsurerthattheinsuredgoodswillbecompensatedincaseofanylossordamageduetoanyriskwithinthescopeofinsurancecover;(12)Rightsandobligationsofthetwoparties(onthebackoftheinsurancepolicy).(10)Particularsofthei40InsuranceCertificate保险凭证Itisakindofsimplifiedandshortinsurancepolicy,andtherightsandobligationsoftwopartiesareomitted.Butithasthesamelegalvalidityastheinsurancepolicy.InsuranceCertificate保险凭证41

Thereisanagreementbetweentheinsuredandtheinsurancecompany.Theparticularsoftheseshipmentsshouldbesuppliedtotheinsurancecompanylateronintheformofshipmentadviceswhichincludethenamesofcargoes,quantities,insuranceamounts,kindsofconveyance,portsofshipment,destinations,datesofshipment,etc.Openpolicy预约保单

Itisaconvenientmethodforinsuringthegoodswhereanumberofconsignmentsofsimilarexportgoodsareintendedtobecovered.Thereisanagreementb42

Thisisacertificatewhichcombinestheinvoicewiththeinsurancepolicy.Itisthesimplestinsurancecertificateinuse.WhenthegoodsareexportedtoHongKong,andsomecountriesinSoutheastAsia,theinsurancecompanysometimesaddsthecoverage,insuranceamountandserialnumberofinsuranceonthecommercialinvoicewhichismadeoutbyaforeigntradecompany.CombinedCertificate联合凭证CombinedCertificate联合凭证43chapter5Insurance5.1Thescopeofmarinecargoinsurancecoverage5.2Conditionsofmarinecargoinsurance5.3LondonInsuranceInstituteCargoClauses5.4InsuranceClausesinthecontractandformsofInsuranceContractchapter5Insurance5.1Th44

Thescopeofmarinecargoinsurancecoverageincludes:1.Perilsofthesea海上风险5.1Thescopeofmarinecargoinsurance

coverage

2.Marinelosses海上损失3.Maritimecharges海上费用4.Extraneousrisks外来风险Thescopeofmarinecargo45

Perilsoftheseaarethosecausedbynaturalcalamitiesandfortuitousaccidents.Naturalcalamities:Theyarecausedbytheforcesresultingfromthechangesofnature,e.g.,vileweather,thunder,lightning,tsunami,earthquake,flood,etc.Fortuitousaccidents:Theyincludeaccidentsresultingfromunexpectedcauses,e.g.,shipstranded,strikingupontherocks,shipsinking,shipcollision,collidingwithicebergsorotherobjects,fire,explosion,shipmissing,etc.1.Perilsofthesea海上风险Perilsoftheseaaretho46

Marinelossesaredamagesorlossesoftheinsuredgoodsincurredbyperilsofthesea.Accordingtotheextentofdamage,losses，marinelossesfallintotwotypes:totallossandpartialloss.Totallossisfurtherdividedintoactualtotallossandconstructivetotalloss;partiallosscanbedividedintogeneralaverageandparticularaverage.Averagemeanslosssustainedinseatransportation.2.Marinelosses海上损失Marinelossesare47

(1)ActualTotalLoss:

Itmeansthattheinsuredcargoistotallyandirretrievablylostordamagedortotallyvaluelessonarrival.Specificallyspeaking,thelossisactualtotalloss:whentheinsuredgoodsaretotallydestroyed;whentheinsuredgoodsaresodamagedastobevalueless;whentheinsuredisirretrievablydeprivedofthegoods.IncaseofActualTotalLoss,theinsuredcangetindemnityagainstthetotallossoftheinsuredvalueofcargo.ⅰTotalloss全部损失(1)ActualTotalLoss:Itme48

(2)ConstructiveTotalLoss:Itisestimatedthattheactualtotallossofcargoisinevitableorthecostofsalvageorrecoverycouldhaveexceedthevalueofthecargo.Thecostofsalvageorrecoveryincludesthecosttobeincurredinrecoveringorreconditioningthegoodstogetherwiththeforwardingcosttothedestinationnamedinthepolicy.ⅰTotalloss全部损失ⅰTotalloss全部损失49

