专业英语 修订版 2

分子Molecule聚合度分子Molecule聚合度Degreeofpolymerization分子量Molecular weight聚丙烯酸甲酯Polymethylacrylate高分子量化合物Hightmolecular 均方末端距Meandistancesquareend-to-end低分子量化合物weightcompoundLowmolecularcompoundDeformability化学计量平衡Stoichiometricbalance变形/形变能力数均分子量Number-average molecularweight缓蚀剂 Corrosioninhibitor 重均分子量Weight-averageweightmolecular自由基 Radical 粘均分子量玻璃化转变温度glasstemperaturetransition聚丁二烯Viscosity-averagemolecularweightPolybutadiene竟聚率Reactivityratio缨状微束理论Fringed-micelletheory烯烃olefin折叠链片晶理论Folded-chainlamellatheory聚氯乙烯Polyvinylchloride阻燃剂Flameretardant纤维素Cellulose絮凝剂Flocculatingagent离子聚合Ionicpolymerization连锁聚合Chainpolymerization污物Contaminant环氧树脂Epoxyresins羟基Hydroxyl三氟化硼borontrifloride羧基Carboxyl三苯甲基钾Triphenylmethylpotassium转化率Conversion氯化钠Sodiumchloride依数性Colligativeproperty液晶Liquidcrystal聚乙烯醇Polyvinylalcohol非均相的Heterogeneous缩聚物Condensationpolymer热固性聚合物thermosetThereactionfromlowmolecularmonomertopolymeriscalledpolymerization（reaction）.Accordingtothereactionmechanism,polymerization（reaction）maybedividedintotwocategories,thechainreactionpolymerizationandthestep-growth(stepwise)polymerization.由低分子单体合成聚合物的反应称为聚合反应。按反应机理分类，聚合反应可分增长所需要的时间上Whatarepolymers?Foronething,theyarecomplexandgiantmoleculesanddifferentfromlowmolecularweightcompoundslike,say,commonsalt.到底什么是聚合物？其一它们是和低聚物不一样的巨大而复杂的分子，另外一个高聚物和低聚物的突出的差别在于溶解过程不一样。Anotherstrikingdifferencewithrespecttothebehaviorofapolymerandthatoflowmolecularweightcompoundconcernsthedissolutionprocess.发现另一种不同的聚合物行为和低分子量化合物行为是关于溶解过程。Fortheindividualstepsofthegrowth reactiononeneedsonlyarelativelyactivationenergyandthereforethroughasingleactivationstep(theactualinitiationreaction)alargenumberofolefinmoleculesareconverted,asisimpliedbytheterm“chainreaction”.对于增长反应的各个步骤，每一步仅需要相当少的活化能，因此通过一步简单的（即引发反应应这个术语的内涵那样。Theesterificationreactionoccursanywhereinthemonomermatrixwheremonomermoleculescollide,andoncetheesterhasformed,it,too,canreactfurtherbyvirtueofitsstill-reactivehydroxylorcarboxylgroups.酯化反应出现在单体本体中两个单体分子相碰撞的位置，且酯一旦形成，依靠酯上仍有活性的羟基或羧基还可以进一步进行反应。Ionicpolymerization,similartoradialpolymerization,alsohasthemechanismofachainreaction.Thekineticsofionicpolymerizationare,however,differentfromthatofradicalpolymerization.离子聚合反应，与自由基聚合反应相似，也有链反应的机理。但是，离子聚合的动力学明显地不同于自由基聚合反应.Inmostinstances,thereissomemolecularweightrangeinwhichagivenpropertywillbeoptimumforaparticularapplication.在大多数情况下，对于某种特定的应用来说，某种聚合物存在着某一分子量范围，在这个范围之内其性能是最好的。Insolution,apolymermoleculeisarandomlycoilingmassmostofconformationsoccupymanytimesthevolumeofitssegmentsalone.在溶液中聚合物分子呈现一种无规线团的杂乱状态，其构象占据了它单独的链段体积的很多倍。Theimportanceoftherandom-coilnatureofthedissolved,molten,amorphousglassystatesofhighpolymerscannotbeoveremphasized.可溶解的、可融化的、非晶态及玻璃态的高聚物的无规线团特性的重要性是可以强调的。Thefringed-micelletheory,developedinthe193s,considerspolymerstoconsistofsmall-sized,orderedcrystallineregions-termedcrystallites-imbeddedinunordered,amorphouspolymermatrix.二十世纪三十年代形成的缨状微束理论认为聚合物是由小型的，有序的结晶区域—称为微晶嵌入在无序、非晶聚合物的基体中。Thesecrystallizationforceswillthenactvirtuallyascrosslinks,resultinginmaterialofhightensilestrengthandhighinitialmodulus,i.e.,afiber.这些结晶力事实上作为交联剂，形成高拉伸强度和高原始模量的物质。Eachofthetwoapproacheshasitsownadvantagesanddisadvantages,andoneapproachmaybepreferredforthepreparationofaparticularfunctionalpolymertheotherwouldbetotallyimpractical.这两种方法都有各自的优点和缺点，当一种方法对特定功能聚合物的制备更有利时，另一种方法则是完全不切实际的。Thestructureofpolymerchainspresentinthecrosslinkedpolymersissimilarthewirestructureinabedspringandchainmobility,whichpermitsonechaintoslipbyanother(whichisresponsibleforcoldflow)isprevented（而这种结构）阻止了一条链向另一条与冷流有关的链的滑移，即链的流动性被阻止Themorefamiliaranengineerorscientistiswiththevariouscharacteristicsandstructure-propertyrelationship,aswel