(1)Generalaverage:Itreferstoacertainspecialsacrificeandextraexpenseintentionallyincurredforthegeneralinterestsoftheship-ownerandtheownersofthevariouscargoesaboardtheship.Forexample,ashipmayhavestrandedandalleffortstorefloatithavefailed.Inordertosavetheshipfrombreakingup,themastermaydecidetojettisonpartofthecargoestolightentheship.ThecargolosssustainedbytheownerofthegoodsisGeneralAverage.ⅱ

Partialloss部分损失(1)Generalaverage:Itre50

Accordingtomaritimelaw,thoseinterestswhosepropertywassavedmustcontributeproportionallytocoverthelossesoftheonewhosepropertywasvoluntarilysacrificed.Sothislossisbornebyallthepartiesconcernedmentionedaboveinproportion.ⅱPartialloss部分损失TheCarryingvesselmustreallyrunupagainsttheriskthatthreatensthesafetyoftheshipandthecargoes.

ThefollowingconditionsofG.A.mustbeprovidedwith:Accordingtomaritimel51

Therisksmustberealandactuallyexisted.Ifmistakesaremade,theunderwritersshalldeclinethepayment.ⅱPartialloss部分损失Thesacrificeofgeneralaverageandtheexpensespaidmustbereasonable.”Reasonable”meansthatthemasterofavesselmustactreasonablywhenmakingasacrificeforpreservingtheproperty.Andanyexpensesincurredmustbereasonable.ⅱPartialloss部分损失Thesacr52

Thesacrificeofgeneralaveragemustbeawillingandintentionalaction.”Willingandintentional”meansthattheactionofmakingasacrificeisintentionallymadeonwillingnessratherthantheordersofothers.ThesacrificeandexpensesmustbeextraordinaryinnatureThesacrificeandexpensesaremadeforthebenefitofallparties.Thepurposeofthesacrificeandexpensesistosavetheship,cargoandfreightandtheactionshouldbesuccessfulinsavingtheshipandcargo.ⅱPartialloss部分损失Thesacrificeofgeneralave53

(2)Particularaverage:Itreferstothepartiallossofcargoorshipresultingfromtheriskswithinthescopeofinsurancecoverage.Whenthereisaparticularaverageloss,otherinterestsinthevoyagedon’tcontributetothepartialrecoveryoftheonesufferingtheloss.Thecargoownerwhosegoodsweredamagedorlostshouldrefertohisinsurancecompany,ifhispolicycoversthespecifictypeoflosssuffered.ⅱPartialloss部分损失(2)Particularaverage:I54

SueandLaborcharges:Whentheinsuredcargosuffersnaturalcalamitiesorfortuitousaccidentswithinthescopeofinsurancecover,theinsuredorhisagentoranyemployeespaystheexpensescausedinsavingtheinsuredcargoinordertopreventthelossesfromfurtherexpanding.Theinsurerisheldresponsibletocompensateforsuchcharges.3.Maritimecharges海上费用SueandLaborcharges:55

Salvagecharges:

Whentheinsuredcargosuffersnaturalcalamitiesorfortuitousaccidentswithinthescopeofinsurancecover,thethirdpartywhohasnocontractedrelationswiththeinsuredandtheinsurersalvagesthecargo.Accordingtotherelativelaws,thesalvorshallbepaid.Theexpensespaidtothethirdpartyarecalledsalvagecharges.Butthereisaprinciple,i.e.,“nocure-nopay”.3.Maritimecharges海上费用3.Maritimecharges海上费用56

Extraneousrisks

areriskscausedbyextraneousreasons,includinggeneralextraneousrisksandspecialextraneousrisks.Generalextraneousrisks:Itincludestheftorpilferage,freshandrainwaterdamage,shortage,leakage,sweatingandheating,intermixtureandcontamination,taintofodor,hookdamage,breakageofpacking,rusting,etc.

Specialextraneousrisks:Itincludeswarrisks,strikes,non-deliveryofcargo,refusaltoreceivecargo,etc4.Extraneousrisks外来风险4.Extraneousrisks外来风险571.BasiccoverageandAdditionalcoverage

5.2Conditionsofmarinecargoinsurance2.Exclusionsofbasiccoverage3.CommencementandTerminationofInsuranceDuty1.BasiccoverageandAddition58AccordingtoPeople’sInsuranceCompanyofChinaOceanMarineCargoClauses,theinsuranceismainlyclassifiedintotwogroups:BasiccoverageandAdditionalcoverage.TheapplicantcanonlypurchaseBasiccoverage.ButAdditionalRiskscannotbepurchasedindividually.1.BasiccoverageandAdditionalcoverageAccordingtoPeople’sI59

1.BasiccoverageandAdditionalcoverage

(1)Freefromparticularaverage(F.P.A.)

(2)Withparticularaverage(W.P.A.)(3)Allrisks1.BasiccoverageandAdditi60●Actualtotallossorconstructivetotallossofthewholeconsignmentherebyinsuredcausedinthecourseoftransitbynaturalcalamities,suchasvileweather,thunderandlightning,etc.●Totalorpartiallosscausedbyaccidents---thecarryingvesselbeinggrounded,stranded,sunk,orinthecollisionwithfloatingiceorotherobjects,aswellasfireorexplosion.●Partiallosscausedbybadweather,lightning,and/ortsunami,etc.,wheretheconveyancehasbeengrounded,stranded,sunk,irrespectiveofwhethertheeventoreventstotakeplacebeforeoraftersuchaccidents.(1)scopeofF.P.A.includes:Basiccoverage●Actualtotallossorcons61

●Partialortotallossconsequentonfallingofentirepackageorpackagesintoseaduringtheprocessofloading,unloadingortransshipment.●Reasonablecostincurredbytheinsuredinsalvagingthegoodsorpreventingorminimizingalossrecoverableunderthepolicy,providingthatsuchcostshallnotexceedthesuminsuredofthegoodssaved.●Partialortotallossc62●Specialchargesarisingfromloading,unloading,warehousingandforwardingofthegoodsatanintermediateportorrefugewhenconveyancemeetsnaturalcalamityandfortuitousaccidents.●Sacrificeinandcontributiontogeneralaverage,andsalvagechargesresultingfromtheabovementionedaccidentsaswellasotherreasonableexpensesinsalvagingthecargoesfromperils.●Underthecarriagecontract“bothtoblamecollision”clause,suchproportionoflosssustainedbytheshipownersasistobereimbursedbythecargoowner.Theabove-mentionedscopeindicatesthatF.P.A.doesn’tcoverpartiallossesandexpensescausedbyNaturalcalamity.●Specialchargesarisingf63

AsidefromtheriskscoveredundertheF.P.A.andW.P.A.conditionsasabove,thisinsurancealsocoversallrisksoflossesordamagetotheinsuredgoodswhetherpartialortotal,arisingfromgeneralexternalcausesinthecourseoftransit.(3)AllrisksAsidefromtheriskscov64

Asabove-mentioned,thiskindofriskcan’tbecoveredindependently;theyshallbecovereddependingononekindofthebasicrisks.Accordingtothenatureofgoodsinsured,thecargoownermaychooseanyofthethreebasiccovers.Ifmoreprotectionsareneeded,hemayfurtherinsurehisgoodsagainstoneorseveraladditionalrisks.AdditionalcoverageAdditionalcoverage65Riskoftheft,pilferageandnon-delivery(TPND)Riskoftheftandpilferagereferstotheriskagainstthecargo’sbeingstolenintransitofvoyage.Riskofnon-deliveryreferstotheriskagainstlossofcompletepackagesduetoimproperunloadingorforsomeunknownreasons.Riskoffreshwaterand/orraindamageRiskofshortage①Generaladditionalrisks①Generaladditionalrisks66RiskofintermixtureandcontaminationRiskofclashandbreakageRiskoftaintofodorRiskofsweatandheatingRiskof